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Sen S, Ganta B, Rachel VN, Gogikar SK, Singh V, Sonti R, Dikundwar AG. Mapping Advantages and Challenges in Analytical Development for Fixed Dose Combination Products, a Review. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00153-9. [PMID: 38697403 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Formulations containing more than one active ingredient are increasingly gaining popularity due to advantages with regard to patient convenience as well as reduced cost of production, packaging, and transportation. Such fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) demand for enhanced analytical methodologies and tools to efficiently achieve quality control of these complex products as compared to the conventional products containing only one active constituent. Highly efficient analytical methods can measure multiple constituents at once, improving their quality control. This review article discusses the challenges in the development of such methods due to the similarities or differences in the chemical identity of the participating drug molecules in an FDC. The latest developments in multiple analyte determination using various analytical techniques (HPLC, LC-MS, NMR, IR, powder XRD and DSC) are discussed, with a focus on special considerations in each case. The article discusses challenges with sample preparation of complex FDC products, and the use of Chemometrics and Quality by Design to develop efficient analytical methods. Lastly, an equation-based approach is proposed and demonstrated to arrive at a parameter referred to as "percentage efficiency gain" that would be useful in directly accessing the relevance and commercial benefits of a simultaneous method vis-a-vis separate methods for individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibu Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Brundharika Ganta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - V Nina Rachel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Shiva Kumar Gogikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Vartika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Amol G Dikundwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India.
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Kitamura RSA, Marques RZ, Kubis GC, Kochi LY, Barbato ML, Maranho LT, Juneau P, Gomes MP. The phytoremediation capacity of Lemna minor prevents deleterious effects of anti-HIV drugs to nontarget organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121672. [PMID: 37080511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated physiological responses of Lemna minor plants and their capacity to remove tenofovir (TNF; 412 ng l-1), lamivudine (LMV; 5428 ng l-1) and/or efavirenz (EFV; 4000 ng l-1) from water through phytoremediation. In addition, the toxicological safety of water contaminated with these drugs after treatment with L. minor plants to photosynthetic microorganisms (Synechococcus elongatus and Chlorococcum infusionum) was evaluated. The tested environmental representative concentrations of drugs did not have a toxic effect on L. minor, and their tolerance mechanisms involved an increase in the activity of P450 and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase). L. minor accumulated significant quantities of TNF, LMV and EFV from the media (>70%), and the interactive effect of LMV and EFV increased EFV uptake by plants submitted to binary or tertiary mixture of drugs. Photosynthetic microorganisms exposed to TNF + LMV + EFV showed toxicological symptoms which were not observed when exposed to contaminated water previously treated with L. minor. An increased H2O2 concentrations but no oxidative damage in S. elongatus cells exposed to non-contaminated water treated with L. minor was observed. Due to its capacity to tolerate and reclaim anti-HIV drugs, L. minor plants must be considered in phytoremediation programs. They constitute a natural-based solution to decrease environmental contamination by anti-HIV drugs and toxicological effects of these pharmaceuticals to nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Shinji Akiyama Kitamura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genérica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raizza Zorman Marques
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Solo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 140, Juvevê, 80035-050, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly Cristina Kubis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letícia Yoshi Kochi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcello Locatelli Barbato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Solo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 140, Juvevê, 80035-050, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leila Teresinha Maranho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, GRIL, EcotoQ, TOXEN, Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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An J, Feng Y, Wang N, Zhao Q, Wang X, Li N. Amplifying anti-flooding electrode to fabricate modular electro-fenton system for degradation of antiviral drug lamivudine in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128185. [PMID: 35032957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advanced oxidation based on in-situ hydrogen peroxide production using carbon air cathode is very potential for wastewater treatment. However, catalyst flooding and complex assembly patterns are the bottleneck limiting the air cathode to the long-term and large-scale application. In this work, a novel anti-flooding air-breathing cathode (ABC) was prepared by a simple rolling-spraying method with relatively low price commercial materials. The novel method changed the morphology of gas diffusion layer as well as adjusted the hydrophobicity of air side of the catalyst layer. As a result, water-air distribution management was achieved and TPI disequilibrium was prevented. Compare with traditional ABC, the H2O2 yield and current efficiency (CE) of optimized anti-flooding ABC (ABC0.9) increased by 13.5% (941 ± 10 mg·L-1·h-1 with CE of 84% at 30 mA·cm-2), the material cost and fabrication time decreased by 10.1% (2.32 ¥·dm-2, ~0.36 $·dm-2) and 40%. Amplified ABC coupled with Ti/IrO2 anodes were integrated into a modular electrode used for H2O2generation. When the current density (j) increased from 10 to 30 mA·cm-2, the energy cost increased from 0.19 to 0.43 ¥·mol-1 H2O2 (from 0.03 to 0.07 $·mol-1 H2O2). The modular electrode was utilized in a 2 L pre-pilot scale reactor for antiviral drug lamivudine degradation by electro-Fenton (EF) process. 100% of lamivudine and 78.1% of total organic carbon (TOC) were removed within 60 min at 20 mA·cm-2. The susceptible sites on the lamivudine toward hydroxyl radicals were investigated and transformation products (TP) as well as degradation pathway were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun An
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Naiyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Environment and ecology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Adeola AO, Forbes PBC. Antiretroviral Drugs in African Surface Waters: Prevalence, Analysis, and Potential Remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:247-262. [PMID: 34033688 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sources, ecotoxicological impact, and potential remediation strategies of antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) as emerging contaminants in surface waters are reviewed based on recent literature. The occurrence of ARVDs in water bodies raises concern because many communities in Africa depend on rivers for water resources. Southern Africa is a potential hotspot regarding ARVD contamination due to relatively high therapeutic application and detection thereof in water bodies. Efavirenz and nevirapine are the most persistent in effluents and are prevalent in surface water based on environmental concentrations. Whereas the highest concentration of efavirenz reported in Kenya was 12.4 µg L-1 , concentrations as high as 119 and 140 µg L-1 have been reported in Zambia and South Africa, respectively. Concentrations of ARVDs ranging from 670 to 34 000 ng L-1 (influents) and 540 to 34 000 ng L-1 (effluents) were determined in wastewater treatment plants in South Africa, compared with Europe, where reported concentrations range from less than limit of detection (LOD) to 32 ng L-1 (influents) and less than LOD to 22 ng L-1 (effluents). The present African-based review suggests the need for comprehensive toxicological and risk assessment of these emerging pollutants in Africa, with the intent of averting environmental hazards and the development of sustainable remediation strategies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:247-262. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedapo O Adeola
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patricia B C Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
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Mutalik SP, Mullick P, Pandey A, Kulkarni SS, Mutalik S. Box-Behnken design aided optimization and validation of developed reverse phase HPLC analytical method for simultaneous quantification of dolutegravir sodium and lamivudine co-loaded in nano-liposomes. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2917-2931. [PMID: 34076952 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous estimation of dolutegravir sodium and lamivudine encapsulated in the nanoliposomal formulation was developed. The chromatographic parameters namely, organic phase ratio, flow rate, and sample injection volume were selected as independent factors and were optimized by multivariate Box-Behnken design. Responses analyzed were retention time, peak area, and resolution. The optimized chromatographic method with Hypersil BDS C8 CN column as stationary phase and methanol and acetonitrile mixture and acidified Milli-Q water (pH 2.8, adjusted with 0.02% v/v orthophosphoric acid) as the mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode was validated according to parameters of International Conference on Harmonization Q1(R2) guidelines. The validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method exhibited specificity for both dolutegravir sodium and lamivudine in the presence of degradation products as well as the liposomal matrix. This method was effectively utilized to determine the amount of drug entrapped and drug loading efficiency of dolutegravir sodium and lamivudine in a nano-liposomal formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana P Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Prashansha Mullick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Smita S Kulkarni
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), Pune, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Electro-Fenton Degradation of Selected Antiretroviral Drugs Using a Low-Cost Iron-Modified Carbon-Cloth Electrode. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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Fekadu S, Alemayehu E, Dewil R, Van der Bruggen B. Electrochemical degradation of antivirus drug lamivudine formulation: photoelectrocoagulation, peroxi-electrocoagulation, and peroxi-photoelectrocoagulation processes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Niessen WMA. Tandem mass spectrometry of small-molecule antiviral drugs: 1. HIV-related antivirals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 455:116370. [PMID: 33519296 PMCID: PMC7834215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2020.116370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs are a class of compounds developed specifically for the treatment of viral infections. In the development and subsequent application of antiviral drugs, like for any other class of drugs, quantitative analysis in biological matrix is important, e.g., to establish bioavailability, to study pharmacokinetics, and later on possibly for therapeutic drug monitoring. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) operated in selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) mode is the method of choice in quantitative bioanalysis. As information of the fragmentation of antiviral drugs in MS-MS is very much scattered in the scientific literature, it was decided to collect this information and to review it, not only to understand which product ions are actually used in SRM, but also to assist in other studies, e.g., in the identification of drug metabolites or (forced) degradation products. In this first study, attention is paid to antiviral agents used against HIV infection. The review provides fragmentation schemes of ca. 40 antiviral agents as well as several phosphorylated anabolites. The identity of the product ions used in SRM, i.e., elemental composition and exact-m/z, is tabulated, and more detailed fragmentation schemes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M A Niessen
- hyphen MassSpec, Margrietstraat 34, 2215 HJ, Voorhout, the Netherlands
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Ganji SR, Gopireddy VSR. Application of simple and sensitive LC‐MS/MS approach for trace level quantification of potential genotoxic impurities in lamivudine salicylate formulations. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasula Rao Ganji
- Research ScholarDepartment of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur Ananthapuramu Andhra Pradesh 515002 India
| | - Venkata Subba Reddy Gopireddy
- Department of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, College of Engineering Pulivendula Andhra Pradesh 516390 India
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Grande F, Ioele G, Occhiuzzi MA, De Luca M, Mazzotta E, Ragno G, Garofalo A, Muzzalupo R. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Nanosystems Designed for Drug Stability and Controlled Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E197. [PMID: 31035595 PMCID: PMC6572254 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of nanotechnology applications for the improvement of solubility, distribution, bioavailability and stability of reverse transcriptase inhibitors is reported. Current clinically used nucleoside and non-nucleoside agents, included in combination therapies, were examined in the present survey, as drugs belonging to these classes are the major component of highly active antiretroviral treatments. The inclusion of such agents into supramolecular vesicular systems, such as liposomes, niosomes and lipid solid NPs, overcomes several drawbacks related to the action of these drugs, including drug instability and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Overall results reported in the literature show that the performances of these drugs could be significantly improved by inclusion into nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
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Ncube S, Madikizela LM, Chimuka L, Nindi MM. Environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of antiretrovirals: A current global status and future perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:231-247. [PMID: 30142521 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of antiretroviral drugs as well as challenges and side effects against the human immunodeficiency virus is well documented and reviewed. Evidence is available in literature indication that antiretrovirals are only partially transformed and become completely excreted from the human body in their original form and/or as metabolites in urine and feces. The possibility of massive release of antiretrovirals through human excreta that enters surface water through surface runoff and wastewater treatment plant effluents is now of environmental concern because the public might be experiencing chronic exposure to antiretrovirals. The primary concern of this review is limited data concerning environmental fate and ecotoxicity of antiretrovirals and their metabolites. The review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the evaluation of antiretrovirals in environmental samples. The objective is therefore to assess the extent of analysis of antiretrovirals in environmental samples and also look at strategies including instrumentation and predictive models that have been reported in literature on the fate and ecotoxicological effects due to presence of antiretrovirals in different environmental compartments. The review also looks at current challenges and offers possible areas of exploration that could help minimize the presence of antiretrovirals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Mathew M Nindi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
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12
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Critical review of reports on impurity and degradation product profiling in the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Patel MN, Kothari CS. Review on Implementation of Multivariate Approach for Forced Degradation Study and Impurity Profiling with Regulatory Considerations. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Kurmi M, Singh S. Stability behavior of antiretroviral drugs and their combinations. 7: Comparative degradation pathways of lamivudine and emtricitabine and explanation to their differential degradation behavior by density functional theory. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:155-161. [PMID: 28511058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interest in this study was to establish comparative degradation behavior of lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) under solution and solid state stress conditions. Structurally, the two drugs differ only in terms of additional fluorine at 5 position in FTC. Along with the known degradation products of both the drugs, one additional degradation product was observed in each case, which was characterized by mass spectrometry. Both the drugs degraded via the same route, but at a differential rate in acid, base and oxidative stress conditions. The variable rate of degradation in acid and base conditions was justified by the application of density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moolchand Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S., Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S., Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India.
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Cavalcanti SMT, Nunes C, Lima SAC, Soares-Sobrinho JL, Reis S. Multiple Lipid Nanoparticles (MLN), a New Generation of Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Systems: Lamivudine-MLN Experimental Design. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1204-1216. [PMID: 28315084 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An optimized methodology for the development of a new generation of lipid nanoparticles, the multiple lipid nanoparticles (MLN) is described. MLN have characteristics between nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and multiple emulsions (W/O/W), but without the outer aqueous phase. METHODS The production is based on a hot homogenization method combined with high shear and ultrasonication. The antiretroviral agent lamivudine (3TC), was loaded in the MLN. For comparison purposes, NLC-3TC formulation was also developed and physico-chemically characterized by the same parameters as MLN-3TC. The development and optimization of MLN and NLC formulations were supported by a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. RESULTS The MLN-3TC formulation exhibited a size of about 450 nm, polydispersity <0.3 and negative zeta potential > -20 mV. Furthermore, the morphology assessed by TEM showed a structure with multiples aqueous vacuoles. MLN-3TC was physically stable for at least 45 days, had low cytotoxicity and drug release studies showed a sustained and controlled release of 3TC under gastric and plasma-simulated conditions (at pH 7.4 for about 45 h). CONCLUSIONS The optimized formulations present suitable profiles for oral administration. Overall, the results reveal that MLN present higher loading capacity and storage stability than NLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen M T Cavalcanti
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Core of Medicine and Corelated Quality Control - NCQMC Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-521, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia A C Lima
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José L Soares-Sobrinho
- Core of Medicine and Corelated Quality Control - NCQMC Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-521, Brazil
| | - Salette Reis
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Kurmi M, Sahu A, Singh S. Stability behaviour of antiretroviral drugs and their combinations. 5: Characterization of novel degradation products of abacavir sulfate by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:372-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Baira SM, Srinivasulu G, Nimbalkar R, Garg P, Srinivas R, Talluri MVNK. Characterization of degradation products of regorafenib by LC-QTOF-MS and NMR spectroscopy: investigation of rearrangement and odd-electron ion formation during collision-induced dissociations under ESI-MS/MS. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01440f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of degradation products of regorafenib by LC-QTOF-MS and NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandilya Mahamuni Baira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Gannoju Srinivasulu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Rakesh Nimbalkar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - R. Srinivas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Hyderabad
- India
- NCMS, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
| | - M. V. N. Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
- Hyderabad
- India
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18
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Kurmi M, Kushwah BS, Sahu A, Narayanam M, Singh S. Stability behaviour of antiretroviral drugs and their combinations. 2: Characterization of interaction products of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate by mass and NMR spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:245-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Anti-hepatitis B virus effect of matrine-type alkaloid and involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6. Virus Res 2016; 215:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Forced degradation, LC-UV, MS(n) and LC-MS-TOF studies on azilsartan: Identification of a known and three new degradation impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 120:202-11. [PMID: 26752083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Azilsartan (AZL) was subjected to ICH recommended forced degradation conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, dry heat and photolysis. The drug degraded to four degradation products (I-IV) under acidic, alkaline and water hydrolysis and photolysis. All the four degradation products were resolved in a single run on a C-18 column (250mm×4.6mm; 5μ) with isocratic elution using mobile phase composed of ammonium formate (20mM, pH 3.0), methanol and acetonitrile (40:5:40% v/v), at a flow rate of 0.8mlmin(-1) at ambient temperature. The products were characterized through +ESI-MS(n) spectra of AZL and LC-MS-TOF studies as 2-ethoxy-3H-benzo-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid (I), 2-hydroxy-3-[2'-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-4-ylmethyl]-3H-benzoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid (II, deethylated AZL), 3-[2'-(1H-diazirin-3-yl)-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl]-2-ethoxy-3H-benzoimidazole-4-carboxylic acid (III), and 3-[4'-(2-ethoxy-benzo-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-biphenyl-2-yl]-4H-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-one (IV, decarboxylated AZL). Product I was found to be a known process related impurity whereas the products II-IV were identified as new degradation impurities. The most probable mechanisms for formation of these degradation products were proposed.
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Marzinke MA, Breaud A, Parsons TL, Cohen MS, Piwowar-Manning E, Eshleman SH, Clarke W. The development and validation of a method using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the qualitative detection of antiretroviral agents in human blood. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:157-68. [PMID: 24661980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Non-adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens can compromise their clinical efficacy and lead to emergence of drug-resistant HIV. Clinical trials evaluating antiretroviral regimens for HIV treatment and prevention can also be compromised by poor adherence and non-disclosed off-study antiretroviral drug use. This report describes the development and validation of a high throughput, qualitative method for the identification of antiretroviral drugs using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the retrospective assessment of off-study antiretroviral drug use and the determination of potential antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-compliance. METHODS Serum standards were prepared that contained 15 antiretroviral drugs: 9 protease inhibitors (PIs), 4 nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 2 non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Analytical separation was achieved on a Hypersil Gold PFP (100×3mm) column and the eluent was analyzed using the Thermo Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Exactive-MS) operated in full scan mode. Limit of identification, signal intensity precision, retention time analysis, selectivity, and carryover studies were conducted. Concordance with liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) methods was evaluated using remnant plasma samples from a clinical trial. RESULTS The limit of identification ranged from 5 to 10ng/ml for 14 drugs (9 PIs, 1 NNRTI, 4 NRTIs) and was 150ng/ml for 1 NNRTI. Precision studies with high and low control mixtures revealed signal intensity coefficients of variation of 3.0-27.5%. The Exactive-MS method was selective for the compounds of interest. Overall, concordance ranged from 89.1% to 100% for the screening of antiretroviral drugs in clinical plasma specimens as compared to LC-MS/MS methods. CONCLUSION Using the Exactive-MS, we developed and validated a highly selective, robust method for the multiplexed detection of 15 antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Marzinke
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Autumn Breaud
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Teresa L Parsons
- Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Estelle Piwowar-Manning
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan H Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Forced degradation and impurity profiling: Recent trends in analytical perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 86:11-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alexander AJ, Zhang L, Hooker TF, Tomasella FP. Comparison of supercritical fluid chromatography and reverse phase liquid chromatography for the impurity profiling of the antiretroviral drugs lamivudine/BMS-986001/efavirenz in a combination tablet. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:243-51. [PMID: 23507686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dual and triple combinations of antiretroviral drugs are a cornerstone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) treatment. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) methods have been developed for the impurity profiling of a prototype combination tablet containing three such drugs: lamivudine, BMS-986001 and efavirenz. Separation by SFC was achieved using a Princeton 2-ethyl pyridine stationary phase and a mobile phase B consisting of methanol with 10 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% isopropyl amine. This combination of mobile phase additives was required for both the separation of minor components and to minimize peak tailing of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Separation by RPLC was achieved using a Discovery HSF5 stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 5.5 and methanol. Mobile phase gradient elution was employed in each case to elute components with a wide range of polarities. Both these methods were found to have advantages and disadvantages. Out of the three APIs and 13 possible impurity/degradation products selected, all were resolved by RPLC. By SFC, 15 peaks were resolved with one co-eluting pair and a high degree of orthogonality was achieved relative to RPLC. A more even distribution of peaks across the separation space, a non-sloping baseline and fewer system peaks were significant advantages associated with the SFC method. Particular attention had to be paid to optimizing the reverse phase diluent strength/initial mobile phase composition to avoid distortion of the peak shapes for early eluting components. This was not an issue with SFC, as the diluent of choice (methanol) was also the solvent of choice (in combination with ≤20% water) for the dissolution of the triple combination tablet. As with RPLC, SFC was found to exhibit the required sensitivity for successful quantitation of potential impurities/degradation products at the 0.05-0.1 area% level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Alexander
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States.
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Singh S, Handa T, Narayanam M, Sahu A, Junwal M, Shah RP. A critical review on the use of modern sophisticated hyphenated tools in the characterization of impurities and degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:148-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Determination of genotoxic alkyl methane sulfonates and alkyl paratoluene sulfonates in lamivudine using hyphenated techniques. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:314-318. [PMID: 29403760 PMCID: PMC5760884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two highly sensitive methods for the determination of genotoxic alkyl methane sulfonates (AMSs) and alkyl paratoluene sulfonates (APTSs) in lamivudine using hyphenated techniques have been presented. AMSs were determined by GC–MS method using GSBP-INOWAX (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) column. Temperature program was set by maintaining at 100 °C initially for 3 min, then rised to 220 °C at the rate of 15 °C/min and maintained at 220 °C for 16 min. N,N-dimethyl formamide was used as diluent. APTSs were determined by LC-MS using Zorbax, Rx C8, 250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm column as stationary phase. 0.01 M ammonium acetate is used as buffer. The mixture of buffer and methanol in 75:25 (v/v) ratio was used as mobile phase A and mixture of buffer and methanol in 5:95 (v/v) ratio was used as mobile phase B. The gradient program (T/%B) was set as 0/28, 16/50, 17/100, 23/100, 27/28 and 40/28. Both the methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Limit of quantitation was found 1.5 μg/mL for AMSs and was in the range of 1.0–1.5 μg/mL for APTSs.
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Joshi A, Adeyeye MC. Reversed Phase LC-UV Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous determination of three antiretrovirals: Lamivudine, Zidovudine, Nevirapine and Possible Degradants in a Fixed Dose Pharmaceutical Product. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7243/2050-120x-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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An T, An J, Yang H, Li G, Feng H, Nie X. Photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of antivirus drug-lamivudine in TiO2 dispersion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 197:229-236. [PMID: 21983170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of antivirus drug-lamivudine in aqueous TiO(2) dispersions was systematically optimized by both single-variable-at-a-time and central composite design based on the response surface methodology. Three variables, TiO(2) content, initial pH and lamivudine concentration, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies of lamivudine on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that degradation efficiencies of lamivudine were highly affected by TiO(2) content and initial lamivudine concentration. The highest degradation efficiency was achieved at suitable amount of TiO(2) and with maintaining initial lamivudine concentration to a minimum. In addition, the contribution experiments of various primary reactive species produced during the photocatalysis were investigated with the addition of different scavengers and found that hydroxyl radicals was the major reactive species involved in lamivudine degradation in aqueous TiO(2). Six degradation intermediates were identified using HPLC/MS/MS, and photocatalytic degradation mechanism of lamivudine was proposed by utilizing collective information from both experimental results of HPLC/MS/MS, ion chromatography as well as total organic carbon and theoretical data of frontier electron densities and point charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taicheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Roy B, Lefebvre I, Puy JY, Périgaud C. A facile and effective synthesis of lamivudine 5′-diphosphate. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rao RN, Vali RM, Ramachandra B, Raju SS. Separation and characterization of forced degradation products of abacavir sulphate by LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:279-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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LC–MS/MS studies of ritonavir and its forced degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:833-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Trommer H, Raith K, Neubert RHH. Investigating the degradation of the sympathomimetic drug phenylephrine by electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:203-9. [PMID: 20122809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The frequently used sympathomimetic drug phenylephrine has been studied by electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry. The stability of the adrenoceptor agonist was examined by investigations of the pharmaceutically used salts phenylephrine hydrochloride and phenylephrine bitartrate. Photostability has been studied by use of an irradiation equipment emitting a solar radiation spectrum. The experiments were carried out by analysis of aqueous drug solutions before and after irradiation treatment. The phenylephrine derivative with unsaturated side chain originating from the drug by loss of one water molecule has been detected as the major degradation product of both phenylephrine salts the hydrochloride and the bitartrate. Further degradation and oxidation products were detectable already in the full scan mode demonstrating a low stability of the drug. Tandem mass spectrometry and multiple stage mass spectrometry experiments enabled the establishment of fragmentation schemes of both salts for the first time. Irradiation treatment indicated that phenylephrine bitartrate is more prone to degradation than the hydrochloride because of an additional decomposition sensitivity of the tartaric acid counter ion. An interaction between phenylephrine and its counter ion degradation products via a nucleophilic addition mechanism is suggested to be the explanation for the detected ion signals after irradiation treatment of phenylephrine bitartrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Trommer
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany.
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