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Kurnik-Łucka M, Latacz G, Bucki A, Rivera-Meza M, Khan N, Konwar J, Skowron K, Kołaczkowski M, Gil K. Neuroprotective Activity of Enantiomers of Salsolinol and N-Methyl-( R)-salsolinol: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38566-38576. [PMID: 37867702 PMCID: PMC10586258 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol (1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol) is a close structural analogue of dopamine with an asymmetric center at the C1 position, and its presence in vivo, both in humans and rodents, has already been proven. Yet, given the fact that salsolinol colocalizes with dopamine-rich regions and was first detected in the urine of Parkinson's disease patients, its direct role in the process of neurodegeneration has been proposed. Here, we report that R and S enantiomers of salsolinol, which we purified from commercially available racemic mixture by means of high-performance liquid chromatography, exhibited neuroprotective properties (at the concentration of 50 μM) toward the human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Furthermore, within the study, we observed no toxic effect of N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells up to the concentration of 750 μM, either. Additionally, our molecular docking analysis showed that enantiomers of salsolinol should exhibit a distinct ability to interact with dopamine D2 receptors. Thus, we postulate that our results highlight the need to acknowledge salsolinol as an active dopamine metabolite and to further explore the neuroregulatory role of enantiomers of salsolinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Laboratory
of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Chile, 8380494 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nadia Khan
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jahnobi Konwar
- Department
of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Skowron
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department
of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
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2
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Quintanilla ME, Israel Y. Role of Metabolism on Alcohol Preference, Addiction, and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37221350 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies presented in this chapter show that: (1) in the brain, ethanol is metabolized by catalase to acetaldehyde, which condenses with dopamine forming salsolinol; (2) acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol increases the release of dopamine mediating, via opioid receptors, the reinforcing effects of ethanol during the acquisition of ethanol consumption, while (3) brain acetaldehyde does not influence the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake, it is suggested that a learned cue-induced hyperglutamatergic system takes precedence over the dopaminergic system. However, (4) following a prolonged ethanol deprivation, the generation of acetaldehyde in the brain again plays a role, contributing to the increase in ethanol intake observed during ethanol re-access, called the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), a model of relapse behavior; (5) naltrexone inhibits the high ethanol intake seen in the ADE condition, suggesting that acetaldehyde-derived salsolinol via opioid receptors also contributes to the relapse-like drinking behavior. The reader is referred to glutamate-mediated mechanisms that trigger the cue-associated alcohol-seeking and that also contribute to triggering relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, ICM Clinica Alemana-Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Pott DM, Vallarino JG, Osorio S. Metabolite Changes during Postharvest Storage: Effects on Fruit Quality Traits. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10050187. [PMID: 32397309 PMCID: PMC7281412 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes occurring in ripe or senescent fruits during postharvest storage lead to a general deterioration in quality attributes, including decreased flavor and ‘off-aroma’ compound generation. As a consequence, measures to reduce economic losses have to be taken by the fruit industry and have mostly consisted of storage at cold temperatures and the use of controlled atmospheres or ripening inhibitors. However, the biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying fruit senescence in commercial storage conditions are still poorly understood. In this sense, metabolomic platforms, enabling the profiling of key metabolites responsible for organoleptic and health-promoting traits, such as volatiles, sugars, acids, polyphenols and carotenoids, can be a powerful tool for further understanding the biochemical basis of postharvest physiology and have the potential to play a critical role in the identification of the pathways affected by fruit senescence. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic changes during postharvest storage, with special attention to key metabolites related to fruit quality. The potential use of metabolomic approaches to yield metabolic markers useful for chemical phenotyping or even storage and marketing decisions is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Correspondence: (J.G.V.); (S.O.); Tel.: +34-952134271 (J.G.V. & S.O.)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Correspondence: (J.G.V.); (S.O.); Tel.: +34-952134271 (J.G.V. & S.O.)
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4
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Icariin as a Preservative to Maintain the Fruit Quality of Banana During Postharvest Storage. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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5
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Morin as a Preservative for Delaying Senescence of Banana. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030052. [PMID: 30002341 PMCID: PMC6164001 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana is a climacteric fruit with desirable palatability and high nutritional value. It ripens rapidly accompanied with metabolite changes during postharvest storage. In this work, morin was applied to treat banana to delay senescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor the changes of metabolite composition and levels in banana. The results showed that morin significantly delayed the changes of color and firmness. 1D and 2D NMR spectra reflected that the levels and composition of metabolites were changed with the senescence initiation. The principal component analysis revealed that the first principal components responsible for banana senescence were carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids and phenolics. Morin treatment delayed the transformation of starch to glucose, fructose and sucrose, accelerated the accumulations of alanine and γ-Amino-butyrate (GABA), postponed the generations of valine and l-aspartic acid, suppressed the degradation of saponin a. It indicated that morin was effective in delaying banana senescence.
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Almodovar I, Rezende MC, Cassels BK, García-Arriagada M. Theoretical insights into the regioselectivity of a Pictet-Spengler reaction: Transition state structures leading to salsolinol and isosalsolinol. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iriux Almodovar
- Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Santiago 9170022 Chile
| | - Marcos Caroli Rezende
- Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Santiago 9170022 Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Departmento de Química; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 7800003 Chile
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7
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Quintanilla ME, Rivera-Meza M, Berríos-Cárcamo P, Cassels BK, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. (R)-Salsolinol, a product of ethanol metabolism, stereospecifically induces behavioral sensitization and leads to excessive alcohol intake. Addict Biol 2016; 21:1063-1071. [PMID: 26032572 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is oxidized in the brain to acetaldehyde, which can condense with dopamine to generate (R/S)-salsolinol [(RS)-SAL]. Racemic salsolinol [(RS)-SAL] is self-infused by rats into the posterior ventral tegmental area (VTA) at significantly lower concentrations than those of acetaldehyde, suggesting that (RS)-SAL is a most active product of ethanol metabolism. Early studies showed that repeated intraperitoneal or intra-VTA administration of (RS)-SAL (10 mg/kg) induced conditioned place preference, led to locomotor sensitization and increased voluntary ethanol consumption. In the present study, we separated the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers from a commercial (RS)-SAL using a high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection system fitted with a β-cyclodextrin-modified column. We injected (R)-SAL or (S)-SAL (30 pmol/1.0 μl) into the VTA of naïve UChB rats bred as alcohol drinkers to study whether one or both SAL enantiomers are responsible for the motivated behavioral effects, sensitization and increase in voluntary ethanol intake. The present results show that repeated administration of (R)-SAL leads to (1) conditioned place preference; (2) locomotor sensitization; and (3) marked increases in binge-like ethanol intake. Conversely, (S)-SAL did not influence any of these parameters. Overall, data indicate that (R)-SAL stereospecifically induces motivational effects, behavioral sensitization and increases ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
- Millennium Institute BNI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Pablo Berríos-Cárcamo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
- Millennium Institute BNI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
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8
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Metabolomic analyses of banana during postharvest senescence by 1H-high resolution-NMR. Food Chem 2016; 218:406-412. [PMID: 27719928 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Banana is a tropical fruit widely accepted by people over the world. Its chemical composition is critical for its organoleptic properties and nutritional value. In this work, the metabolite changes during postharvest senescence were investigated using NMR spectroscopy. The 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic information revealed the primary and secondary metabolites in banana fruit, including organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates and phenolics. Bananas at five senescence stages showed similar chemical profiles, but the levels of the individual compounds varied to a large extent. The principal metabolites responsible for postharvest senescence of banana were valine, alanine, aspartic acid, choline, acetate, glucose, malic acid, gallic acid and dopamine. At stage V, ethanol was present due to the conversion of glucose. Salsolinol was generated due to the conversion of dopamine. This was a characteristic marker for the postharvest senescence of banana fruit.
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9
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Israel Y, Quintanilla ME, Karahanian E, Rivera-Meza M, Herrera-Marschitz M. The "first hit" toward alcohol reinforcement: role of ethanol metabolites. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:776-86. [PMID: 25828063 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes literature that describes the behavioral effects of 2 metabolites of ethanol (EtOH): acetaldehyde and salsolinol (a condensation product of acetaldehyde and dopamine) generated in the brain. These metabolites are self-administered into specific brain areas by animals, showing strong reinforcing effects. A wealth of evidence shows that EtOH, a drug consumed to attain millimolar concentrations, generates brain metabolites that are reinforcing at micromolar and nanomolar concentrations. Salsolinol administration leads to marked increases in voluntary EtOH intake, an effect inhibited by mu-opioid receptor blockers. In animals that have ingested EtOH chronically, the maintenance of alcohol intake is no longer influenced by EtOH metabolites, as intake is taken over by other brain systems. However, after EtOH withdrawal brain acetaldehyde has a major role in promoting binge-like drinking in the condition known as the "alcohol deprivation effect"; a condition seen in animals that have ingested alcohol chronically, are deprived of EtOH for extended periods, and are allowed EtOH re-access. The review also analyzes the behavioral effects of acetate, a metabolite that enters the brain and is responsible for motor incoordination at low doses of EtOH. Also discussed are the paradoxical effects of systemic acetaldehyde. Overall, evidence strongly suggests that brain-generated EtOH metabolites play a major role in the early ("first-hit") development of alcohol reinforcement and in the generation of relapse-like drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedy Israel
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Grecsó N, Ilisz I, Gecse Z, Schönstein L, Fülöp F, Péter A. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of amino alcohol analogues possessing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Grecsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
| | - Zsanett Gecse
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - László Schönstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
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11
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High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of cationic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs on Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:961-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Quintanilla ME, Rivera-Meza M, Berrios-Cárcamo PA, Bustamante D, Buscaglia M, Morales P, Karahanian E, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Salsolinol, free of isosalsolinol, exerts ethanol-like motivational/sensitization effects leading to increases in ethanol intake. Alcohol 2014; 48:551-9. [PMID: 25086835 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol is formed non-enzymatically when ethanol-derived acetaldehyde binds to dopamine, yielding 2 distinct products, i.e., salsolinol and isosalsolinol. Early animal studies, revealing that salsolinol promotes alcohol consumption and recent evidence that animals will readily self-administer salsolinol into the posterior ventral tegmental area (p-VTA) together with the finding that salsolinol is able to induce conditioned place preference and to increase locomotor activity, have outlined a role of salsolinol in the behavioral and neurobiological actions of ethanol. Until recently, the only commercially available salsolinol was a mixture containing 85% salsolinol and 10-15% isosalsolinol. The possibility thus exists that either salsolinol or isosalsolinol explains the reinforcing properties of ethanol. We report here that a newly available salsolinol is free of isosalsolinol. Thus, salsolinol, free of isosalsolinol, was injected intracerebrally (30 pmol/0.2 μL, into the ventral tegmental area [VTA]) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) (10 mg/kg) to naïve rats bred as alcohol drinkers to study salsolinol's motivational effects and its role on voluntary ethanol intake. Salsolinol produced conditioned place preference and increased locomotor activity, whether injected intra-VTA or intraperitoneally. Following systemic (i.p.) administration of 10 mg/kg salsolinol, this molecule was detected in vivo by microdialysis of neostriatum, reaching an estimated concentration of 100 nM in the dialyzate. These results indicate that systemically administered salsolinol is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Repeated administration of salsolinol sensitized rats to the locomotor activity and led to increases in voluntary ethanol consumption, which was prevented by intra-VTA pretreatment with naltrexone.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Berrios-Cárcamo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Bustamante
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marianne Buscaglia
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Karahanian
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Israel Y, Rivera-Meza M, Karahanian E, Quintanilla ME, Tampier L, Morales P, Herrera-Marschitz M. Gene specific modifications unravel ethanol and acetaldehyde actions. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:80. [PMID: 23847486 PMCID: PMC3703538 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is metabolized into acetaldehyde mainly by the action of alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver, while mainly by the action of catalase in the brain. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 metabolizes acetaldehyde into acetate in both organs. Gene specific modifications reviewed here show that an increased liver generation of acetaldehyde (by transduction of a gene coding for a high-activity liver alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1*B2) leads to increased blood acetaldehyde levels and aversion to ethanol in animals. Similarly aversive is an increased acetaldehyde level resulting from the inhibition of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) synthesis (by an antisense coding gene against aldh2 mRNA). The situation is diametrically different when acetaldehyde is generated in the brain. When the brain ventral tegmental area (VTA) is endowed with an increased ability to generate acetaldehyde (by transfection of liver rADH) the reinforcing effects of ethanol are increased, while a highly specific inhibition of catalase synthesis (by transduction of a shRNA anti catalase mRNA) virtually abolishes the reinforcing effects of ethanol as seen by a complete abolition of ethanol intake in rats bred for generations as high ethanol drinkers. Data shows two divergent effects of increases in acetaldehyde generation: aversive in the periphery but reinforcing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedy Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, University of Chile Santiago, Chile ; Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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