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Rios CA, Ondei R, Breitkreitz MC. Development of a Versatile Lipid Core for Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using Design of Experiments (DoE) and Raman Mapping. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:250. [PMID: 38399304 PMCID: PMC10893334 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a versatile lipid core for the 'brick-dust type of drugs' (poorly water-soluble and poorly lipid-soluble drugs). In the first step, excipients of different polarities were classified according to their behavior in aqueous solutions. Subsequently, binary mixtures were prepared with cetyl palmitate (Crodamol™ CP pharma, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil) as the solid lipid, and its miscibility with other excipients was evaluated using Raman mapping and classical least squares (CLS). Based on the results, the excipients Crodamol™ CP pharma (hydrophobic), Super Refined™ DMI (dimethyl isosorbide; hydrophilic, Mill Hall, PA, USA), and Super Refined™ Lauryl Lactate (lauryl lactate, medium polarity, Mill Hall, PA, USA) were chosen to compose the lipid core. The ideal proportion of these excipients was determined using a mixture design and the standard deviation (STD) of image histograms as the response variables. After statistical evaluation of the DoE results, the final composition was determined, and drugs with different logP (0 to 10) and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated in the optimized mixture. The drugs butamben (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Spruce Street, St. Louis, MO, USA), tacrolimus (NutriFarm, São Paulo, Brazil), atorvastatin calcium, and resveratrol (Botica da Terra, Campinas, Brazil) presented a homogeneous distribution in the optimized lipid core, indicating that this is a promising system to be used in nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulations of such types of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Rios
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Josué de Castro, s/n, Campinas 13084-971, SP, Brazil;
| | - Roberta Ondei
- Croda Brazil, R. Croda, 580—Distrito Industrial, Campinas 13054-710, SP, Brazil;
| | - Márcia Cristina Breitkreitz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Josué de Castro, s/n, Campinas 13084-971, SP, Brazil;
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2
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Zeng Q, Gao X, Wang L, Fang G, Qian J, Liu H, Li Z, Li W. Impact of Raman mapping area and intra-tablet homogeneity on the accuracy of sustained-release tablet dissolution prediction. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:161-170. [PMID: 37488047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study investigated the minimum required Raman mapping area for predicting sustained-release tablet dissolution profiles based on intra-tablet homogeneity. The aim was to minimize scanning time while achieving reliable dissolution profile predictions. To construct the sample set, we controlled the blending time to introduce variability in the homogeneity of the tablets. The dissolution prediction models were established using the partial least squares regression under different Raman mapping area. The accuracies of the prediction results were evaluated according to the difference factor f1 and Intersection-Union two one-sided t-tests (IU TOST) methods, and the implications conveyed by the results were discussed. The results showed that the homogeneity of sustained-release tablet affects the minimum required mapping area, and the tablets with higher homogeneity show higher prediction accuracy when using the same mapping area to model the dissolution profiles of tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Guangpu Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Jiahe Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hai Liu
- Sichuan Haitai Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Co., Ltd, Guangan, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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3
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Harwacki J, Pisklak DM, Szeleszczuk L. Solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy as a tool for identification of counterfeit Viagra tablets and guide for develop new identification approach of falsified product. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122837. [PMID: 36921742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeit drugs are a global problem that is directly related to the safety and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. The black market for counterfeit products is constantly growing and related to the wide availability through online shopping. Therefore, there is a constant need to develop analytical methods that would allow for the unambiguous identification of counterfeit products from the original ones. One of such techniques is solid-state NMR spectroscopy, which allows for direct registration and analysis of spectra of multicomponent solid forms of pharmaceutical formulations. The paper explores the possibility of using this technique in the identification of counterfeit Viagra tablets. In this study, solid-state NMR has been used to detect the non-pharmacopoeial cellulose present in the samples of counterfeit Viagra tablets. Besides, the NMR results allowed to develop a rapid dying technique that can be used to distinguish between the counterfeit and original drug. It has been shown that solid-state NMR spectroscopy allows for numerous analyses such as identification of counterfeit products, assessment of the composition of analyte, estimation of qualitative differences between the original and falsified product, and the development of simple analytical methods based on tablets composition differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Harwacki
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Szeleszczuk
- Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Stefana Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Sha KC, Shah MB, Solanki SJ, Makwana VD, Sureja DK, Gajjar AK, Bodiwala KB, Dhameliya TM. Recent Advancements and Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Analysis. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Ali AMBH, Abdel-Aal FAM, Rageh AH, Mohamed AMI. A Comprehensive Review on Analytical Techniques for Determination of Sex Stimulants, PDE5 Inhibitors in Different Matrices with Special Focus on the Electroanalytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-30. [PMID: 36508289 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting men and its incidence increases with aging. Due to its substantial influence on the quality of life, phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitors have been implemented to treat ED by increasing the penile blood flow that results in improving erection. PDE5 inhibitors is a class of drugs that affects many pharmacological sectors, and it is essential to review the different analytical methods described for their determination. Few reviews were published concerning this group of drugs. For this reason, this review article gathers the different analytical methods used to determine PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical and biological samples over the past 20 years. Different analytical techniques were used to analyze these compounds in different matrices such as separation methods (capillary electrophoresis, LC-MS, UPLC-MS/MS, and GC-MS), spectroscopic methods (UV-visible methods, FT-IR spectroscopy and spectrofluorometry) and electrochemical methods (polarography, voltammetry and potentiometry). This review focuses on the different electrochemical methods and their use in analytical determination of PDE5 inhibitors in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. Moreover, it discusses the different modified electrodes used for their electroanalytical determination and the behavior of the studied drugs at different modified electrodes. Additionally, this review discusses the pharmacokinetics of the studied compounds and their interactions with other co-administered drugs especially the metabolic interactions between the studied compounds and other co-administered drugs in different matrices. This literature survey would provide a beneficial guide for future analytical investigation of PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma A M Abdel-Aal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azza H Rageh
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Maaboud I Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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6
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Yasunaga T, Fukuoka T, Yamaguchi A, Ogawa N, Yamamoto H. Microtaggant Technology for Ensuring Traceability of Pharmaceutical Formulations: Potential for Anti-counterfeiting Measures, Distribution and Medication Management. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1255-1265. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | | | - Akinobu Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
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7
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UV-responsive fluorescent behavior of pharmaceuticals assessed by UV-induced fingerprint spectroscopy (UV-IFS). Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Deuterium Raman imaging for lipid analysis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Bailey MJ, de Puit M, Romolo FS. Surface Analysis Techniques in Forensic Science: Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities for Operational Deployment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:173-196. [PMID: 35167323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-124221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface analysis techniques have rapidly evolved in the last decade. Some of these are already routinely used in forensics, such as for the detection of gunshot residue or for glass analysis. Some surface analysis approaches are attractive for their portability to the crime scene. Others can be very helpful in forensic laboratories owing to their high spatial resolution, analyte coverage, speed, and specificity. Despite this, many proposed applications of the techniques have not yet led to operational deployment. Here, we explore the application of these techniques to the most important traces commonly found in forensic casework. We highlight where there is potential to add value and outline the progress that is needed to achieve operational deployment. We consider within the scope of this review surface mass spectrometry, surface spectroscopy, and surface X-ray spectrometry. We show how these tools show great promise for the analysis of fingerprints, hair, drugs, explosives, and microtraces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, Stag Hill Campus, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom;
| | - Marcel de Puit
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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10
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Ren J, Mao S, Lin J, Xu Y, Zhu Q, Xu N. Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy and Raman Imaging in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1445-1456. [PMID: 35593344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220518145635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The analytical investigation of the pharmaceutical process monitors the critical process parameters of the drug, beginning from its development until marketing and postmarketing, and appropriate corrective action can be taken to change the pharmaceutical design at any stage of the process. Advanced analytical methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, are particularly suitable for use in the field of drug analysis, especially for qualitative and quantitative work, due to the advantages of simple sample preparation, fast, nondestructive analysis speed, and effective avoidance of moisture interference. Advanced Raman imaging techniques have gradually become a powerful alternative method for monitoring changes in polymorph distribution and active pharmaceutical ingredient distribution in drug processing and pharmacokinetics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has also solved the inherent insensitivity and fluorescence problems of Raman, which has made good progress in the field of illegal drug analysis. This review summarizes the application of Raman spectroscopy and imaging technology, which are used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid tablets, quality control of the production process, drug crystal analysis, illegal drug analysis, and monitoring of drug dissolution and release in the field of drug analysis in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Shijie Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Jidong Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People\'s Republic of China
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11
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Zeng Q, Wang L, Wu S, Fang G, Liu H, Li Z, Hu Y, Li W. Dissolution profiles prediction of sinomenine hydrochloride sustained-release tablets using Raman mapping technique. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Comparison of genuine, generic and counterfeit Cialis tablets using vibrational spectroscopy and statistical methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114383. [PMID: 34587570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dubious online market in phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors is growing on a global scale. Counterfeit medical products can represent health issues for the user and cause medical mistrust. Within this work, genuine Cialis containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) tadalafil, its generics available in the Czech Republic and the Cialis tablets from questionable online pharmacies were analysed. The methods of infra-red and Raman spectroscopy were used for the identification of the counterfeit tablets and for the verification of their API and excipients. All 9 tablets from online pharmacies were counterfeit with 2 of them even containing a different API (sildenafil, vardenafil). In addition, Raman mapping was used to determine the API and excipients' distribution and, in combination with multivariate data analysis, to separate similar tablets in clusters and to identify the outliers. Scanning electron microscopy of the samples revealed that the process of a wet granulation of micronized API was used during the formulation of the tablets. This comprehensive approach of analysis can be used for advanced exploration of the dubious samples of various medical products.
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Sansone A, Cuzin B, Jannini EA. Facing Counterfeit Medications in Sexual Medicine. A Systematic Scoping Review on Social Strategies and Technological Solutions. Sex Med 2021; 9:100437. [PMID: 34619517 PMCID: PMC8766274 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The counterfeit phenomenon is a largely under-reported issue, with potentially large burden for healthcare. The market for counterfeit drugs used in sexual medicine, most notably type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE5i), is rapidly growing. Aims To report the health risks associated with the use of counterfeit medications, the reasons driving their use, and the strategies enacted to contain this phenomenon. Methods A systematic scoping review of the literature regarding counterfeit PDE5i was carried between January and June 2021, then updated in August 2021. Main Outcome Measure We primarily aimed to clarify the main drivers for counterfeit PDE5i use, the health risks associated, and the currently available strategies to fight counterfeiters. Results One hundred thirty-one records were considered for the present scoping review. Production of fake PDE5i is highly lucrative and the lacking awareness of the potential health risks makes it a largely exploitable market by counterfeiters. Adulteration with other drugs, microbial contamination and unreliable dosages make counterfeit medications a cause of worry also outside of the sexual medicine scope. Several laboratory techniques have been devised to identify and quantify the presence of other compounds in counterfeit medications. Strategies aimed at improving awareness, providing antitampering packaging and producing non-falsifiable products, such as the orodispersible formulations, are also described. Clinical implications Improving our understanding of the PDE5i counterfeit phenomenon can be helpful to promote awareness of this issue and to improve patient care. Strengths & Limitations Despite the systematic approach, few clinical studies were retrieved, and data concerning the prevalence of counterfeit PDE5i use is not available on a global scale. Conclusion The counterfeit phenomenon is a steadily growing issue, with PDE5i being the most counterfeited medication with potentially large harmful effects on unaware consumers. Sansone A, Cuzin B, and Jannini EA. Facing Counterfeit Medications in Sexual Medicine. A Systematic Scoping Review on Social Strategies and Technological Solutions. Sex Med 2021;9:100437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Béatrice Cuzin
- Division of Urology and Transplantation, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Romolo FS, Sarilar M, Antoine J, Mestria S, Strano Rossi S, Gallidabino MD, Soares de Souza GM, Chytry P, Ferraz Dias J. Ion beam analysis (IBA) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for forensic characterisation of authentic Viagra® and of sildenafil-based illegal products. Talanta 2021; 224:121829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coic L, Sacré PY, Dispas A, De Bleye C, Fillet M, Ruckebusch C, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Pixel-based Raman hyperspectral identification of complex pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1155:338361. [PMID: 33766319 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging has been widely used for different kinds of applications and many chemometric tools have been developed to help identifying chemical compounds. However, most of those tools rely on factorial decomposition techniques that can be challenging for large data sets and/or in the presence of minor compounds. The present study proposes a pixel-based identification (PBI) approach that allows readily identifying spectral signatures in Raman hyperspectral imaging data. This strategy is based on the identification of essential spectral pixels (ESP), which can be found by convex hull calculation. As the corresponding set of spectra is largely reduced and encompasses the purest spectral signatures, direct database matching and identification can be reliably and rapidly performed. The efficiency of PBI was evaluated on both known and unknown samples, considering genuine and falsified pharmaceutical tablets. We showed that it is possible to analyze a wide variety of pharmaceutical formulations of increasing complexity (from 5 to 0.1% (w/w) of polymorphic impurity detection) for medium (150 x 150 pixels) and big (1000 x 1000 pixels) map sizes in less than 2 min. Moreover, in the case of falsified medicines, it is demonstrated that the proposed approach allows the identification of all compounds, found in very different proportions and, sometimes, in trace amounts. Furthermore, the relevant spectral signatures for which no match is found in the reference database can be identified at a later stage and the nature of the corresponding compounds further investigated. Overall, the provided results show that Raman hyperspectral imaging combined with PBI enables rapid and reliable spectral identification of complex pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Coic
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Amandine Dispas
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Cyril Ruckebusch
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement (LASIRE), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Farquharson A, Gladding Z, Ritchie G, Shende C, Cosgrove J, Smith W, Brouillette C, Farquharson S. Drug Content Uniformity: Quantifying Loratadine in Tablets Using a Created Raman Excipient Spectrum. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030309. [PMID: 33673552 PMCID: PMC7997337 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has proven valuable for determining the composition of manufactured drug products, as well as identifying counterfeit drugs. Here we present a simple method to determine the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) mass percent in a sample that does not require knowledge of the identities or relative mass percents of the inactive pharmaceutical ingredients (excipients). And further, we demonstrated the ability of the method to pass or fail a manufactured drug product batch based on a calculated acceptance value in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia method for content uniformity. The method was developed by fitting the Raman spectra of 30 Claritin® tablets with weighted percentages of the Raman spectrum of its API, loratadine, and a composite spectrum of the known excipients. The mean loratadine mass of 9.79 ± 40 mg per 100 mg tablet compared favorably to the 10.21 ± 0.63 mg per 100 mg tablet determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, both of which met the acceptance value to pass the 10 mg API product as labelled. The method was then applied to a generic version of the Claritin product that employed different excipients of unknown mass percents. A Raman spectrum representative of all excipients was created by subtracting the API Raman spectrum from the product spectrum. The Raman spectra of the 30 generic tablets were then fit with weighted percents of the pure loratadine spectrum and the created excipient spectrum, and used to determine a mean API mass for the tablets of 10.12 ± 40 mg, again meeting the acceptance value for the 10 mg API product. The data suggest that this simple method could be used to pass or fail manufactured drug product batches in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia method for content uniformity, without knowledge of the excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachery Gladding
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA; (Z.G.); (C.S.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Chetan Shende
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA; (Z.G.); (C.S.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Wayne Smith
- Northrup Grumman, East Hartford, CT 06108, USA;
| | - Carl Brouillette
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA; (Z.G.); (C.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Stuart Farquharson
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA; (Z.G.); (C.S.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +860-635-9800
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Sanada T, Yoshida N, Kimura K, Tsuboi H. Discrimination of Falsified Erectile Dysfunction Medicines by Use of an Ultra-Compact Raman Scattering Spectrometer. PHARMACY 2020; 9:pharmacy9010003. [PMID: 33374339 PMCID: PMC7839056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Substandard and falsified medicines are often reported worldwide. An accurate and rapid detection method for falsified medicines is needed to prevent human health hazards. Raman scattering spectroscopy has emerged as a non-destructive analysis method for the detection of falsified medicines. In this laboratory study, Raman spectroscopy was performed to evaluate the applicability of the ultra-compact Raman scattering spectrometer (C13560). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed on the Raman spectra. This study analyzed tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra), and sildenafil (Viagra) tablets. We tested the standard product and products purchased from the internet (genuine or falsified). For Cialis and Levitra, all falsified tablets were identified by the Raman spectra and PCA score plot. For Viagra, the Raman spectra of some falsified tablets were almost comparable to the standard tablet. The PCA score plots of falsified tablets were dispersed, and some plots of falsified tablets were close to the standard tablet. In conclusion, C13560 was useful for the discrimination of falsified Cialis and Levitra tablets, whereas some falsified Viagra tablets had Raman spectra similar to that of the standard tablet. The development of detection methods that can be introduced in various settings may help prevent the spread of falsified products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sanada
- Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan; (T.S.); (H.T.)
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- AI Hospital/Macro Signal Dynamics Research and Development Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(0)76-264-6286
| | - Kazuko Kimura
- Medi-Quality Security Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Hirohito Tsuboi
- Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan; (T.S.); (H.T.)
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Jurisch M, de Paula CCA, Augusti R. Distinguishing legal and illegal cigarettes by applying paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8752. [PMID: 32059068 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking is responsible for one in five deaths around the world. Thus, governments have been trying to reduce the number of active smokers by increasing taxes on products. This scenario creates a new problem by raising the consumption of illegally traded cigarettes, which are often seized and analyzed by police forces. METHODS Legal and illegal cigarette samples were extracted and analyzed using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS). The mass spectrometer was set to operate in full-scan positive ion mode to yield representative chemical profiles of each sample. The results were used to build a chemometric model using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate between both sets of samples, i.e. legal and illegal. RESULTS The PS-MS procedure was fast, simple and efficient, yielding high-quality and reproducible mass spectra with a very good signal-to-noise ratio. Even though all samples displayed visually indistinguishable mass spectra, the PS-MS data handled by the PLS-DA approach furnished a model that reached sample classification with rates of 100% and 80% for the training and validation sets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A novel methodology was successfully developed associating the PS-MS technique with chemometric analysis to differentiate between legal and illegal cigarettes. The PS-MS technique proved to be adequate for obtaining fingerprints of such types of samples despite high complexity, and a PLS-DA model was successfully constructed achieving 82.1% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Zhang H, Hua D, Huang C, Samal SK, Xiong R, Sauvage F, Braeckmans K, Remaut K, De Smedt SC. Materials and Technologies to Combat Counterfeiting of Pharmaceuticals: Current and Future Problem Tackling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905486. [PMID: 32009266 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The globalization of drug trade leads to the expansion of pharmaceutical counterfeiting. The immense threat of low quality drugs to millions of patients is considered to be an under-addressed global health challenge. Analytical authentication technologies are the most effective methods to identify active pharmaceutical ingredients and impurities. However, most of these analytical testing techniques are expensive and need skilled personnel. To combat counterfeiting of drugs, the package of an increasing number of drugs is being protected through advanced package labeling technologies. Though, package labeling is only effective if the drugs are not repackaged. Therefore "in-drug labeling," instead of "drug package labeling," may become powerful tools to protect drugs. This review aims to overview how advanced micro- and nanomaterials might become interesting markers for the labeling of tablets and capsules. Clearly, how well such identifiers can be integrated into "solid drugs" without compromising drug safety and efficacy remains a challenge. Also, incorporation of tags has so far only been reported for the protection of solid drug dosage forms. No doubts that in-drug labeling technologies for "liquid drugs," like injectables which contain expensive peptides, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, dermal fillers, could help to protect them from counterfeiting as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dawei Hua
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Sangram Keshari Samal
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Center, 751023, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Technology (NFU-UGent), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Coic L, Sacré PY, Dispas A, Dumont E, Horne J, De Bleye C, Fillet M, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Evaluation of the analytical performances of two Raman handheld spectrophotometers for pharmaceutical solid dosage form quantitation. Talanta 2020; 214:120888. [PMID: 32278435 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of pharmaceutical solid dosage form quantitation using handheld Raman spectrophotometers. The two spectrophotometers used are designed with different technologies: one allows getting a more representative sampling with the Orbital Raster Scanning technology and the other one allows setting acquisition parameters. The goal was to evaluate which technology could provide the best analytical results. Several parameters were optimized to get the lowest prediction error in the end. The main objective of this study was to evaluate if this kind of instrument would be able to identify substandard medicines. For that purpose, two case-study were explored. At first, a full ICH Q2 (R1) compliant validation was performed for moderate Raman scatterer active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a specific formulation. It was successfully validated in the ±15% relative total error acceptance limits, with a RMSEP of 0.85% (w/w). Subsequently, it was interesting to evaluate the influence of excipients when the API is a high Raman scatterer. For that purpose, a multi-formulation model was developed and successfully validated with a RMSEP of 2.98% (w/w) in the best case. These two studies showed that thanks to the optimization of acquisition parameters, Raman handheld spectrophotometers methods were validated for two different case-study and could be applied to identify substandard medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Coic
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Amandine Dispas
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elodie Dumont
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Julie Horne
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Bleye
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, MaS-Santé Hub, Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Zhu S, Yoshida N, Kimura K, Matsushita R, Tsuboi H. Falsified vardenafil tablets available online. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 177:112872. [PMID: 31525574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is often reported that falsified medicines have harmful effects on patients both Japan and abroad. In this study, we purchased vardenafil tablets on the internet and investigated their quality and authenticity using visual observations, authenticity investigations, non-destructive tests (handheld NIR and Raman spectroscopy), and quality analyses (active ingredient content and tablet dissolution rate). We used genuine 20-mg Levitra tablets that were sold in Japan and tablets from Bayer AG (Germany) as controls. In April 2015, we obtained 28 samples from 15 websites on the internet. Our authenticity investigations revealed that 11 (40%) were genuine products and 17 (60%) were falsified products. Handheld NIR and Raman results revealed that the falsified products had different spectra to the genuine products. Principal component analysis of the NIR and Raman spectra showed variation among the falsified products. The 11 genuine products were of good quality, and the 17 falsified products were of poor quality. The falsified products contained sildenafil (the active ingredient of Viagra) or tadalafil (the active ingredient of Cialis) instead of vardenafil. Our results show that falsified Vardenafil tablets are sold on the internet and that it is important to prevent illegal internet sales and increase consumer awareness of the presence of falsified medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- Drug Management and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Drug Management and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazuko Kimura
- Medi-Quality Security Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryo Matsushita
- Clinical Drug Informatics, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hirohito Tsuboi
- Drug Management and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Verification of Globalization of Falsified Medicines in Cambodia, Indicated by Tablets of Sildenafil Citrate. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7030111. [PMID: 31405055 PMCID: PMC6789723 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicine falsification is a global issue. Viagra, an erectile dysfunction therapeutic (EDT) medicine consisting primarily of sildenafil citrate, is the most commonly falsified medicine worldwide. Recently falsified EDTs have been reported multiple times in developing countries. The globalization of falsified EDTs has become a concern. In the present study, we selected sildenafil citrate tablets as an indicator and examined samples from a developing country, Cambodia, to investigate the availability of falsified sildenafil tablets in Cambodia and verify the current globalization status of falsified medicines from the standpoint of a developing country. Six samples of the originator Viagra, and 68 samples of generic sildenafil products were purchased from private drug outlets and wholesalers in Phnom Penh, Svay Rieng, and Battambang. The samples’ manufacturers were contacted to authenticate the samples. The quantities and dissolution rates of active ingredients were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography system with photodiode array. Five generic samples were strongly suspected to be falsified medicines because of their extremely low quality; however, there was little distribution and no falsified medicine alleged to be produced by the originator of Viagra, which charges high prices. That finding indicates that falsification reflects local economic circumstances.
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Romolo FS, Salvini A, Zelaschi F, Oddone M, Odoardi S, Mestria S, Strano Rossi S. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) characterisation of sildenafil based products seized on the Italian illegal market. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2019; 1:126-136. [PMID: 32411964 PMCID: PMC7221474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The commerce of illegal and counterfeit medicinal products on internet is a serious criminal problem. Drugs for erectile dysfunction such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor are the most commonly counterfeited medicines in Europe. The search of possible toxic chemical substances in seized products is needed. Moreover, the profiling of the material can be the source of relevant forensic information. For the first time a combined approach based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is proposed and tested, allowing characterisation of both authentic and illegal pharmaceuticals containing sildenafil seized in Italy. LC-HRMS allowed the detection and identification of unknown impurities not reported on labels in illegal products and the quantitation of the sildenafil. INAA showed to be suitable to provide both qualitative and quantitative information for forensic purposes on 23 elements, allowing discrimination between legal and illegal products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Salvini
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Zelaschi
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Oddone
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Sabina Strano Rossi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
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Authentication of pharmaceutical vials. Talanta 2019; 198:487-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Fast Raman chemical imaging of tablets with non-flat surfaces. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:143-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Comparison of hyperspectral imaging techniques for the elucidation of falsified medicines composition. Talanta 2019; 198:457-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wilczyński S, Koprowski R, Stolecka-Warzecha A, Duda P, Deda A, Ivanova D, Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Błońska-Fajfrowska B. The use of microtomographic imaging in the identification of counterfeit medicines. Talanta 2019; 195:870-875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chemometrics coupled to vibrational spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging for the analysis of solid-phase pharmaceutical products: A brief review on non-destructive analytical methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vickers S, Bernier M, Zambrzycki S, Fernandez FM, Newton PN, Caillet C. Field detection devices for screening the quality of medicines: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000725. [PMID: 30233826 PMCID: PMC6135480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor quality medicines have devastating consequences. A plethora of innovative portable devices to screen for poor quality medicines has become available, leading to hope that they could empower medicine inspectors and enhance surveillance. However, information comparing these new technologies is woefully scarce. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and SciFinder databases up to 30 April 2018. Scientific studies evaluating the performances/abilities of portable devices to assess any aspect of the quality of pharmaceutical products were included. RESULTS Forty-one devices, from small benchtop spectrometers to 'lab-on-a-chip' single-use devices, with prices ranging from US$20 000, were included. Only six devices had been field-tested (GPHF-Minilab, CD3/CD3+, TruScan RM, lateral flow dipstick immunoassay, CBEx and Speedy Breedy). The median (range) number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) assessed per device was only 2 (1-20). The majority of devices showed promise to distinguish genuine from falsified medicines. Devices with the potential to assay API (semi)-quantitatively required consumables and were destructive (GPHF-Minilab, PharmaChk, aPADs, lateral flow immunoassay dipsticks, paper-based microfluidic strip and capillary electrophoresis), except for spectroscopic devices. However, the 10 spectroscopic devices tested for their abilities to quantitate APIs required processing complex API-specific calibration models. Scientific evidence of the ability of the devices to accurately test liquid, capsule or topical formulations, or to distinguish between chiral molecules, was limited. There was no comment on cost-effectiveness and little information on where in the pharmaceutical supply chain these devices could be best deployed. CONCLUSION Although a diverse range of portable field detection devices for medicines quality screening is available, there is a vitally important lack of independent evaluation of the majority of devices, particularly in field settings. Intensive research is needed in order to inform national medicines regulatory authorities of the optimal choice of device(s) to combat poor quality medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vickers
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Bernier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Facundo M Fernandez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Céline Caillet
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO)/Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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31
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Calvo NL, Maggio RM, Kaufman TS. Characterization of pharmaceutically relevant materials at the solid state employing chemometrics methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:538-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Identification of coffee leaves using FT-NIR spectroscopy and SIMCA. Talanta 2018; 177:4-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Cailletaud J, De Bleye C, Dumont E, Sacré PY, Netchacovitch L, Gut Y, Boiret M, Ginot YM, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Critical review of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy applications in the pharmaceutical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:458-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao H, Hasi W, Bao L, Han S, Sha X, Sun J, Lou X, Lin D, Lv Z. Rapid Detection of Sildenafil Drugs in Liquid Nutraceuticals Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Technology. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
| | - Wuliji Hasi
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
| | - Lin Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
| | - Siqingaowa Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities; Tongliao Inner Mongolia 028007 China
| | - Xuanyu Sha
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
| | - Jia Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
| | - Xiutao Lou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
| | - Dianyang Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
| | - Zhiwei Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology
- ; Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
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Rebiere H, Guinot P, Chauvey D, Brenier C. Fighting falsified medicines: The analytical approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:286-306. [PMID: 28531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the harm to human health, the fight against falsified medicines has become a priority issue that involves numerous actors. Analytical laboratories contribute by performing analyses to chemically characterise falsified samples and assess their hazards for patients. A wide range of techniques can be used to obtain individual information on the organic and inorganic composition, the presence of an active substance or impurities, or the crystalline arrangement of the formulation's compound. After a presentation of these individual techniques, this review puts forward a methodology to combine them. In order to illustrate this approach, examples from the scientific literature (products used for erectile dysfunction treatment, weight loss and malaria) are placed in the centre of the proposed methodology. Combining analytical techniques allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of a sample, on its compliance in terms of pharmaceutical quality and finally on the safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Pauline Guinot
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
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Naughton B, Roberts L, Dopson S, Brindley D, Chapman S. Medicine authentication technology as a counterfeit medicine-detection tool: a Delphi method study to establish expert opinion on manual medicine authentication technology in secondary care. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013838. [PMID: 28478398 PMCID: PMC5777456 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to establish expert opinion and potential improvements for the Falsified Medicines Directive mandated medicines authentication technology. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION A two-round Delphi method study using an online questionnaire. SETTING Large National Health Service (NHS) foundation trust teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Secondary care pharmacists and accredited checking technicians. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Seven-point rating scale answers which reached a consensus of 70-80% with a standard deviation (SD) of <1.0. Likert scale questions which reached a consensus of 70-80%, a SD of <1.0 and classified as important according to study criteria. RESULTS Consensus expert opinion has described database cross-checking technology as quick and user friendly and suggested the inclusion of an audio signal to further support the detection of counterfeit medicines in secondary care (70% consensus, 0.9 SD); other important consensus with a SD of <1.0 included reviewing the colour and information in warning pop up screens to ensure they were not mistaken for the 'already dispensed here' pop up, encouraging the dispenser/checker to act on the warnings and making it mandatory to complete an 'action taken' documentation process to improve the quarantine of potentially counterfeit, expired or recalled medicines. CONCLUSIONS This paper informs key opinion leaders and decision makers as to the positives and negatives of medicines authentication technology from an operator's perspective and suggests the adjustments which may be required to improve operator compliance and the detection of counterfeit medicines in the secondary care sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Naughton
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Said Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pharmacy Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lindsey Roberts
- Medicines Optimisation Clinical Network, Oxford Academic Health Science Network (AHSN), Oxford, UK
| | - Sue Dopson
- Said Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Brindley
- Said Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Oxford–UCL Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- UCSF-Stanford Centre of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen Chapman
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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38
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Kerr TJ, Myers L, Duncan KL. Raman Microspectroscopic Mapping: A Tool for Identification of Fused Materials in Fire Debris. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1159-1165. [PMID: 28120331 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Examination of fire debris can provide information about the types of materials which were present at the time of the fire to give insights for fire scene reconstruction and understanding compartment fire dynamics. This paper demonstrates the ability of Raman spectroscopy for material identification postfire in complex situations, such as the production of fused masses during fire dropdown. A validated Raman spectral library is combined with Raman mapping in three fire case studies, to determine the individual materials in the fused masses formed. The case studies accessed material combinations of several common polymers. Raman mapping was carried out on a 10 μm × 10 μm square of the masses. Material identification using this technique ranged from a high of 85% match to a low of 40% match. This work demonstrated that complex masses found in the fire debris can be resolved into the individual material components for identification and spatial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Leary Myers
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Keith L Duncan
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
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Nagy B, Farkas A, Balogh A, Pataki H, Vajna B, Nagy ZK, Marosi G. Quantification and handling of nonlinearity in Raman micro-spectrometry of pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:236-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Chemometrics and the identification of counterfeit medicines-A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:112-22. [PMID: 27133184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides readers with a number of actual case studies dealing with verifying the authenticity of selected medicines supported by different chemometric approaches. In particular, a general data processing workflow is discussed with the major emphasis on the most frequently selected instrumental techniques to characterize drug samples and the chemometric methods being used to explore and/or model the analytical data. However, further discussion is limited to a situation in which the collected data describes two groups of drug samples - authentic ones and counterfeits.
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41
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Pharmaceutical evaluation of atorvastatin calcium tablets available on the Internet: A preliminary investigation of substandard medicines in Japan. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Boiret M, Gorretta N, Ginot YM, Roger JM. An iterative approach for compound detection in an unknown pharmaceutical drug product: Application on Raman microscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 120:342-51. [PMID: 26774033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Raman chemical imaging provides both spectral and spatial information on a pharmaceutical drug product. Even if the main objective of chemical imaging is to obtain distribution maps of each formulation compound, identification of pure signals in a mixture dataset remains of huge interest. In this work, an iterative approach is proposed to identify the compounds in a pharmaceutical drug product, assuming that the chemical composition of the product is not known by the analyst and that a low dose compound can be present in the studied medicine. The proposed approach uses a spectral library, spectral distances and orthogonal projections to iteratively detect pure compounds of a tablet. Since the proposed method is not based on variance decomposition, it should be well adapted for a drug product which contains a low dose product, interpreted as a compound located in few pixels and with low spectral contributions. The method is tested on a tablet specifically manufactured for this study with one active pharmaceutical ingredient and five excipients. A spectral library, constituted of 24 pure pharmaceutical compounds, is used as a reference spectral database. Pure spectra of active and excipients, including a modification of the crystalline form and a low dose compound, are iteratively detected. Once the pure spectra are identified, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares process is performed on the data to provide distribution maps of each compound in the studied sample. Distributions of the two crystalline forms of active and the five excipients were in accordance with the theoretical formulation.
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43
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Lee S, Ji D, Park M, Chung KH. Development of a comprehensive spectral library of sildenafil and related active analogues using LC-QTOF-MS and its application for screening counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:182-188. [PMID: 26363440 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The abuse or misuse of forged erectile-dysfunction drugs, containing phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil), is a serious issue globally. Therefore, the detection of sildenafil and related active analogues in counterfeit pharmaceuticals or the differentiation between counterfeit and authentic drugs has been performed with a variety of analytical techniques. Recently, a liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS)-based in-house library, consisting of accurate mass ion fragmentation information and retention times, was effectively applied to screen a large number of compounds in field of forensic toxicology. However, a comprehensive LC-QTOF-MS spectral library of sildenafil and related active analogues has not yet been reported. In the present study, a spectral library of 40 compounds of sildenafil and related analogues was developed with accurate mass spectra and retention times using LC-QTOF-MS, and applied to screen nine marketed counterfeit products. The in-house library successfully identified sildenafil, dimethylsildenafil, hydroxyhomosildenafil, demethylhongdenafil, pseudovardenafil and vardenafil in the samples. Our LC-QTOF-MS-based spectral library search is considered a powerful approach for identifying sildenafil and related active analogues in counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Park
- National Forensic Service, 10, Ipchun-ro, Wonju 220-170, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Wilczyński S. The use of dynamic thermal analysis to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit drugs. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:16-21. [PMID: 25975231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
WHO estimates that 10% of drugs are falsified. Economic and health factors arising from the use of counterfeit drugs lead to the development of new methods for distinguishing genuine medicines from falsified ones. The purpose of this study was to develop a new, fast, and inexpensive method to distinguish between original and fake drugs. 10 counterfeit Viagra(®) tablets were compared to 4 original pills (Pfizer). The drugs - both original and fake - were heated to 60°C and then the dynamics of their temperature changes at ambient conditions was tested using a thermal imaging camera. The time constants τ showing the dynamics of temperature changes for Viagra(®) and the falsified drug were determined. The thermokinetic parameters of drugs were determined in the temperature range of 60-22.2°C. Both original and counterfeit tablets had different time constants: 171.44 ± 4.62s and 182.71 ± 4.05 s, respectively. Differences in the dynamics of temperature changes as a function of time are particularly pronounced in the range of t+2 to t+7 min. The comparison of the time constants τ enables to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit drugs. The proposed new method which uses dynamic thermal analysis is an effective, cheap and fast technique to distinguish genuine drugs from counterfeit ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczyński
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Kasztanowa Street 3, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland.
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46
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Neuberger S, Neusüß C. Determination of counterfeit medicines by Raman spectroscopy: Systematic study based on a large set of model tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 112:70-8. [PMID: 25956227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, counterfeit pharmaceutical products have become a widespread issue for public health. Raman spectroscopy which is easy, non-destructive and information-rich is particularly suitable as screening method for fast characterization of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Combined with chemometric techniques, it provides a powerful tool for the analysis and determination of counterfeit medicines. Here, for the first time, a systematic study of the benefits and limitations of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of pharmaceutical samples on a large set of model tablets, varying with respect to chemical and physical properties, was performed. To discriminate between the different mixtures, a combination of dispersive Raman spectroscopy performing in backscattering mode and principal component analysis was used. The discrimination between samples with different coatings, a varying amount of active pharmaceutical ingredients and a diversity of excipients were possible. However, it was not possible to distinguish between variations of the press power, mixing quality and granulation. As a showcase, the change in Raman signals of commercial acetylsalicylic acid effervescent tablets due to five different storage conditions was monitored. It was possible to detect early small chemical changes caused by inappropriate storage conditions. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis provides a powerful methodology for the fast and easy characterization of genuine and counterfeit medicines.
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47
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Loethen YL, Kauffman JF, Buhse LF, Rodriguez JD. Rapid screening of anti-infective drug products for counterfeits using Raman spectral library-based correlation methods. Analyst 2015; 140:7225-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01679g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new spectral library-based approach that is capable of screening a diverse set of finished drug products using only an active pharmaceutical ingredient spectral library is described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette L. Loethen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - John F. Kauffman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Lucinda F. Buhse
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Jason D. Rodriguez
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
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Sacré PY, De Bleye C, Chavez PF, Netchacovitch L, Hubert P, Ziemons E. Data processing of vibrational chemical imaging for pharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:123-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Alexandrino GL, Poppi RJ. Study of the homogeneity of drug loaded in polymeric films using near-infrared chemical imaging and split-plot design. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2356-65. [PMID: 24961172 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Split-plot design (SPD) and near-infrared chemical imaging were used to study the homogeneity of the drug paracetamol loaded in films and prepared from mixtures of the biocompatible polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyethyleneglycol. The study was split into two parts: a partial least-squares (PLS) model was developed for a pixel-to-pixel quantification of the drug loaded into films. Afterwards, a SPD was developed to study the influence of the polymeric composition of films and the two process conditions related to their preparation (percentage of the drug in the formulations and curing temperature) on the homogeneity of the drug dispersed in the polymeric matrix. Chemical images of each formulation of the SPD were obtained by pixel-to-pixel predictions of the drug using the PLS model of the first part, and macropixel analyses were performed for each image to obtain the y-responses (homogeneity parameter). The design was modeled using PLS regression, allowing only the most relevant factors to remain in the final model. The interpretation of the SPD was enhanced by utilizing the orthogonal PLS algorithm, where the y-orthogonal variations in the design were separated from the y-correlated variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L Alexandrino
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-971, Brazil
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50
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A new criterion to assess distributional homogeneity in hyperspectral images of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 818:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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