1
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Selective and efficient extraction of heparin by arginine-functionalized flowered mesoporous silica nanoparticles with high capacity. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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2
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Jiang H, Li X, Ma M, Shi X, Wu X. Quality control and product differentiation of LMWHs marketed in China using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114472. [PMID: 34864594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous mixtures of glycosaminoglycan chains composed of mixture of different lengths and substitution patterns. Structural characterization and quality control of LMWHs have always been challenging. The Chinese drug regulatory authorities have been committed to improve the supervision standards of LMWHs to better regulate the quality and safety of LMWHs in current Chinese market. In the present paper, 80 batches of three types LMWHs (dalteparin, enoxaparin and naldroparin) marketed in China from different manufacturers were studied by 1H NMR experiments and chemometric analysis. The method can be used not only to monitor impurities and contaminants, but also to check the batch-to-batch consistency of each manufacture. Moreover, for the biosimilar LMWHs from different manufactures, they can be differentiated and clustered according to their slightly different structural compositions originated from production process. By using this method, the quality and safety of LMWHs marketed in China were initially assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Jiang
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China.
| | - Xinbai Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Minglan Ma
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Xianfu Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China.
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3
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Nesměrák K, Pospíchal R. Spectrometric methods in pharmaceutical analysis of glycosaminoglycans: the state-of-the-art. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Devlin A, Mycroft-West C, Procter P, Cooper L, Guimond S, Lima M, Yates E, Skidmore M. Tools for the Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Heparin. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E636. [PMID: 31557911 PMCID: PMC6843833 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a vital pharmaceutical anticoagulant drug and remains one of the few naturally sourced pharmaceutical agents used clinically. Heparin possesses a structural order with up to four levels of complexity. These levels are subject to change based on the animal or even tissue sources that they are extracted from, while higher levels are believed to be entirely dynamic and a product of their surrounding environments, including bound proteins and associated cations. In 2008, heparin sources were subject to a major contamination with a deadly compound-an over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate polysaccharide-that resulted in excess of 100 deaths within North America alone. In consideration of this, an arsenal of methods to screen for heparin contamination have been applied, based primarily on the detection of over-sulphated chondroitin sulphate. The targeted nature of these screening methods, for this specific contaminant, may leave contamination by other entities poorly protected against, but novel approaches, including library-based chemometric analysis in concert with a variety of spectroscopic methods, could be of great importance in combating future, potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Devlin
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Courtney Mycroft-West
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Patricia Procter
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Lynsay Cooper
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Scott Guimond
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Marcelo Lima
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin Yates
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Mark Skidmore
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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5
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Im J, Lindsay S, Wang X, Zhang P. Single Molecule Identification and Quantification of Glycosaminoglycans Using Solid-State Nanopores. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6308-6318. [PMID: 31121093 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of polysaccharides with potent biological activities. Due to their complex and heterogeneous composition, varied charge, polydispersity, and presence of isobaric stereoisomers, the analysis of GAG samples poses considerable challenges to current analytical techniques. In the present study, we combined solid-state nanopores-a single molecule sensor with a support vector machine (SVM)-a machine learning algorithm for the analysis of GAGs. Our results indicate that the nanopore/SVM technique could distinguish between monodisperse fragments of heparin and chondroitin sulfate with high accuracy (>90%), allowing as low as 0.8% (w/w) of chondroitin sulfate impurities in a heparin sample to be detected. In addition, the nanopore/SVM technique distinguished between unfractionated heparin (UFH) and enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin) with an accuracy of ∼94% on average. With a reference sample for calibration, a nanopore could achieve nanomolar sensitivity and a 5-Log dynamic range. We were able to quantify heparin with reasonable accuracy using multiple nanopores. Our studies demonstrate the potential of the nanopore/SVM technique to quantify and identify GAGs.
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6
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Combining NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics to Monitor Structural Features of Crude Hep-arin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071146. [PMID: 28698456 PMCID: PMC6152302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the complexity and global nature of the heparin supply chain, the control of heparin quality during manufacturing steps is essential to ensure the safety of the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). For this reason, there is a need to develop consistent analytical methods able to assess the quality of heparin early in production (i.e., as the crude heparin before it is purified to API under cGMP conditions). Although a number of analytical techniques have been applied to characterize heparin APIs, few of them have been applied for crude heparin structure and composition analyses. Here, to address this issue, NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics were applied to characterize 88 crude heparin samples. The samples were also analyzed by strong anion exchange HPLC (SAX-HPLC) as an orthogonal check of the purity levels of the crudes analyzed by NMR. The HPLC data showed that the chemometric analysis of the NMR data differentiated the samples based on their purity. These orthogonal approaches differentiated samples according their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition and their mono and disaccharide composition and structure for each GAG family (e.g., heparin/heparan, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate A). Moreover, quantitative HSQC and multivariate analysis (PCA) were used to distinguish between crude heparin of different animal and tissue sources.
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7
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Szajek AY, Chess E, Johansen K, Gratzl G, Gray E, Keire D, Linhardt RJ, Liu J, Morris T, Mulloy B, Nasr M, Shriver Z, Torralba P, Viskov C, Williams R, Woodcock J, Workman W, Al-Hakim A. The US regulatory and pharmacopeia response to the global heparin contamination crisis. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 34:625-30. [PMID: 27281424 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of the widely used lifesaving anticoagulant drug heparin in 2007 has drawn renewed attention to the challenges that are associated with the characterization, quality control and standardization of complex biological medicines from natural sources. Heparin is a linear, highly sulfated polysaccharide consisting of alternating glucosamine and uronic acid monosaccharide residues. Heparin has been used successfully as an injectable antithrombotic medicine since the 1930s, and its isolation from animal sources (primarily porcine intestine) as well as its manufacturing processes have not changed substantially since its introduction. The 2007 heparin contamination crisis resulted in several deaths in the United States and hundreds of adverse reactions worldwide, revealing the vulnerability of a complex global supply chain to sophisticated adulteration. This Perspective discusses how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) and international stakeholders collaborated to redefine quality expectations for heparin, thus making an important natural product better controlled and less susceptible to economically motivated adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Y Szajek
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Chess
- Structure Elucidation/Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Gyöngyi Gratzl
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc., Bedford, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - David Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration/Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tina Morris
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, London, UK
| | - Moheb Nasr
- R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zachary Shriver
- Department of Biological Engineering, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences &Technology, Koch institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pearle Torralba
- Product Development - Analytical Innovation and Development, Fresenius Kabi USA, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Janet Woodcock
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wesley Workman
- Pfizer Quality Operations Biotech, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hakim
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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8
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Carnachan SM, Hinkley SF. Heparan Sulfate Identification and Characterisation: Method I.Heparan Sulfate Identification by NMR Analysis. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2196. [PMID: 34541207 PMCID: PMC8410356 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) may be purified from complex biological matrices and are often isolated in sub-milligram quantities but not unequivocally identified by spectroscopic means. This protocol details a methodology to rapidly assess the gross compositional features and approximate purity of HS by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. A complimentary method for identification and characterisation of heparan sulfate can be found at Carnachan and Hinkley (2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Carnachan
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Simon F.R. Hinkley
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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9
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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10
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Fasciano JM, Danielson ND. Ion chromatography for the separation of heparin and structurally related glycoaminoglycans: A review. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1118-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil D. Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University; Oxford OH USA
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11
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Lester J, Chandler T, Gemene KL. Reversible Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of High-Charge Density Polyanion Contaminants in Heparin. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11537-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lester
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
| | - Timothy Chandler
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
| | - Kebede L. Gemene
- Department
of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United States
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12
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Han Z, Zeng Y, Lu H, Zhang L. Determination of the degree of acetylation and the distribution of acetyl groups in chitosan by HPLC analysis of nitrous acid degraded and PMP labeled products. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Mans DJ, Ye H, Dunn JD, Kolinski RE, Long DS, Phatak NL, Ghasriani H, Buhse LF, Kauffman JF, Keire DA. Synthesis and detection of N-sulfonated oversulfated chondroitin sulfate in marketplace heparin. Anal Biochem 2015; 490:52-4. [PMID: 26278168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-sulfonated oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (NS-OSCS), recently reported as a potential threat to the heparin supply, was prepared along with its intermediate derivatives. All compounds were spiked into marketplace heparin and subjected to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) identification assays for heparin (proton nuclear magnetic resonance [(1)H NMR], chromatographic identity, % galactosamine [%GalN], anti-factor IIa potency, and anti-factor Xa/IIa ratio). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) strong-anionic exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) method resolved NS-OSCS from heparin and OSCS and had a limit of detection of 0.26% (w/w) NS-OSCS. The %GalN test was sensitive to the presence of NS-OSCS in heparin. Therefore, current USP heparin monograph tests (i.e., SAX-HPLC and %GalN) detect the presence of NS-OSCS in heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Mans
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Hongping Ye
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jamie D Dunn
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard E Kolinski
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dianna S Long
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nisarga L Phatak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Houman Ghasriani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucinda F Buhse
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John F Kauffman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David A Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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14
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Zeng Y, Han Z, Qiu P, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Zhao Y, Zheng S, Xu C, Zhang X, Yin P, Jiang X, Lu H, Yu G, Zhang L. Salinity-induced anti-angiogenesis activities and structural changes of the polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps Militaris. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103880. [PMID: 25203294 PMCID: PMC4159134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps is a rare and exotic mushroom that grows out of the head of a mummified caterpillar. Many companies are cultivating Cordyceps to meet the increased demand for its medicinal applications. However, the structures and functions of polysaccharides, one of the pharmaceutical active ingredients in Cordyceps, are difficult to reproduce in vitro. We hypothesized that mimicking the salty environment inside caterpillar bodies might make the cultured fungus synthesize polysaccharides with similar structures and functions to that of wild Cordyceps. By adding either sodium sulfate or sodium chloride into growth media, we observed the salinity-induced anti-angiogenesis activities of the polysaccharides purified from the cultured C. Militaris. To correlate the activities with the polysaccharide structures, we performed the (13)C-NMR analysis and observed profound structural changes including different proportions of α and β glycosidic bonds and appearances of uronic acid signals in the polysaccharides purified from the culture after the salts were added. By coupling the techniques of stable (34)S-sulfate isotope labeling, aniline- and D5-aniline tagging, and stable isotope facilitated uronic acid-reduction with LC-MS analysis, our data revealed for the first time the existence of covalently linked sulfate and the presence of polygalacuronic acids in the polysaccharides purified from the salt added C. Militaris culture. Our data showed that culturing C. Militaris with added salts changed the biosynthetic scheme and resulted in novel polysaccharide structures and functions. These findings might be insightful in terms of how to make C. Militaris cultures to reach or to exceed the potency of wild Cordyceps in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhangrun Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Sha Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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15
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Nemes P, Hoover WJ, Keire DA. High-throughput differentiation of heparin from other glycosaminoglycans by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7405-12. [PMID: 23841449 DOI: 10.1021/ac401318q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensors with high chemical specificity and enhanced sample throughput are vital to screening food products and medical devices for chemical or biochemical contaminants that may pose a threat to public health. For example, the rapid detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in heparin could prevent reoccurrence of heparin adulteration that caused hundreds of severe adverse events including deaths worldwide in 2007-2008. Here, rapid pyrolysis is integrated with direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry to rapidly screen major glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, and OSCS. The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional liquid chromatography-based analyses, pyrolysis mass spectrometry achieved at least 250-fold higher sample throughput and was compatible with samples volume-limited to about 300 nL. Pyrolysis yielded an abundance of fragment ions (e.g., 150 different m/z species), many of which were specific to the parent compound. Using multivariate and statistical data analysis models, these data enabled facile differentiation of the glycosaminoglycans with high throughput. After method development was completed, authentically contaminated samples obtained during the heparin crisis by the FDA were analyzed in a blinded manner for OSCS contamination. The lower limit of differentiation and detection were 0.1% (w/w) OSCS in heparin and 100 ng/μL (20 ng) OSCS in water, respectively. For quantitative purposes the linear dynamic range spanned approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Moreover, this chemical readout was successfully employed to find clues in the manufacturing history of the heparin samples that can be used for surveillance purposes. The presented technology and data analysis protocols are anticipated to be readily adaptable to other chemical and biochemical agents and volume-limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nemes
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), United States.
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16
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Ye H, Toby TK, Sommers CD, Ghasriani H, Trehy ML, Ye W, Kolinski RE, Buhse LF, Al-Hakim A, Keire DA. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for LMWH quality assurance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:99-107. [PMID: 23917037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the 2007-2008 heparin crisis it was found that the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) testing monograph for heparin sodium or low molecular weight heparins did not detect the presence of the contaminant, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS). In response to this concern, new tests and specifications were developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and USP and put in place to detect not only the contaminant OSCS, but also to improve assurance of quality and purity of these drug products. The USP monographs for the low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) approved for use in the United States (dalteparin, tinzaparin and enoxaparin) are also undergoing revision to include many of the same tests used for heparin sodium, including; one-dimensional (1D) 500 MHz (1)H NMR, SAX-HPLC, percent galactosamine in total hexosamine and anticoagulation time assays with purified Factor IIa or Factor Xa. These tests represent orthogonal approaches for heparin identification, measurement of bioactivity and for detection of process impurities or contaminants in these drug products. Here we describe results from a survey of multiple lots from three types of LMWHs in the US market which were collected after the 2009 heparin sodium monograph revision. In addition, innovator and generic versions of formulated enoxaparin products purchased in 2011 are compared using these tests and found to be highly similar within the discriminating power of the assays applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Ye
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, MO 63101, USA
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17
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Beccati D, Roy S, Lech M, Ozug J, Schaeck J, Gunay NS, Zouaoui R, Capila I, Kaundinya GV. Identification of a Novel Structure in Heparin Generated by Sequential Oxidative–Reductive Treatment. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5091-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3007494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Mourier PAJ, Guichard OY, Herman F, Viskov C. Heparin sodium compliance to USP monograph: structural elucidation of an atypical 2.18 ppm NMR signal. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:169-74. [PMID: 22579602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) acceptance criteria in the new heparin US Pharmacopeia (USP) monograph do not take into account potential structural modifications responsible for any extra signals observed in ¹H NMR spectra, some purified heparins may be non-compliant under the proposed new USP guidelines and incorrectly classified as unsuitable for pharmaceutical use. Heparins from the "ES" source, containing an extra signal at 2.18 ppm, were depolymerized under controlled conditions using heparinases I, II, and III. The oligosaccharides responsible for the 2.18 ppm signal were enriched using orthogonal chromatographic techniques. After multiple purification steps, we obtained an oligosaccharide mixture containing a highly enriched octasaccharide bearing the structural modification responsible for the extra signal. Following heparinase I depolymerization, a pure tetrasaccharide containing the fingerprint structural modification was isolated for full structural determination. Using 1D and 2D ¹H NMR spectroscopy, the structural moiety responsible for the extra signal at 2.18 ppm was identified as an acetyl group on the heparin backbone, most likely resulting from a very minor manufacturing process side reaction that esterifies the uronic acid at position 3. Such analytical peculiarity has always been present in this heparin source and it was used safety over the years.
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Sommers CD, Montpas N, Adam A, Keire DA. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: adverse event relevant bioassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:28-35. [PMID: 22591805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The polyanion oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) was identified as a contaminant in heparin products and was associated with severe hypotensive responses and other symptoms in patients receiving the drug. The OSCS associated adverse reactions were attributed to activation of the contact system via the plasma mediator, activated factor XII (FXIIa), which triggers kallikrein (KK) activity. Unlike heparin alone, OSCS, is able to activate FXII in plasma and stably bind to FXIIa enhancing plasma KK activity and the induction of vasoactive mediators such as bradykinin (BK), C3a and C5a. Similarly OSCS can interfere with heparin neutralization by the polycationic drug protamine. Here, we assess heparin (heparin sodium, dalteparin, tinzaparin or enoxaparin)-protamine complex formation and plasma based bioassays of KK, BK and C5a in a 96-well plate format. We establish the normal range of variation in the optimized bioassays across multiple lots from 9 manufacturers. In addition, because other oversulfated (OS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) besides OSCS could also serve as possible economically motivated adulterants (EMAs) to heparin, we characterize OS-dermatan sulfate (OSDS), OS-heparan sulfate (OSHS) and their native forms in the same assays. For the protamine test, OS-GAGs could be distinguished from heparin. For the KK assay, OSCS and OSDS were most potent followed by OSHS, and all had similar efficacies. Finally, OSDS had a greater efficacy in the C5a and BK assays followed by OSCS then OSHS. These data established the normal range of response of heparin products in these assays and the alteration in the responses in the presence of possible EMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Sommers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, CDER, Food and Drug Administration, St Louis, MO 63101, USA
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20
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Abstract
Heparin is a member of the heparan sulphate family of glycosaminoglycans, a linear polysaccharide with a complex sequence resulting from the action of post-polymerisation enzymes on a regular repeating disaccharide background. Its overall conformation is rod-like in solution as well as in the solid state, but the conformational fluctuations of iduronate residues give rise to considerable internal motion and variation in local three-dimensional structure. Structure/function relationships and their relation to sequence are still the subject of argument, but new methodologies to tackle the subject are emerging. Heparin as a therapeutic agent and as the object of research may be characterised by numerous physico-chemical techniques. These include chromatographic methods for measurement of molecular weight; a variety of spectroscopic techniques; separation methods for whole polysaccharides, as well as for oligo- and monosaccharides; and mass spectrometric methods for mapping and sequence analysis. The impetus provided by the discovery of heparin contamination with oversulphated chondroitin sulphate has been influential in bringing combinations of many old and new techniques into use to ensure that heparin is sufficiently consistent and pure to be used safely. Synthetic and semi-synthetic heparins are in development and may become reality in the relatively near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK.
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21
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King JT, Desai UR. Linear polyalkylamines as fingerprinting agents in capillary electrophoresis of low-molecular-weight heparins and glycosaminoglycans. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3070-7. [PMID: 22002802 PMCID: PMC3516877 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis represents a challenging frontier despite the advent of many high-resolution technologies because of their unparalleled structural complexity. We previously developed a resolving agent-aided capillary electrophoretic approach for fingerprinting low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) to profile their microscopic differences and assess batch-to-batch variability. In this report, we study the application of this approach for fingerprinting other GAGs and analyze the basis for the fingerprints observed in CE. Although the resolving agents, linear polyalkylamines, could resolve the broad featureless electropherogram of LMWH into a large number of distinct, highly reproducible peaks, longer GAGs such as chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin responded in a highly individualistic manner. Full-length heparin interacted with linear polyalkylamines very strongly followed by dermatan sulfate, whereas chondroitin sulfate remained essentially unaffected. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate could be easily identified from full-length heparin. Scatchard analysis of the binding profile of enoxaparin with three linear polyalkylamines displayed a biphasic binding profile suggesting two distinctly different types of interactions. Some LMWH chains were found to interact with linear polyalkylamines with affinities as high as 10 nM, whereas others displayed nearly 5000-fold weaker affinities. These observations provide fundamental insight into the basis for fingerprinting of LMWHs by linear polyalkylamine-based resolving agents, which could be utilized in the design of advanced resolving agents for compositional profiling, direct sequencing, and chemoinformatics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Timothy King
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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22
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Sommers CD, Keire DA. Detection of possible economically motivated adulterants in heparin sodium and low molecular weight heparins with a colorimetric microplate based assay. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7102-8. [PMID: 21819047 DOI: 10.1021/ac201412z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we described a 96-well plate format assay for visual detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate A (OSCS) contamination in heparin samples based on a water-soluble cationic polythiophene polymer (3-(2-(N-(N'-methylimidazole))ethoxy)-4-methylthiophene (LPTP)) and heparinase digestion of heparin. Here, we establish the specificity of the LPTP/heparinase test with a unique set of reagents that define the structural requirements for significant LPTP chemosensor color change. For example, we observed a biphasic behavior of larger shifts to the red in the UV absorbance spectra with decreasing average molecular weight of heparin chains with a break below 12-mer chain lengths. In addition, the oversulfation of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) to a partially (PSCS) or fully (OSCS) sulfated form caused progressively less red shift of LPTP solutions. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) containing glucuronic acid caused distinct spectral patterns compared to iduronic acid containing GAGs. We applied the LPTP/heparinase test to detection of OSCS (≥0.03% (w/w) visually or 0.01% using a plate reader) in 10 μg amounts of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs; i.e. dalteparin, tinzaparin, or enoxaparin). Furthermore, because other oversulfated GAGs are possible economically motivated adulterants (EMAs) in heparin sodium, we tested the capacity of the LPTP/heparinase assay to detect oversulfated dermatan sulfate (OSDS), heparin (OSH), and heparan sulfate (OSHS). These potential EMAs were visually detectable at a level of ∼0.1% when spiked into heparin sodium. We conclude that the LPTP/heparinase test visually detects oversulfated GAGs in heparin sodium and LMWHs in a format potentially amenable to high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Sommers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
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23
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Zang Q, Keire DA, Buhse LF, Wood RD, Mital DP, Haque S, Srinivasan S, Moore CMV, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Trehy ML, Welsh WJ. Identification of heparin samples that contain impurities or contaminants by chemometric pattern recognition analysis of proton NMR spectral data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:939-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Kang Y, Gwon K, Shin JH, Nam H, Meyerhoff ME, Cha GS. Highly sensitive potentiometric strip test for detecting high charge density impurities in heparin. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3957-62. [PMID: 21500820 DOI: 10.1021/ac103090m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) became a matter of grave concern in the medical field after many fatal responses to OSCS tainted heparin products occurred during the 2007-2008 period. Even though standard lab-based analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and strong anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (SAX-HPLC) have proven useful for monitoring the OSCS content in heparin products, an easy-to-use, quick, portable, and cost-efficient method is still needed for on-site monitoring during and after the heparin production. In this report, a disposable strip-type electrochemical polyion sensor is described for detection of low levels of OSCS contamination in heparin. A magnetic actuator is incorporated into this simple electrode-based microfluidic device in order to create the mixing effect necessary to achieve equilibrium potential changes of the sensor within a microfluidic channel. The planar membrane electrode detector within the sample channel is prepared with a tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC)-doped poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane essentially equivalent to previously reported polyanion-sensitive electrodes. When the concentration of heparin applied to the single-use strip device is 57 mg/mL (in only 20 μL of sample), the same concentration recommended in the NMR analysis protocol for detecting OSCS in heparin, the detection limit is 0.005 wt % of OSCS, which is ca. 20 times lower than the reported detection limit of the NMR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjea Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Korea
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25
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Sommers CD, Mans DJ, Mecker LC, Keire DA. Sensitive Detection of Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate in Heparin Sodium or Crude Heparin with a Colorimetric Microplate Based Assay. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3422-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200011s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D. Sommers
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - Daniel J. Mans
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - Laura C. Mecker
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
| | - David A. Keire
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri 63101, United States
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26
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Zang Q, Keire DA, Wood RD, Buhse LF, Moore CMV, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Trehy ML, Welsh WJ. Class modeling analysis of heparin 1H NMR spectral data using the soft independent modeling of class analogy and unequal class modeling techniques. Anal Chem 2010; 83:1030-9. [PMID: 21192734 DOI: 10.1021/ac102832t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To differentiate heparin samples with varying amounts of dermatan sulfate (DS) impurities and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) contaminants, proton NMR spectral data for heparin sodium active pharmaceutical ingredient samples from different manufacturers were analyzed using multivariate chemometric techniques. A total of 168 samples were divided into three groups: (a) Heparin, [DS] ≤ 1.0% and [OSCS] = 0%; (b) DS, [DS] > 1.0% and [OSCS] = 0%; (c) OSCS, [OSCS] > 0% with any content of DS. The chemometric models were constructed and validated using two well-established methods: soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and unequal class modeling (UNEQ). While SIMCA modeling was conducted using the entire set of variables extracted from the NMR spectral data, UNEQ modeling was combined with variable reduction using stepwise linear discriminant analysis to comply with the requirement that the number of samples per class exceed the number of variables in the model by at least 3-fold. Comparison of the results from these two modeling approaches revealed that UNEQ had greater sensitivity (fewer false positives) while SIMCA had greater specificity (fewer false negatives). For Heparin, DS, and OSCS, respectively, the sensitivity was 78% (56/72), 74% (37/50), and 85% (39/46) from SIMCA modeling and 88% (63/72), 90% (45/50), and 91% (42/46) from UNEQ modeling. Importantly, the specificity of both the SIMCA and UNEQ models was 100% (46/46) for Heparin with respect to OSCS; no OSCS-containing sample was misclassified as Heparin. The specificity of the SIMCA model (45/50, or 90%) was superior to that of the UNEQ model (27/50, or 54%) for Heparin with respect to DS samples. However, the overall prediction ability of the UNEQ model (85%) was notably better than that of the SIMCA model (76%) for the Heparin vs DS vs OSCS classes. The models were challenged with blends of heparin spiked with nonsulfated, partially sulfated, or fully oversulfated chondroitin sulfate A, dermatan sulfate, or heparan sulfate at the 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 wt % levels. The results from the present study indicate that the combination of (1)H NMR spectral data and class modeling techniques (viz., SIMCA and UNEQ) represents a promising strategy for assessing the quality of commercial heparin samples with respect to impurities and contaminants. The methodologies show utility for applications beyond heparin to other complex products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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27
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Zang Q, Keire DA, Wood RD, Buhse LF, Moore CMV, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A, Trehy ML, Welsh WJ. Combining (1)H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics to identify heparin samples that may possess dermatan sulfate (DS) impurities or oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) contaminants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:1020-9. [PMID: 21215547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a naturally produced, heterogeneous compound consisting of variably sulfated and acetylated repeating disaccharide units. The structural complexity of heparin complicates efforts to assess the purity of the compound, especially when differentiating between similar glycosaminoglycans. Recently, heparin sodium contaminated with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate A (OSCS) has been associated with a rapid and acute onset of an anaphylactic reaction. In addition, naturally occurring dermatan sulfate (DS) was found to be present in these and other heparin samples as an impurity due to incomplete purification. The present study was undertaken to determine whether chemometric analysis of these NMR spectral data would be useful for discrimination between USP-grade samples of heparin sodium API and those deemed unacceptable based on their levels of DS, OSCS, or both. Several multivariate chemometric methods for clustering and classification were evaluated; specifically, principal components analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and the k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) method. Data dimension reduction and variable selection techniques, implemented to avoid over-fitting the training set data, markedly improved the performance of the classification models. Under optimal conditions, a perfect classification (100% success rate) was attained on external test sets for the Heparin vs OSCS model. The predictive rates for the Heparin vs DS, Heparin vs [DS+OSCS], and Heparin vs DS vs OSCS models were 89%, 93%, and 90%, respectively. In most cases, misclassifications can be ascribed to the similarity in NMR chemical shifts of heparin and DS. Among the chemometric methods evaluated in this study, we found that the LDA models were superior to the PLS-DA and kNN models for classification. Taken together, the present results demonstrate the utility of chemometric methods when applied in combination with (1)H NMR spectral analysis for evaluating the quality of heparin APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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29
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Combination of a two-step fluorescence assay and a two-step anti-Factor Xa assay for detection of heparin falsifications and protein in heparins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:681-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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New developments in quantitative polymerase chain reaction applied to control the quality of heparins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:747-55. [PMID: 20931175 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a widely used intravenous anticoagulant comprised of a very complex mixture of glucosaminoglycan chains, mainly derived from porcine intestinal mucosa. Recent contamination of heparin with oversulfated (OS) chondroitin sulfate resulted in a significant number of deaths, triggering a rapid revision of product monographs and the introduction of new analytical methods to limit as far as possible the chances of another occurrence of such a phenomenon. The distribution of heparin-processing units across the globe prevents their complete fool-proof auditing. Therefore, the implementation of additional orthogonal analytical techniques for quality control (QC) of heparin batches is highly important. We perform routine quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) release tests to confirm the quality of all crude heparin batches received by sanofi-aventis. The routine test used provides information on the animal species of origin as requested by the US Pharmacopoeia (USP) and European Pharmacopoiea monographs. Here, we demonstrate that the Q-PCR test is inhibited by OS glycosaminoglycans at concentrations as low as 0.5% (w/w versus heparin) and can be used as an additional safeguard to monitor levels of potentially harmful contaminants without any increased workload. In response to a request from the USP, we also describe the development of a Q-PCR method for monitoring nucleotidic impurities in pure heparin, which is able to detect amplifiable DNA at concentrations lower than 0.1 ng DNA per milligram of heparin. This increased sensitivity makes this modified Q-PCR method a potential candidate for inclusion as a QC requirement in future monographs.
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31
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Liu Z, Xiao Z, Masuko S, Zhao W, Sterner E, Bansal V, Fareed J, Dordick J, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Mass balance analysis of contaminated heparin product. Anal Biochem 2010; 408:147-56. [PMID: 20850409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative analysis of a recalled contaminated lot of heparin sodium injection U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) was undertaken in response to the controversy regarding the exact nature of the contaminant involved in the heparin (HP) crisis. A mass balance analysis of the formulated drug product was performed. After freeze-drying, a 1-ml vial for injection afforded 54.8±0.3 mg of dry solids. The excipients, sodium chloride and residual benzyl alcohol, accounted for 11.4±0.5 and 0.9±0.5 mg, respectively. Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) represented 41.5±1.0 mg, corresponding to 75.7 wt% of dry mass. Exhaustive treatment of API with specific enzymes, heparin lyases, and/or chondroitin lyases was used to close mass balance. HP represented 30.5±0.5 mg, corresponding to 73.5 wt% of the API. Dermatan sulfate (DS) impurity represented 1.7±0.3 mg, corresponding to 4.1 wt% of API. Contaminant, representing 9.3±0.1 mg corresponding to 22.4 wt% of API, was found in the contaminated formulated drug product. The recovery of contaminant was close to quantitative (95.6-100 wt%). A single contaminant was unambiguously identified as oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS).
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32
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Alban S, Lühn S, Schiemann S, Beyer T, Norwig J, Schilling C, Rädler O, Wolf B, Matz M, Baumann K, Holzgrabe U. Comparison of established and novel purity tests for the quality control of heparin by means of a set of 177 heparin samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:605-20. [PMID: 20824424 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of heparin contaminated with oversulfated chrondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in 2008 initiated a comprehensive revision process of the Pharmacopoeial heparin monographs and stimulated research in analytical techniques for the quality control of heparin. Here, a set of 177 heparin samples from the market in 2008 as well as pure heparin sodium spiked with defined amounts of OSCS and DS were used to evaluate established and novel methods for the quality control of heparin. Besides (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), the assessment included two further spectroscopic methods, i.e., attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and Raman spectroscopy, three coagulation assays, i.e., activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) performed with both sheep and human plasma and the prothrombin time (PT), and finally two novel purity assays, each consisting of an incubation step with heparinase I followed by either a fluorescence measurement (Inc-PolyH-assay) or by a chromogenic aXa-assay (Inc-aXa-assay). NMR was shown to allow not only sensitive detection, but also quantification of OSCS by using the peak-height method and a response factor determined by calibration. Chemometric evaluation of the NMR, ATR-IR, and Raman spectra by statistical classification techniques turned out to be best with NMR spectra concerning the detection of OSCS. The validity of the aPTT, the current EP assay, could be considerably improved by replacing the sheep plasma by human plasma. In this way, most of the contaminated heparin samples did not meet the novel potency limit of 180 IU/mg. However, also more than 50% of the uncontaminated samples had <180 IU/MG. In contrast to the aPTT, the PT specifically detects OSCS and other heparin mimetics (LOD 3%). About ten times more sensitive are both the Inc-PolyH-assay and the Inc-aXa-assay, two rapid and simple quantification assays for heparin mimetics. The determined OSCS contents of the heparin samples excellently correlated with those calculated from the NMR spectra. In conclusion, NMR proved to be the current spectroscopic method of choice. The two two-step-assays represent options to supplement NMR, especially as tests for the initial screening, since they detect any heparin mimetic without requiring special expertise for interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Alban
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Beni S, Limtiaco JFK, Larive CK. Analysis and characterization of heparin impurities. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:527-39. [PMID: 20814668 PMCID: PMC3015169 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent developments in analytical methods available for the sensitive separation, detection and structural characterization of heparin contaminants. The adulteration of raw heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) in 2007–2008 spawned a global crisis resulting in extensive revisions to the pharmacopeia monographs on heparin and prompting the FDA to recommend the development of additional physicochemical methods for the analysis of heparin purity. The analytical chemistry community quickly responded to this challenge, developing a wide variety of innovative approaches, several of which are reported in this special issue. This review provides an overview of methods of heparin isolation and digestion, discusses known heparin contaminants, including OSCS, and summarizes recent publications on heparin impurity analysis using sensors, near-IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as electrophoretic and chromatographic separations. Schematic illustrating the process for heparin impurity characterization ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Beni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Keire DA, Ye H, Trehy ML, Ye W, Kolinski RE, Westenberger BJ, Buhse LF, Nasr M, Al-Hakim A. Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for quality assurance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:581-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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