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Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121793. [PMID: 36551221 PMCID: PMC9775352 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathomimetic agents are a group of chemical compounds that are able to activate the sympathetic nervous system either directly via adrenergic receptors or indirectly by increasing endogenous catecholamine levels or mimicking their intracellular signaling pathways. Compounds from this group, both used therapeutically or abused, comprise endogenous catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline), synthetic amines (e.g., isoproterenol and dobutamine), trace amines (e.g., tyramine, tryptamine, histamine and octopamine), illicit drugs (e.g., ephedrine, cathinone, and cocaine), or even caffeine and synephrine. In addition to the effects triggered by stimulation of the sympathetic system, the discovery of trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) in humans brought new insights about their sympathomimetic pharmacology and toxicology. Although synthetic sympathomimetic agents are mostly seen as toxic, natural sympathomimetic agents are considered more complacently in the terms of safety in the vision of the lay public. Here, we aim to discuss the pharmacological and mainly toxicological aspects related to sympathomimetic natural agents, in particular of trace amines, compounds derived from plants like ephedra and khat, and finally cocaine. The main purpose of this review is to give a scientific and updated view of those agents and serve as a reminder on the safety issues of natural sympathomimetic agents most used in the community.
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2
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The Safety and Efficacy of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extracts and p-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194019. [PMID: 36235672 PMCID: PMC9572433 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synephrine has been used to promote weight loss; however, its safety and efficacy have not been fully established. The goals of our study were to give an overview of the safety and efficacy of p-synephrine, to systematically evaluate its efficacy regarding weight loss and to assess its safety, focusing on its cardiovascular side effects in a meta-analysis. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase were searched for relevant studies. Only placebo-controlled, human clinical trials with synephrine intervention were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was reported according to the PRISMA guidelines using the PICOS format and taking into account the CONSORT recommendations. Altogether, 18 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly after prolonged use (6.37 mmHg, 95% CI: 1.02–11.72, p = 0.02 and 4.33 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.48–8.18, p = 0.03, respectively). The weight loss in the synephrine group was non-significant after prolonged treatment, and it did not influence body composition parameters. Based on the analyzed clinical studies, synephrine tends to raise blood pressure and heart rate, and there is no evidence that synephrine can facilitate weight loss. Further studies are needed to confirm evidence of its safety and efficacy.
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Paixão MCS, Nardi J, Bertol CD, Freddo N, Vieira BF, Rosano VA, Friedrich MT, Rossato-Grando LG. Development and validation of a LC-PDA method for methylphenidate analysis in sewage. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 57:28-32. [PMID: 34951564 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.2020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is an important emerging pollutant found in effluents and wastewater. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate a method for detection and quantitation of MPH residues in sewage through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (LC-PDA). Here we describe a selective, accurate, precise, and valid method for determination of MPH in sewage with a total running time of 10 min, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.27 and 0.92 µg/mL, respectively. MPH retention peak was observed at 5 min. The method was applied to MPH analysis in a sewage sample pretreated with solid phase extraction, obtaining a result of 2.8 µg/L of MPH. Thus, the developed method can be considered feasible to be applied to MPH residual contamination analysis in sewage using a widely available apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara C S Paixão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessica Nardi
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Charise D Bertol
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Envelhecimento Humano, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natália Freddo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitoria A Rosano
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria T Friedrich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Alimentos, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana G Rossato-Grando
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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4
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Leão TK, Ribeiro DL, Machado ART, Costa TR, Sampaio SV, Antunes LMG. Synephrine and caffeine combination promotes cytotoxicity, DNA damage and transcriptional modulation of apoptosis-related genes in human HepG2 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 868-869:503375. [PMID: 34454690 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The abusive consumption of thermogenic supplements occurs worldwide and deserves special attention due to their use to stimulate weight loss and prevent obesity. Thermogenic formulations usually contain Synephrine (SN) and Caffeine (CAF), stimulating compounds extracted from natural sources, but no genetic toxicology studies have predicted this hazardous combination potential. This study examined the toxicogenomic responses induced by SN and CAF, either alone or in combination, in the human hepatic cell line HepG2 in vitro. SN (0.03-30 μM) and CAF (0.6-600 μM) alone did neither decrease cell viability nor induce DNA damage, as assessed using the MTT and comet assays, respectively. SN (3 μM) and CAF (30-600 μM) were combined at concentrations similar to those found in commercial dietary supplements. SN/CAF at 3:90 and 3:600 μM ratios significantly decreased cell viability and increased DNA damage levels in HepG2 cells. CAF (600 μM) and the SN/CAF association at 3:60, 3:90, and 3:600 μM ratios promoted cell death by apoptosis, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Similar results were observed in gene expression (RT-qPCR): SN/CAF up-regulated the expression of apoptosis- (BCL-2 and CASP9) and DNA repair-related (XPC) genes. SN/CAF at 3:90 μM also downregulated the expression of cell cycle control (CDKN1A) genes. In conclusion, the SN/CAF combination reduces cell viability by inducing apoptosis, damages DNA, and modulates the transcriptional expression of apoptosis-, cell cycle-, and DNA repair-related genes in human hepatic (HepG2) cells in vitro. These effects can be worrisome to consumers of thermogenic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Keiller Leão
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, CEP: 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Luís Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP: 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Thomazela Machado
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, CEP: 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaela Costa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, CEP: 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, CEP: 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, CEP: 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Ribeiro DL, Machado ART, Machado C, Ferro Aissa A, Dos Santos PW, Barcelos GRM, Antunes LMG. p-synephrine induces transcriptional changes via the cAMP/PKA pathway but not cytotoxicity or mutagenicity in human gastrointestinal cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:196-212. [PMID: 33292089 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1855490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
p-Synephrine (SN) is an alkaloid added to thermogenic formulations for weight loss that is predominantly absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI). As the adverse effects of SN on GI cells remain unclear, the aim of present study was to examine whether SN affected cell viability, cell cycle kinetics, genomic stability, redox status, and expression of cAMP/PKA pathway genes related to metabolism/energy homeostasis in stomach mucosa (MNP01) and colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) human cells. p-Synephrine at 25-5000 μM was not cytotoxic to both cell lines. At 2-200 μM, SN increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also enhanced levels of antioxidant defense molecules glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity, which may account for the absence of cytotoxicity/mutagenicity in both cell lines. SN induced expression of the cAMP/PKA pathway genes ADCY3 and MAPK1 in MNP01 cells and MAPK1, GNAS, PRKACA, and PRKAR2A in Caco-2 cells, as well as modulated the transcription of genes related to cell proliferation (JUN; AKT1) and inflammation (RELA; TNF) in both cell lines. Therefore, the improved antioxidant state mitigated pro-oxidative effects attributed to SN. Evidence indicates that SN does not appear to exhibit adverse potential but modulated the cAMP/PKA pathway in human GI cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo ,Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Thomazela Machado
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla Machado
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo ,Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrick Wellington Dos Santos
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department Of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology, And Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , : Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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6
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Stohs SJ, Shara M, Ray SD. p-Synephrine, ephedrine, p-octopamine and m-synephrine: Comparative mechanistic, physiological and pharmacological properties. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1838-1846. [PMID: 32101364 PMCID: PMC7496387 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Confusion and misunderstanding exist regarding the lack of cardiovascular and other adverse health effects of p-synephrine and p-octopamine relative to ephedrine and m-synephrine (phenylephrine) which are known for their effects on the cardiovascular system. These four molecules have some structural similarities. However, the structural and stereochemical differences of p-synephrine and p-octopamine as related to ephedrine and m-synephrine result in markedly different adrenergic receptor binding characteristics as well as other mechanistic differences which are reviewed. p-Synephrine and p-octopamine exhibit little binding to α-1, α-2, β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors, nor are they known to exhibit indirect actions leading to an increase in available levels of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine at commonly used doses. The relative absence of these mechanistic actions provides an explanation for their lack of production of cardiovascular effects at commonly used oral doses as compared to ephedrine and m-synephrine. As a consequence, the effects of ephedrine and m-synephrine cannot be directly extrapolated to p-synephrine and p-octopamine which exhibit significantly different pharmacokinetic, and physiological/pharmacological properties. These conclusions are supported by human, animal and in vitro studies that are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Kitsto Consulting LLC, Frisco, Texas
| | - Mohd Shara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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7
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Ribeiro DL, Machado ART, da Silva Machado C, Santos PWDS, Aissa AF, Barcelos GRM, Antunes LMG. Analysis of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and pro-oxidant effect of synephrine, a component of thermogenic supplements, in human hepatic cells in vitro. Toxicology 2019; 422:25-34. [PMID: 31004705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic supplements containing synephrine (SN) are widely used to weight loss. SN is a proto-alkaloid naturally found in the bark of immature fruits of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) that has been added to thermogenic supplements due to its chemical and pharmacological similarity with adrenergic amines, such as ephedrine and amphetamines. Although orally ingested SN is mainly metabolized in the liver, it remains unclear whether it affects the redox status and genetic material of human hepatic cells. The present study aims to examine whether SN affects cell viability, cell cycle, redox balance, genomic stability, and expression of the DNA damage response (DDR)-related genes ATM, ATR, CHEK1, CHECK2, TP53, and SIRT1 in HepG2 cells - used as in vitro hepatocyte model. SN induced overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 6 h of treatment with the three concentrations tested (2, 20 and 200 μM). After 24 h of treatment, SN at 200 μM induced intracellular ROS overproduction and exerted cytostatic effects, while SN at 20 and 200 μM increased the levels of GPx and GSH. SN was not cytotoxic (2-5000 μM), genotoxic, and mutagenic and did not alter the expression of DDR-related genes (2-200 μM), indicating that the fast/specific SN metabolization and upregulation of antioxidant defense components to detoxify intracellular ROS were sufficient to prevent intracellular damage in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, SN showed no cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential at relevant concentrations for thermogenic users in human hepatic cells in vitro, although, it plays pro-oxidative action, and cytostatic effects. Taken together, our results suggest that other investigations about the hazard absence of this thermogenic compound should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luís Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Thomazela Machado
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla da Silva Machado
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Wellington da Silva Santos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Freddo N, Nardi J, Bertol CD, Dallegrave E, Leal MB, Barreto F, Frizzo IB, Rossato-Grando LG. Isoflavone quantitation in soymilk: Genistein content and its biological effect. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2018.1544590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Freddo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Nardi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Charise Dallazem Bertol
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Human Aging, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Department of Pharmacoscience, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mirna B. Leal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Department of Pesticide Residues and Veterinary Medicine Analysis, Agriculture and Livestock Laboratory (LANAGRO), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Grazziotin Rossato-Grando
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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9
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Song Y, Chai T, Lou S, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Yang S, Qian Y, Qiu J. Determination of synephrine in feeds by a novel quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe solid-phase extraction method combined with UHPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1743-1751. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Tingting Chai
- College of Agriculture and Food Science; Key Laboratory of Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang A & F University; Zhejiang China
| | - Shengting Lou
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Yuechen Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Xining Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
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Abstract
The macrocyclic host cucurbit[6]uril forms either partial inclusion or perching complexes with phenethylamine drugs ephedrine, synephrine and octopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Danylyuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
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11
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Elazazy MS, Ganesh K, Sivakumar V, Huessein YHA. Interaction of p-synephrine with p-chloranil: experimental design and multiple response optimization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10533e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multivariate factorial design was proposed for determination ofp-synephrine. Novelty of present approach stems from consolidating multiple responses into a unified performance characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa S. Elazazy
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences
- College of Arts and Sciences
- Qatar University
- Qatar
| | - K. Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences
- College of Arts and Sciences
- Qatar University
- Qatar
| | - V. Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences
- College of Arts and Sciences
- Qatar University
- Qatar
| | - Yasser H. A. Huessein
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences
- College of Arts and Sciences
- Qatar University
- Qatar
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12
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Molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of synephrine from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1337-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:482973. [PMID: 21904645 PMCID: PMC3166186 DOI: 10.1155/2011/482973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. Because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects of p-synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine, m-synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. However, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amines that are markedly different, providing a plausible explanation for the paucity of adverse effects associated with the wide-spread consumption of p-synephrine in the form of dietary supplements as well as in various Citrus foods and juices. This paper summarizes the adrenoreceptor binding characteristics of p-synephrine relative to m-synephrine, norepinephrine, and other amines as related to the observed pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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14
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Chizzali E, Nischang I, Ganzera M. Separation of adrenergic amines in Citrus aurantium L. var. amara by capillary electrochromatography using a novel monolithic stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2301-4. [PMID: 21557475 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports on the use of capillary electrochromatography for the determination of tyramine, (±) synephrine, and (±) octopamine, the major alkaloids in bitter orange peel. A novel methacrylate-based monolithic stationary phase was prepared by UV-photopolymerization in 100 μm id fused-silica capillaries. It facilitated the quantitative assessment of alkaloids with a mobile phase comprising aqueous 10 mM ammonium acetate in ACN and isopropanol. Applied voltage and temperature were 25 kV and 25°C, and samples were injected in electrokinetic mode. The method reported herein revealed adequate sensitivity (LOD ≤0.6 μg/mL), repeatability (σrel ≤4.1%), accuracy (recovery rates between 95.2 and 102.2%), and precision (intra-day variation ≤5.7%, inter-day variation ≤4.1%). The application of the CEC assay on C. aurantium var. amara plant material and dietary supplements, which usually are advertised for slimming properties, indicated that synephrine (0.17-0.82%) is the dominant alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Chizzali
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. The safety of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1421-8. [PMID: 21480414 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its principal protoalkaloidal constituent p-synephrine are widely used in weight loss and weight management as well as in sports performance products. However, questions are raised frequently regarding the safety of these ingredients. The potential inherent dangers associated with the use of products containing C. aurantium extract are frequently touted, while conversely, millions of doses of dietary supplements have been consumed by possibly millions of individuals in recent years. Furthermore, millions of people consume on a daily basis various juices and food products from Citrus species that contain p-synephrine. This review summarizes current information regarding the safety of C. aurantium (bitter orange) extract and p-synephrine based on human, animal and in vitro assessments as well as receptor binding and mechanistic studies. The data indicate that based on current knowledge, the use of bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appears to be exceedingly safe with no serious adverse effects being directly attributable to these ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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Rossato LG, Costa VM, Limberger RP, Bastos MDL, Remião F. Synephrine: From trace concentrations to massive consumption in weight-loss. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Structural isomerization of synephrine influences its uptake and ensuing glutathione depletion in rat-isolated cardiomyocytes. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:929-39. [PMID: 21140131 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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