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Deconinck E, Raimondo M, Borioni A, Grange Y, Rebière H, Mihailova A, Bøyum O, Maurin JK, Pioruńska-Sędłak K, Olsen LS, Acevska J, Brezovska K, Rundlöf T, Portela MJ, Meieranz S, Miquel M, Bertrand M. Clustering of Tadalafil API Samples According to their Manufacturer in the Context of API Falsification Detection. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2834-2842. [PMID: 37220827 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) fingerprint study, organised by the General European Official Medicines Control Laboratory Network (GEON), on tadalafil. A classical market surveillance study, evaluating compliance to the European Pharmacopoeia, was combined with a fingerprint study, the latter to obtain characteristic data for the different manufacturers, allowing the network laboratories to conduct authenticity tests for future samples, as well as to detect substandard and falsified samples. In total, 46 tadalafil API samples from 13 different manufacturers were collected. For all samples fingerprint data was collected through analysis of impurities and residual solvents, mass spectrometric screening, X-ray powder diffraction and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Chemometric analysis revealed that all manufacturers could be characterised based on the impurity, residual solvent and 1H-NMR data. Future suspicious samples in the network will therefore be analysed with these techniques in order to attribute the sample to one of the manufacturers. If the sample cannot be attributed, a more profound investigation will be necessary to reveal the origin of the sample. In cases where the suspect sample is claimed to be from one of the manufacturers included in this study, analysis can be limited to the test distinguishing that manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deconinck
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Service of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - M Raimondo
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A Borioni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Y Grange
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division, 635 Rue de la Garenne, F-34740, Vendargues, France
| | - H Rebière
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division, 635 Rue de la Garenne, F-34740, Vendargues, France
| | - A Mihailova
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Norwegian Medicines Agency, Grensesvingen 26, NO-0663, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Bøyum
- Norwegian Medicines Agency, Grensesvingen 26, NO-0663, Oslo, Norway
| | - J K Maurin
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Pioruńska-Sędłak
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Stengelshøj Olsen
- Danish Medicines Agency, Medicines Control and Inspection Division, Axel Heides Gade 1, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - J Acevska
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Center for Drug Quality Control, Institute of applied chemistry and pharmaceutical analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, POB 36, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - K Brezovska
- Center for Drug Quality Control, Institute of applied chemistry and pharmaceutical analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, POB 36, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - T Rundlöf
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Swedish Medical Products Agency, Laboratory, Box 26, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, SE-751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M J Portela
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; INFARMED - Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento e Produtos de Saúde, I.P. Parque de Saúde de Lisboa - Avenida do Brasil, 53, 1749-004, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Meieranz
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg - Institut für Lebensmittel, Arzneimittel, Tierseuchen und Umwelt, Rudower Chaussee 39, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Miquel
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Bertrand
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
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Liu Y, Chai Z, Haixia Y. Identification of pressed and extracted vegetable oils by headspace GC-MS. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18532. [PMID: 37576238 PMCID: PMC10412762 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible vegetable oils are produced either by mechanical pressing or extraction. Although pressing retains the inherent flavor and nutritional value of the oil, the oil yield is low and the process expensive. Extraction methods have high oil yields, low processing costs, and economic benefits; however, No. 6 solvent, which may pose potential risks to human health, is commonly used in the extraction and cleaning process. Differentiating extracted oil containing these solvents from pressed oil, for quality control, based on visual appearance is difficult. Hence, in this study, an identification method using the characteristic components of solvent No. 6 under optimized headspace Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) conditions was established. It also provided a reference for quality control of industrial production by estimating the amount of solvent present in the oil. Results showed that, in addition to five main components (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and n-hexane, Methylcyclopentane, Cyclohexane), accounting for 97% of the solvent, No. 6 solvent also contains 16 types of organic substances, such as olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Under optimized headspace GC-MS conditions (headspace sampler equilibrium temperature = 150 °C), the No. 6 solvent exhibits high linearity over a concentration range of 0.05-1 mg/kg with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg. Pressed and extracted oils can be determined as follows: If three or fewer main components of the No. 6 solvent are detected, and the total content of No. 6 solvent is less than 0.5 mg/kg, it is a pressed oil; if four or more main components of No. 6 solvent are detected, or the total content of No. 6 solvent is ≥0.5 mg/kg, it is confirmed as an extracted oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
| | - Zhenlin Chai
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
| | - Yu Haixia
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources), 399 Liuhe Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
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Zuliani I, Fattori A, Svigelj R, Dossi N, Grazioli C, Bontempelli G, Toniolo R. AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION OF ETHANOL VAPORS BY SCREEN PRINTED ELECTRODES MODIFIED BY PAPER CROWNS SOAKED WITH ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Raimondo M, Borioni A, Prestinaci F, Sestili I, Gaudiano MC. A NIR, 1H-NMR, LC-MS and chemometrics pilot study on the origin of carvedilol drug substances: a tool for discovering falsified active pharmaceutical ingredients. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1396-1405. [PMID: 35302118 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Falsification of drugs, entailing the use of drug substances from unknown unapproved suppliers, is one of the main concerns for the quality of medicines. Therefore, traceability of active ingredients represents an effective tool to fight the illegal trade of medicinal products. In this view, the present pilot study explores the profile of carvedilol active ingredients and possible differences related to the origin. Sixteen samples were examined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR spectrometry) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) Q-TOF and the data were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and PLSDA discriminant analysis. The results evidenced that the combined information from the three techniques gave good classification of the samples neatly distinguishing the APIs from European countries from the APIs manufactured out of Europe. In particular, NIR spectroscopy provided effective separation between European and non-European manufacturers and 1H-NMR or LC-MS added specific information related to the separation. Concerning LC-MS Q-TOF, the analysis of multiple isobaric peaks proved to be highly predictive of the drug substance origin and emerged as a promising tool in the field of medicine traceability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Raimondo
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Borioni
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Prestinaci
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Sestili
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Gaudiano
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Rebiere H, Grange Y, Deconinck E, Courselle P, Acevska J, Brezovska K, Maurin J, Rundlöf T, Portela MJ, Olsen LS, Offerlé C, Bertrand M. European fingerprint study on omeprazole drug substances using a multi analytical approach and chemometrics as a tool for the discrimination of manufacturing sources. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 208:114444. [PMID: 34773838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Like drug products, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are subject to substandard and falsification issues, which represent a threat to patient health. In order to monitor the quality of drug substances and prevent the use of non-compliant APIs, Official Medicine Control Laboratories work together in a European network developing coordinated strategies and programmes. The API working group proposed a market surveillance study on omeprazole and omeprazole magnesium with the objectives of controlling the pharmaceutical quality of samples, checking compliance with the monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia, and collecting analytical fingerprints that could be further used to differentiate manufacturing sources for future authenticity investigations. The study described in this article reports the analysis carried out by 7 European laboratories on 28 samples from 11 manufacturers with 5 analytical techniques (related substances with HPLC, residual solvents with GC-MS, near infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry). The large amount of resulting analytical data were centralized and treated with two chemometric methods: Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. Data were analyzed separately and in combination (data fusion), allowing us to conclude that NMR and XRPD were suitable to differentiate samples originating from 9 out of 11 manufacturers. Analytical fingerprints associated with chemometrics were demonstrated to be a valuable methodology to discriminate manufacturers of omeprazole and omeprazole magnesium APIs and detect future substandard and falsified APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, ANSM, Laboratory Controls Division, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Y Grange
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, ANSM, Laboratory Controls Division, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - E Deconinck
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Service of Medicines and Health Products, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Courselle
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Service of Medicines and Health Products, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Acevska
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; Center for Drug Quality Control, Institute of applied chemistry and pharmaceutical analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, POB 36, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - K Brezovska
- Center for Drug Quality Control, Institute of applied chemistry and pharmaceutical analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, POB 36, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - J Maurin
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; National Medicines Institute, Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices Department, 30/34 Chelmska str., 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Rundlöf
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; Swedish Medical Products Agency, Laboratory, Box 26, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, SE-751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M J Portela
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; Infarmed - National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, I.P., Parque de Saúde de Lisboa - Avenida do Brasil 53, 1749-004 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L S Olsen
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France; Danish Medicines Agency, Medicines Control and Inspection Division, Axel Heides Gade 1, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - C Offerlé
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Bertrand
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group, GEON, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
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Deconinck E, Courselle P, Raimondo M, Grange Y, Rebière H, Mihailova A, Bøyum O, Maurin JK, Pioruńska-Sędłak K, Olsen LS, Acevska J, Brezovska K, Rundlöf T, Portela MJ, Bertrand M. GEONs API fingerprint project: Selection of analytical techniques for clustering of sildenafil citrate API samples. Talanta 2021; 239:123123. [PMID: 34942486 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Through its Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Working Group (API-WG) the General European Official Medicines Control Laboratory (OMCL) Network (GEON), co-ordinated by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), regularly organises market surveillance studies for specific APIs for conformity to their monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia. During the past years some studies were combined with a fingerprint study of the APIs. The idea is to obtain a fingerprint for each manufacturer of the API under investigation, allowing the OMCL network to identify future samples as well as to detect substandard and falsified APIs. This paper reports the results of the latest fingerprint study, organised on sildenafil citrate API samples. Seventy-nine samples from 14 different manufacturers were collected throughout the Network. Fingerprint data was collected through Mid-Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, liquid chromatography for related substances, gas chromatography for residual solvents, X-ray diffraction and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Chemometrics applied to the collected data showed that all manufacturers could be discriminated based on the data of only three of these tests, i.e. gas chromatography for residual solvents, X-ray diffraction and proton NMR. Suspicious API samples for sildenafil citrate will therefore be analysed in the future with the selected techniques in order to link the sample to a manufacturer or demonstrate the absence of such link. If the sample cannot be attributed to one of the manufacturers, further analysis and research on provenance and identity will be required. Of course, if the suspected sample claims to originate from one of the manufacturers included in the study, analysis can be limited to the test distinguishing this manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deconinck
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Service of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - P Courselle
- Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Service of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Raimondo
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Y Grange
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, Laboratory Controls Division, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740, Vendargues, France
| | - H Rebière
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, Laboratory Controls Division, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740, Vendargues, France
| | - A Mihailova
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Norwegian Medicines Agency, Grensesvingen 26, NO-0663, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Bøyum
- Norwegian Medicines Agency, Grensesvingen 26, NO-0663, Oslo, Norway
| | - J K Maurin
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Pioruńska-Sędłak
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chelmska Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Stengelshøj Olsen
- Danish Medicines Agency, Medicines Control and Inspection Division, Axel Heides Gade 1, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - J Acevska
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Center for Drug Quality Control, Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss.Cyril and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, POB 36, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North-Macedonia
| | - K Brezovska
- Center for Drug Quality Control, Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss.Cyril and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, POB 36, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North-Macedonia
| | - T Rundlöf
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; Swedish Medical Products Agency, Laboratory, Box 26, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 42, SE-751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M J Portela
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France; INFARMED, Autoridade Nacional Do Medicamento e Produtos de Saúde, I.P. Parque de Saúde de Lisboa, Avenida Do Brasil, 531749-004, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Bertrand
- OMCL Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Working Group, GEON Network, EDQM - Council of Europe, 7 Allée Kastner, CS 30026, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
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Alderman NP, Courville M, Tokarczyk R. Determination of certain VOCs in paints and architectural coatings by dynamic headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3894-3899. [PMID: 34382972 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method for the determination of the following VOCs: acetone, dichloromethane, dimethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, tertiary butyl acetate, chlorobenzotrifluoride (4-CBTF) and propylene carbonate in paints was developed in support of Environment and Climate Change Canada's Automotive Refinishing Product and Architectural Coatings VOC Concentration Limits regulations. These compounds are excluded from the VOC definition by Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) regulations, and their content do not contribute to the overall VOC content in products for regulatory purposes. The method is based on Dynamic Headspace GC-MS. It was determined that activated carbon is the best trapping medium for these compounds. The technique has been compared to a currently used direct injection technique, with comparable results. Contrary to the direct injection method which requires complex sample handling prior to injection in the gas chromatograph, the dynamic headspace method practically eliminates the need for sample handling allowing for much shorter sample turnover and reducing the possibility of sampling handling errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Alderman
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, K1V 1H2, Canada.
| | - Matthew Courville
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, K1V 1H2, Canada.
| | - Ryszard Tokarczyk
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, K1V 1H2, Canada.
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8
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Mansur AR, Oh J, Lee HS, Oh SY. Determination of ethanol in foods and beverages by magnetic stirring-assisted aqueous extraction coupled with GC-FID: A validated method for halal verification. Food Chem 2021; 366:130526. [PMID: 34274705 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An in-house method, employing magnetic stirring-assisted aqueous extraction combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, for determination of ethanol in different foods and beverages was validated according to the ISO/IEC 17025 standard. Validation parameters, including selectivity, method limits of detection (approx. 0.006 mg/g) and quantification (approx. 0.02 mg/g), linearity (R2 of >0.999), trueness (relative biases of <3%), accuracy (recoveries of 96-105%), and precision (relative standard deviations of <5%), were satisfactory. The proposed method was as accurate and precise as and more sensitive than the AOAC method 2016.12, with estimated relative expanded uncertainties of around 8% for all samples. The validated method was successfully applied for determination of ethanol in 108 commercially processed foods and beverages, and it could be used for halal verification. Accordingly, this study provided a reliable method for routine quantitative analysis of ethanol in processed foods and beverages to ensure their halal integrity prior to halal certification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rois Mansur
- Halal Laboratory, SME Solution Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungmin Oh
- Halal Laboratory, SME Solution Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Lee
- Halal Laboratory, SME Solution Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yong Oh
- Halal Laboratory, SME Solution Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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Izadi P, Izadi P, Salem R, Papry SA, Magdouli S, Pulicharla R, Brar SK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment: Where were we and how far we have come? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115370. [PMID: 33254637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most well-known pharmaceuticals with a broad scope of properties that are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Because of their extensive utilization, NSAIDs are commonly identified in the environment as trace emerging contaminants. Regardless of vast experience with these drugs, NSAIDs are full of contradictions that trigger major concerns for environmental researchers. A limited understanding on NSAID's occurrence, distribution and eco-toxicological effects have led to an escalated dilemma in the last decade. Thus, a broad-spectrum study covering all aspects of occurrence, detection and removal is required to meet the fundamental levels of knowledge on the effects of NSAIDs in all exposed environmental aspects. Therefore, this paper focuses on classifying the sources and entry points of residual NSAIDs. Further, detecting and regulating their concentrations in both input streams and receiving environments, along with the removal processes of this specific class of emerging compounds, in the direction of developing a management policy is comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Izadi
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Parin Izadi
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Rana Salem
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Sifat Azad Papry
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Sara Magdouli
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
| | - Rama Pulicharla
- École Supérieure D'aménagement Du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, Rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Lassonde School of Engineering, Civil Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, M3J 1P3, ON, Canada.
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10
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Benchekroun YH, El Karbane M, Ihssane B, Haidara H, Azougagh M, Saffaj T. Application of Design Space, Uncertainty, and Risk Profile Strategies to the Development and Validation of UPLC Method for the Characterization of Four Authorized Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors to Combat Counterfeit Drugs. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:715-724. [PMID: 33241372 DOI: 10.1093/jaocint/qsz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Counterfeit medicines are an increasing scourge that are difficult to identify and they have become industrialized and widespread through highly organized illegal channels. OBJECTIVE This research aims to develop a robust method to determine four phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors in counterfeit drugs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography. METHOD Experimental design methodology (DOE) and design space (DS) recommended by ICH Q8 were used side-by-side in the development phase to define the optimal parameters as well as the robustness of the chromatographic method. Moreover, both the uncertainty and risk profile derived from the β-content and γ-confidence tolerance interval were investigated during the validation phase to examine the performance of this method. RESULTS Successful chromatographic results, in a high resolution between the four active ingredients and an optimal analysis time of less than 1.6 min, were achieved at the end of the optimization phase. In addition, validation results show a low risk of future measurements outside acceptance limits set at 5%. CONCLUSIONS Our procedure was successfully applied in the routine phase to identify 23 illicit formulations of an erectile dysfunction drug. HIGHLIGHTS An efficient method for the characterization of 4 authorized phosphodiesterase in less than 1.6 min was established. A DS approach was applied to test the performance of this analytical method during analytical development. A risk profile was then carried out to approve the validity of the analytical method through the uncertainty profile approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Hameda Benchekroun
- Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Chimie organique Appliquée, Fès, Maroc
| | - Miloud El Karbane
- Université Mohamed V, Faculté de Medicine et de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Bromatologie, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Bouchaib Ihssane
- Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Chimie organique Appliquée, Fès, Maroc
| | - Hasnaa Haidara
- Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Chimie organique Appliquée, Fès, Maroc
| | - Mohamed Azougagh
- Université Mohamed V, Ecole Normale Supérieure de l'Enseignement Technique, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Taoufiq Saffaj
- Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Chimie organique Appliquée, Fès, Maroc
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11
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Ali I, Suhail M, Alothman ZA, Abdulrahman A, Aboul-Enein HY. Drug analyses in human plasma by chromatography. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64066-6.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Wang L, Zhao X, Yang F, Wu W, Wu M, Li Y, Zhang X. Loading paclitaxel into porous starch in the form of nanoparticles to improve its dissolution and bioavailability. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:207-214. [PMID: 31306708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, paclitaxel was loaded into porous starch in the form of nanoparticles (PNPS), and the properties of PNPS were investigated by using raw paclitaxel and the system of paclitaxel directly loaded into porous starch (PPS) as control groups. According to the tested results, the drug loading (DL) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of PNPS were 14.13%±0.27% and 73.92%±0.54%, higher than that of PPS (9.79%±0.31% and 71.17%±0.67%) respectively. Compared with raw paclitaxel and PPS, PNPS exhibited the more prominent dissolution rate and bioavailability, in which the bioavailability of PPS and PNPS were 2.94 and 5.42 times of that of raw paclitaxel respectively. In addition, the IC50 values of raw paclitaxel, PPS and PNPS on Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells were 17,703.41±15.76μM, 95.10±5.32μM and 85.68±7.38μM respectively. Furthermore, the residues of acetone in PPS and PNPS were less than the ICH limit for acetone in class III solvents. To summarize, the preparation of PNPS was a potential method to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
| | - Fengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Mingfang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
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13
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Rebiere H, Kermaïdic A, Ghyselinck C, Brenier C. Inorganic analysis of falsified medical products using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics. Talanta 2019; 195:490-496. [PMID: 30625574 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Janvier S, Cheyns K, Canfyn M, Goscinny S, De Spiegeleer B, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Impurity profiling of the most frequently encountered falsified polypeptide drugs on the Belgian market. Talanta 2018; 188:795-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Li Y, Kong D, Wu H. Comprehensive chemical analysis of the flower buds of five Lonicera species by ATR-FTIR, HPLC-DAD, and chemometric methods. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Bao Q, Fu K, Ren Q, Zhong Y, Qian D. Accuracy Profiles for Analyzing Residual Solvents in Textiles by GC-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 55:882-890. [PMID: 28605412 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Excess residual solvents (RSs) in clothes or other textiles could be toxic and pose risks to both humans and the environment. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) are important chemicals frequently used as solvents in the textile industry. Several organizations have proposed limiting DMF, DMAc and NMP in textiles, but an appropriate detection method has not been proposed. A sensitive GC-MS method for the quantification of DMF, DMAc and NMP in textiles was developed. After extraction with ethyl acetate, these RSs were separated on a DB-5MS capillary column. The oven temperature was increased from 50°C (held for 0.5 min) at 10°C/min to 120°C (held for 1 min). The method was fully validated according to the accuracy profile procedure, which is based on β-expectation tolerance intervals for the total measurement bias. Linearity was observed in the range of 0.5-10 mg/L for the solvents with limit of quantification values of 4.2, 3.5 and 2.5 mg/kg for DMF, DMAc and NMP, respectively. The repeatability and intermediate precision were <5.34% and 7.95% for DMF, 5.37% and 9.68% for DMAc, and 2.68% and 5.85% for NMP. The recoveries of DMF, DMAc and NMP were 91.2-106.3%, 89.5-97.7% and 85.6-101.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibei Bao
- Ningbo Academy of Science & Technology for Inspection & Quarantine, 8#, Huikang Road, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejie Fu
- College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928#, No.2 Street, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Ren
- Ningbo Academy of Science & Technology for Inspection & Quarantine, 8#, Huikang Road, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhong
- Ningbo Academy of Science & Technology for Inspection & Quarantine, 8#, Huikang Road, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Qian
- Ningbo Academy of Science & Technology for Inspection & Quarantine, 8#, Huikang Road, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Currently, counterfeit medicine is a significant issue for the pharmaceutical world, and it targets all types of therapeutic areas. The health consequences are appalling, since counterfeit medicines can contain impurities and the wrong chemical composition, and can be manufactured and/or stored in dreadful conditions. The provision of fast and reliable analytical tools can contribute to an efficient fight against this phenomenon. In this paper, an analytical strategy based on mobile and forensic laboratories is presented. The mobile equipment, composed of handheld x-ray fluorescence, Raman, infrared, and near-infrared spectrometers, and a handheld microscope, can be used as a first screening tool to detect counterfeits. The counterfeits can then be confirmed in a forensic-dedicated lab in which the chemical composition of the counterfeits is determined to evaluate the danger encountered by the patients. Relevant links with former counterfeit cases then can be revealed based on the analytical data, and can be interpreted from a forensic intelligence perspective in order to provide additional information for law enforcement.
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18
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Rebiere H, Guinot P, Chauvey D, Brenier C. Fighting falsified medicines: The analytical approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 142:286-306. [PMID: 28531832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the harm to human health, the fight against falsified medicines has become a priority issue that involves numerous actors. Analytical laboratories contribute by performing analyses to chemically characterise falsified samples and assess their hazards for patients. A wide range of techniques can be used to obtain individual information on the organic and inorganic composition, the presence of an active substance or impurities, or the crystalline arrangement of the formulation's compound. After a presentation of these individual techniques, this review puts forward a methodology to combine them. In order to illustrate this approach, examples from the scientific literature (products used for erectile dysfunction treatment, weight loss and malaria) are placed in the centre of the proposed methodology. Combining analytical techniques allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of a sample, on its compliance in terms of pharmaceutical quality and finally on the safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rebiere
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France.
| | - Pauline Guinot
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
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19
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20
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Siddiqui MR, AlOthman ZA, Rahman N. Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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21
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Extraction and preconcentration of residual solvents in pharmaceuticals using dynamic headspace-liquid phase microextraction and their determination by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Analytical procedures for quality control of pharmaceuticals in terms of residual solvents content: Challenges and recent developments. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Dégardin K, Guillemain A, Guerreiro NV, Roggo Y. Near infrared spectroscopy for counterfeit detection using a large database of pharmaceutical tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:89-97. [PMID: 27236101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is one of the current burdens of the pharmaceutical world. Reliable technologies have become available for the chemical analysis of suspect medicines. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows for instance fast, specific and non-destructive authentication of pharmaceutical products. In this paper, a NIRS method is presented for the identification of 29 different pharmaceutical product families of tablets, one family containing one or more formulation (s), e.g. different dosages. This selection represents the whole tablet portfolio of our firm. The high number of product families constituted a challenge, given that the measurement of the samples, made on two similar instruments, generated a dataset of 7120 spectra. Several chemometric tools proved efficient for the identification of these medicines. The dataset was first investigated with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to provide an overview of the distribution of the samples. The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), the Support Vector Machines (SVM) and the Discriminant Analysis (DA) supervised classification tools were successfully applied and generated an outstanding classification rate of 100% of correct answer. The methods were then fully validated with an independent set of spectra. The DA was selected as the method for the routine analysis of suspect tablets with the Mahalanobis distance as acceptance criterion for identification. Counterfeits, generics and placebos samples, constituting a second validation set, were tested and rejected by the method. NIRS has thus been demonstrated as an efficient tool for the quick identification of a large dataset of pharmaceutical tablets and the detection of counterfeit medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélie Guillemain
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Roggo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bldg 250 Room 3.504.01, Wurmisweg, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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24
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Vanhee C, Janvier S, Moens G, Deconinck E, Courselle P. A simple dilute and shoot methodology for the identification and quantification of illegal insulin. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:326-334. [PMID: 29404000 PMCID: PMC5762622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of illegal medicines is a well-established global problem and concerns mostly small molecules. However, due to the advances in genomics and recombinant expression technologies there is an increased development of polypeptide therapeutics. Insulin is one of the best known polypeptide drug, and illegal versions of this medicine led to lethal incidents in the past. Therefore, it is crucial for the public health sector to develop reliable, efficient, cheap, unbiased and easily applicable active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) identification and quantification strategies for routine analysis of suspected illegal insulins. Here we demonstrate that our combined label-free full scan approach is not only able to distinguish between all those different versions of insulin and the insulins originating from different species, but also able to chromatographically separate human insulin and insulin lispro in conditions that are compatible with mass spectrometry (MS). Additionally, we were also able to selectively quantify the different insulins, including human insulin and insulin lispro according to the validation criteria, put forward by the United Nations (UN), for the analysis of seized illicit drugs. The proposed identification and quantification method is currently being used in our official medicines control laboratory to analyze insulins retrieved from the illegal market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Vanhee
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Janvier
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Goedele Moens
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Chemometrics and the identification of counterfeit medicines-A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:112-22. [PMID: 27133184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides readers with a number of actual case studies dealing with verifying the authenticity of selected medicines supported by different chemometric approaches. In particular, a general data processing workflow is discussed with the major emphasis on the most frequently selected instrumental techniques to characterize drug samples and the chemometric methods being used to explore and/or model the analytical data. However, further discussion is limited to a situation in which the collected data describes two groups of drug samples - authentic ones and counterfeits.
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26
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Feng XZ, Han GC, Qin J, Yin SM, Chen Z. Determination of Residual Solvents in Linezolid by Static Headspace GC. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:487-91. [PMID: 26657409 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A headspace gas chromatographic method was developed for the determination of residual solvents in linezolid active substances. The solvents include petroleum ether (60-90°C), acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, methanol, dichloromethane (DCM) and pyridine. The method showed the possibility to detect the tested solvents with a linear determination correlation coefficient (r) greater than 0.9995 except for petroleum ether (0.9980). The limits of detection ranged between 0.12 μg/mL (petroleum ether) and 3.56 μg/mL (DCM), and the limits of quantity ranged between 0.41 μg/mL (petroleum ether) and 11.86 μg/mL (DCM). The method achieved good accuracy (recoveries ranging from 92.8 to 102.5%) and precision for both run-to-run and day-to-day assay (relative standard deviation ranging from 0.4 to 1.3%) for all seven solvents concerned, which were applied in the quality control of three batches of linezolid successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhen Feng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Jinji Road No.1, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Cheng Han
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Jinji Road No.1, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Jianhe Qin
- Guilin Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Min Yin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Jinji Road No.1, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Zhencheng Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Jinji Road No.1, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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27
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Analysis of illegal peptide biopharmaceuticals frequently encountered by controlling agencies. Talanta 2015; 142:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Custers D, Cauwenbergh T, Bothy J, Courselle P, De Beer J, Apers S, Deconinck E. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics: An interesting tool to discriminate and characterize counterfeit medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 112:181-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Ke Y, Li W, Wang Y, Hao X, Jiang R, Zhu F, Ouyang G. Comparison of fully-automated headspace single drop microextraction and headspace solid phase microextraction techniques for rapid analysis of No. 6 solvent residues in edible oil. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Wang F, Meng M, Chen L, Wang X, Sun Q. Development and validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprint method for the evaluation of QiYi capsules with the reference of myotonin. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.27.2014.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Custers D, Canfyn M, Courselle P, De Beer JO, Apers S, Deconinck E. Headspace-gas chromatographic fingerprints to discriminate and classify counterfeit medicines. Talanta 2014; 123:78-88. [PMID: 24725867 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Counterfeit medicines are a global threat to public health. These pharmaceuticals are not subjected to quality control and therefore their safety, quality and efficacy cannot be guaranteed. Today, the safety evaluation of counterfeit medicines is mainly based on the identification and quantification of the active substances present. However, the analysis of potential toxic secondary components, like residual solvents, becomes more important. Assessment of residual solvent content and chemometric analysis of fingerprints might be useful in the discrimination between genuine and counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the fingerprint approach might also contribute in the evaluation of the health risks different types of counterfeit medicines pose. In this study a number of genuine and counterfeit Viagra(®) and Cialis(®) samples were analyzed for residual solvent content using headspace-GC-MS. The obtained chromatograms were used as fingerprints and analyzed using different chemometric techniques: Principal Component Analysis, Projection Pursuit, Classification and Regression Trees and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy. It was tested whether these techniques can distinguish genuine pharmaceuticals from counterfeit ones and if distinct types of counterfeits could be differentiated based on health risks. This chemometric analysis showed that for both data sets PCA clearly discriminated between genuine and counterfeit drugs, and SIMCA generated the best predictive models. This technique not only resulted in a 100% correct classification rate for the discrimination between genuine and counterfeit medicines, the classification of the counterfeit samples was also superior compared to CART. This study shows that chemometric analysis of headspace-GC impurity fingerprints allows to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit medicines and to differentiate between groups of counterfeit products based on the public health risks they pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Custers
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - M Canfyn
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J O De Beer
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Apers
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Deconinck E, Canfyn M, Sacré PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Evaluation of the residual solvent content of counterfeit tablets and capsules. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:80-8. [PMID: 23628524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A group of counterfeit samples of Viagra and Cialis were screened for their residual solvent content and compared to the content of the genuine products. It was observed that all counterfeit samples had higher residual solvent contents compared to the genuine products. A more diverse range of residual solvents was found as well as higher concentrations. In general these concentrations did not exceed the international imposed maximum limits. Only in a few samples the limits were exceeded. A Projection Pursuit analysis revealed clusters of samples with similar residual solvent content, possibly enabling some future perspectives in forensic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytmansstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Deconinck E, De Leersnijder C, Custers D, Courselle P, De Beer JO. A strategy for the identification of plants in illegal pharmaceutical preparations and food supplements using chromatographic fingerprints. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2341-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Margot P. Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:167-75. [PMID: 23384475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is a serious worldwide issue, involving networks of manufacture and distribution that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Despite the potentially devastating health repercussions involved, legal sanctions are often inappropriate or simply not applied. The difficulty in agreeing on a definition of counterfeiting, the huge profits made by the counterfeiters and the complexity of the market are the other main reasons for the extent of the phenomenon. Above all, international cooperation is needed to thwart the spread of counterfeiting. Moreover effort is urgently required on the legal, enforcement and scientific levels. Pharmaceutical companies and agencies have developed measures to protect the medicines and allow fast and reliable analysis of the suspect products. Several means, essentially based on chromatography and spectroscopy, are now at the disposal of the analysts to enable the distinction between genuine and counterfeit products. However the determination of the components and the use of analytical data for forensic purposes still constitute a challenge. The aim of this review article is therefore to point out the intricacy of medicine counterfeiting so that a better understanding can provide solutions to fight more efficiently against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Science, School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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