1
|
Mozayad AN, Fouad MA, Elkady EF. Utilizing experimental design and desirability function in optimizing RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of some skeletal muscle relaxants and analgesics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10360. [PMID: 38710733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
An experimental design and response surface methodologies using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs were applied for selecting and optimizing the most appropriate parameters which significantly affect the separation and quantitative estimation of five skeletal muscle relaxants and four analgesic drugs (baclofen, methocarbamol, dantrolene sodium, orphenadrine citrate, cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, ketoprofen, etoricoxib, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid) with a relatively short duration of analysis in a single run. For the separation of the nine drugs, an INERTSIL ODS-V3-5 µm C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm I.D.) was used with the optimum mobile phase conditions (45.15 mM ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.56 adjusted with acetic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol in a ratio of 30.5:29.5:40, v/v/v with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min) and UV-detection at 220 nm. The optimized method was successfully subjected to the validation steps as described in ICH guidelines for linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity. The optimized and validated method was effectively applied to determine the content of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations and to expand its applicability to the counterfeit estimation of etoricoxib in different brands of tablet dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub N Mozayad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ehab F Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsushima Y, Hattori M, Tanaka A, Furubayashi T, Sakane T. Changes in Tablet Color Due to Light Irradiation: Photodegradation of the Coating Polymer, Hypromellose, by Titanium Dioxide. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:26. [PMID: 38273054 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The color of the tablets and capsules produced by pharmaceutical companies is important from the perspectives of product branding and counterfeiting. According to some studies, light can change tablet color during storage. In this study, tablets comprising amlodipine besylate (AB), a well-known light-sensitive drug, were coated with commonly used coating materials and exposed to light. Compared to the tablets that were not exposed to light, the color of those exposed to light changed over time. In fact, a faster and more pronounced color change was observed in the tablets exposed to light; however, the amount of AB did not decrease significantly in these tablets. The coating materials and their amounts were varied to clarify the materials involved in the color change. Based on the results, titanium dioxide and hypromellose may be involved in the color change process. As titanium dioxide is a photocatalyst, it may induce or promote chemical changes in hypromellose upon light irradiation. Overall, care should be exercised during selection of the coating polymer because titanium dioxide may promote photodegradation of the coatings while protecting the tablet's active ingredient from light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsushima
- Towa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 26-7, Ichiban-Cho, Kadoma, Osaka, 571-0033, Japan.
| | - Masaki Hattori
- Towa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 26-7, Ichiban-Cho, Kadoma, Osaka, 571-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furubayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Velevska I, Taneva M, Stefanovska T, Rafajlov T, Chakalova L, Brezovska K. Image analysis of surface colour of film-coated tablets. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2022. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.03.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Velevska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, North Macedonia
| | - Margarita Taneva
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, North Macedonia
| | - Tanja Stefanovska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, North Macedonia
| | - Tose Rafajlov
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, North Macedonia
| | - Liljana Chakalova
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Brezovska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, North Macedonia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Role of Titanium Dioxide (E171) and the Requirements for Replacement Materials in Oral Solid Dosage Forms: An IQ Consortium Working Group Review. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2943-2954. [PMID: 35973604 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (in the form of E171) is a ubiquitous excipient in tablets and capsules for oral use. In the coating of a tablet or in the shell of a capsule the material disperses visible and UV light so that the contents are protected from the effects of light, and the patient or caregiver cannot see the contents within. It facilitates elegant methods of identification for oral solid dosage forms, thus aiding in the battle against counterfeit products. Titanium dioxide ensures homogeneity of appearance from batch to batch fostering patient confidence. The ability of commercial titanium dioxide to disperse light is a function of the natural properties of the anatase polymorph of titanium dioxide, and the manufacturing processes used to produce the material utilized in pharmaceuticals. In some jurisdictions E171 is being considered for removal from pharmaceutical products, as a consequence of it being delisted as an approved colorant for foods. At the time of writing, in the view of the authors, no system or material which could address both current and future toxicological concerns of Regulators and the functional needs of the pharmaceutical industry and patients has been identified. This takes into account the assessment of materials such as calcium carbonate, talc, isomalt, starch and calcium phosphates. In this paper an IQ Consortium team outlines the properties of titanium dioxide and criteria to which new replacement materials should be held.
Collapse
|
5
|
Comparison of genuine, generic and counterfeit Cialis tablets using vibrational spectroscopy and statistical methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114383. [PMID: 34587570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dubious online market in phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors is growing on a global scale. Counterfeit medical products can represent health issues for the user and cause medical mistrust. Within this work, genuine Cialis containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) tadalafil, its generics available in the Czech Republic and the Cialis tablets from questionable online pharmacies were analysed. The methods of infra-red and Raman spectroscopy were used for the identification of the counterfeit tablets and for the verification of their API and excipients. All 9 tablets from online pharmacies were counterfeit with 2 of them even containing a different API (sildenafil, vardenafil). In addition, Raman mapping was used to determine the API and excipients' distribution and, in combination with multivariate data analysis, to separate similar tablets in clusters and to identify the outliers. Scanning electron microscopy of the samples revealed that the process of a wet granulation of micronized API was used during the formulation of the tablets. This comprehensive approach of analysis can be used for advanced exploration of the dubious samples of various medical products.
Collapse
|
6
|
Puglia FDP, Anzanello MJ, Scharcanski J, Fontes JDA, Gonçalves de Brito JB, Ortiz RS, Mariotti K. Identifying the most relevant tablet regions in the image detection of counterfeit medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114336. [PMID: 34492454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel image-based approach to detect counterfeit medicines and identify the most relevant regions of the tablet in the task of classification. Images of medicine tablets undergo an initial pre-processing step which (i) removes the background to find the region of interest, (ii) clusters individual pixels into super-pixels, and (iii) extracts features containing color and texture information. The classification relying on Support Vector Machine (SVM) defines the class the respective image will be inserted into. The task of identifying the relevant regions of the tablets for counterfeiting detection is performed using the concept of support vectors, generating a heat map that indicates the regions that contribute the most to the classification purpose. Two datasets containing images of authentic and counterfeit tablets of Cialis and Viagra were used to validate our propositions, achieving correct classification rates of 100% on both datasets. Regarding the task of identifying the most relevant regions, our proposition outperformed the traditional LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) method by yielding more robust explanations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio do Prado Puglia
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99-5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michel José Anzanello
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99-5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
| | - Jacob Scharcanski
- Instituto de Informática - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Bloco 4, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Abreu Fontes
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99-5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Batista Gonçalves de Brito
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99-5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Scorsatto Ortiz
- Setor Técnico-Científico, Superintendência da Polícia Federal, Porto Alegre/RS Av.Ipiranga, 1365 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kristiane Mariotti
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil; Setor Técnico-Científico, Superintendência da Polícia Federal, Porto Alegre/RS Av.Ipiranga, 1365 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Falsified tadalafil tablets distributed in Japan via the internet. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 307:110143. [PMID: 31931435 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adverse health effects of falsified medicines for erectile dysfunction have been reported in Japan. We purchased tadalafil (Cialis) tablets online and assessed their authenticity and quality. Of the 45 samples we tested, nine were genuine, 23 were falsified, nine were unregistered/unlicensed samples, and the authenticity of four samples could not be ascertained. Observation of packaging and tablet size, weight, and color revealed differences between some genuine and falsified samples. All genuine samples contained the active pharmaceutical ingredient tadalafil at adequate quantities, while falsified samples contained sildenafil (Viagra). Some falsified samples contained insufficient quantities of tadalafil. All unregistered/unlicensed samples contained neither tadalafil nor sildenafil. Some falsified samples did not dissolve/disintegrate sufficiently. The status of most samples was detectable by Raman scattering and near-infrared spectroscopy. Restricting consumer access to falsified medicines can prevent undesirable health effects.
Collapse
|
8
|
Authentication of pharmaceutical vials. Talanta 2019; 198:487-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Wilczyński S, Koprowski R, Stolecka-Warzecha A, Duda P, Deda A, Ivanova D, Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Błońska-Fajfrowska B. The use of microtomographic imaging in the identification of counterfeit medicines. Talanta 2019; 195:870-875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Dégardin K, Guillemain A, Klespe P, Hindelang F, Zurbach R, Roggo Y. Packaging analysis of counterfeit medicines. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 291:144-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Interval importance index to select relevant ATR-FTIR wavenumber Intervals for falsified drug classification. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:494-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Vickers S, Bernier M, Zambrzycki S, Fernandez FM, Newton PN, Caillet C. Field detection devices for screening the quality of medicines: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000725. [PMID: 30233826 PMCID: PMC6135480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor quality medicines have devastating consequences. A plethora of innovative portable devices to screen for poor quality medicines has become available, leading to hope that they could empower medicine inspectors and enhance surveillance. However, information comparing these new technologies is woefully scarce. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and SciFinder databases up to 30 April 2018. Scientific studies evaluating the performances/abilities of portable devices to assess any aspect of the quality of pharmaceutical products were included. RESULTS Forty-one devices, from small benchtop spectrometers to 'lab-on-a-chip' single-use devices, with prices ranging from US$20 000, were included. Only six devices had been field-tested (GPHF-Minilab, CD3/CD3+, TruScan RM, lateral flow dipstick immunoassay, CBEx and Speedy Breedy). The median (range) number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) assessed per device was only 2 (1-20). The majority of devices showed promise to distinguish genuine from falsified medicines. Devices with the potential to assay API (semi)-quantitatively required consumables and were destructive (GPHF-Minilab, PharmaChk, aPADs, lateral flow immunoassay dipsticks, paper-based microfluidic strip and capillary electrophoresis), except for spectroscopic devices. However, the 10 spectroscopic devices tested for their abilities to quantitate APIs required processing complex API-specific calibration models. Scientific evidence of the ability of the devices to accurately test liquid, capsule or topical formulations, or to distinguish between chiral molecules, was limited. There was no comment on cost-effectiveness and little information on where in the pharmaceutical supply chain these devices could be best deployed. CONCLUSION Although a diverse range of portable field detection devices for medicines quality screening is available, there is a vitally important lack of independent evaluation of the majority of devices, particularly in field settings. Intensive research is needed in order to inform national medicines regulatory authorities of the optimal choice of device(s) to combat poor quality medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vickers
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Bernier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernandez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Céline Caillet
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rebiere H, Guinot P, Chauvey D, Brenier C. Fighting falsified medicines: The analytical approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:286-306. [PMID: 28531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the harm to human health, the fight against falsified medicines has become a priority issue that involves numerous actors. Analytical laboratories contribute by performing analyses to chemically characterise falsified samples and assess their hazards for patients. A wide range of techniques can be used to obtain individual information on the organic and inorganic composition, the presence of an active substance or impurities, or the crystalline arrangement of the formulation's compound. After a presentation of these individual techniques, this review puts forward a methodology to combine them. In order to illustrate this approach, examples from the scientific literature (products used for erectile dysfunction treatment, weight loss and malaria) are placed in the centre of the proposed methodology. Combining analytical techniques allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of a sample, on its compliance in terms of pharmaceutical quality and finally on the safety for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Pauline Guinot
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Can the surface color of pharmaceutical tablets be used as a unique product identifier? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Li X, Chen H, Zhu Q, Liu Y, Lu F. Analysis of low active-pharmaceutical-ingredient signal drugs based on thin layer chromatography and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:410-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Pérez-Ibarbia L, Majdanski T, Schubert S, Windhab N, Schubert US. Safety and regulatory review of dyes commonly used as excipients in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 93:264-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
17
|
Anzanello MJ, Fogliatto FS, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. Selecting relevant Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy wavenumbers for clustering authentic and counterfeit drug samples. Sci Justice 2014; 54:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Anzanello MJ, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. PLS-DA wavenumber selection for the categorization of medicine samples based on multiple criteria. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Glass BD. Counterfeit drugs and medical devices in developing countries. Res Rep Trop Med 2014; 5:11-22. [PMID: 32669888 PMCID: PMC7337201 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s39354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has reported that counterfeit medicines potentially make up more than 50% of the global drug market, with a significant proportion of these fake products being encountered in developing countries. This occurrence is attributed to a lack of effective regulation and a weak enforcement capacity existing in these countries, with an increase in this trade resulting from the growing size and sophistication of drug counterfeiters. In addition, due to both cost and lack of availability of medicines, consumers in developing countries are more likely to seek out these inexpensive options. The World Health Organization is mindful of the impact of counterfeit drugs on consumer confidence in health care systems, health professionals, the supply chain, and genuine suppliers of medicines and medical devices. Antibiotics, antituberculosis drugs, and antimalarial and antiretroviral drugs are frequently targeted, with reports of 60% of the anti-infective drugs in Asia and Africa containing active pharmaceutical ingredients outside their pharmacopoeial limits. This has obvious public health implications of increasing drug resistance and negating all the efforts that have already gone into the provision of medicines to treat these life threatening conditions in the developing world. This review, while focusing on counterfeit medicines and medical devices in developing countries, will present information on their impact and how these issues can be addressed by regulation and control of the supply chain using technology appropriate to the developing world. The complexity of the problem will also be highlighted in terms of the definition of counterfeit and substandard medicines, including gray pharmaceuticals. Although this issue presents as a global public health problem, outcomes in developing countries where counterfeit drugs to treat malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome not only result in drug resistance, but a number of deaths from the untreated disease, is in stark contrast with the developed world, where lifestyle drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra®) are most commonly counterfeited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beverley D Glass
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A multivariate-based wavenumber selection method for classifying medicines into authentic or counterfeit classes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Hetrick EM, Vannoy J, Montgomery LL, Pack BW. Integrating Tristimulus Colorimetry into Pharmaceutical Development for Color Selection and Physical Appearance Control: A Quality-by-Design Approach. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2608-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
Ortiz RS, Mariotti KDC, Holzschuh MH, Romão W, Limberger RP, Mayorga P. Profiling counterfeit Cialis, Viagra and analogs by UPLC–MS. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
Deconinck E, Canfyn M, Sacré PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Evaluation of the residual solvent content of counterfeit tablets and capsules. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:80-8. [PMID: 23628524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A group of counterfeit samples of Viagra and Cialis were screened for their residual solvent content and compared to the content of the genuine products. It was observed that all counterfeit samples had higher residual solvent contents compared to the genuine products. A more diverse range of residual solvents was found as well as higher concentrations. In general these concentrations did not exceed the international imposed maximum limits. Only in a few samples the limits were exceeded. A Projection Pursuit analysis revealed clusters of samples with similar residual solvent content, possibly enabling some future perspectives in forensic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytmansstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
25
|
Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Margot P. Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:167-75. [PMID: 23384475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is a serious worldwide issue, involving networks of manufacture and distribution that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Despite the potentially devastating health repercussions involved, legal sanctions are often inappropriate or simply not applied. The difficulty in agreeing on a definition of counterfeiting, the huge profits made by the counterfeiters and the complexity of the market are the other main reasons for the extent of the phenomenon. Above all, international cooperation is needed to thwart the spread of counterfeiting. Moreover effort is urgently required on the legal, enforcement and scientific levels. Pharmaceutical companies and agencies have developed measures to protect the medicines and allow fast and reliable analysis of the suspect products. Several means, essentially based on chromatography and spectroscopy, are now at the disposal of the analysts to enable the distinction between genuine and counterfeit products. However the determination of the components and the use of analytical data for forensic purposes still constitute a challenge. The aim of this review article is therefore to point out the intricacy of medicine counterfeiting so that a better understanding can provide solutions to fight more efficiently against it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Science, School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Deconinck E, Sacré P, Courselle P, De Beer J. Chemometrics and chromatographic fingerprints to discriminate and classify counterfeit medicines containing PDE-5 inhibitors. Talanta 2012; 100:123-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
Gaudiano MC, Manna L, Rodomonte AL, Bartolomei M, Bertocchi P, Gallinella B, Antoniella E, Muleri N, Civitelli G, Alimonti S, Romanini L, Rufini L, Valvo L. A Survey on Illegal and Counterfeit Medicines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunctions in Italy. J Sex Med 2012; 9:2130-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
A new methodology for detection of counterfeit Viagra® and Cialis® tablets by image processing and statistical analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 216:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Ortiz RS, Mariotti KC, Schwab NV, Sabin GP, Rocha WF, de Castro EV, Limberger RP, Mayorga P, Bueno MIM, Romão W. Fingerprinting of sildenafil citrate and tadalafil tablets in pharmaceutical formulations via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 58:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
30
|
Deconinck E, Sacré P, Coomans D, De Beer J. Classification trees based on infrared spectroscopic data to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 57:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
Karlage KL, Franklin SJ, Mufich WC, Goetz KJ, Sabelka JV, Hoye WL, Myrdal PB. Comparative evaluation of pharmaceutical products obtained in Mexico: augmenting existing scientific data. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:808-14. [PMID: 22091930 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.628678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The accessibility of pharmacies in neighboring countries has facilitated the trend of acquiring medications outside of local borders. However, scientific data assessing the drug content and quality of these medications has not increased in a corresponding fashion. OBJECTIVE This study seeks to augment existing scientific data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen products that were obtained from pharmacies in Mexico were evaluated for active ingredient content. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) assessed included amoxicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, levothyroxine, sildenafil citrate, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and warfarin. API content was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography assays and the resultant data interpreted by applying United States Pharmacopeia (USP) acceptability limits. RESULTS All of the samples analyzed for the two ciprofloxacin products and the two ampicillin products were found to be within the USP limits. Of the four different sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim products tested, all were within USP limits for sulfamethoxazole, but contained 2-3 individual units which were outside of USP limits for trimethoprim. Several of the remaining products (amoxicillin, levothyroxine, sildenafil citrate, and warfarin) had individual units that fell outside of the USP limits, although only one of the levothyroxine products (1 out of 20 tablets tested) and both sildenafil citrate products (all of the units tested) contained units outside of ±25% label claim.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Karlage
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sacré PY, Deconinck E, Saerens L, De Beer T, Courselle P, Vancauwenberghe R, Chiap P, Crommen J, De Beer JO. Detection of counterfeit Viagra® by Raman microspectroscopy imaging and multivariate analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Fernandez FM, Hostetler D, Powell K, Kaur H, Green MD, Mildenhall DC, Newton PN. Poor quality drugs: grand challenges in high throughput detection, countrywide sampling, and forensics in developing countries. Analyst 2010; 136:3073-82. [PMID: 21107455 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Throughout history, poor quality medicines have been a persistent problem, with periodical crises in the supply of antimicrobials, such as fake cinchona bark in the 1600s and fake quinine in the 1800s. Regrettably, this problem seems to have grown in the last decade, especially afflicting unsuspecting patients and those seeking medicines via on-line pharmacies. Here we discuss some of the challenges related to the fight against poor quality drugs, and counterfeits in particular, with an emphasis on the analytical tools available, their relative performance, and the necessary workflows needed for distinguishing between genuine, substandard, degraded and counterfeit medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Facundo M Fernandez
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Comparison and combination of spectroscopic techniques for the detection of counterfeit medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|