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Gonde DP, Bhole BK, Kakad KS. Andrographolide, diterpenoid constituent of Andrographis paniculata: Review on botany, phytochemistry, molecular docking analysis, and pharmacology. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024; 82:15-43. [PMID: 37813330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Andrographispaniculata (kalmegh) is also known as "king of bitters", is an herbaceous plant belongs to family Acanthaceae. The therapeutic effect is due to presence of diterpenoid lactone derivatives of A. paniculata mainly andrographolide. The main purpose of this review includes detailed (past and present) study of A. paniculata and its most important component andrographolide a diterpenoid lactone with respect to its botany, phytochemistry, molecular docking analysis and pharmacological effects i.e., therapeutic benefits. In reference to the search, we also compiled variety of dosage forms available, which are made up of A. paniculata extract and Andrographolide such as tablets and capsules. This review also discusses reported methods of extraction of phytoconstituents, pharmacokinetics of main components, their molecular docking analysis data and main therapeutic applications with their proposed mechanism of actions in various diseases. According to data collected, A. paniculata is becoming more and more valuable as a therapeutic herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak P Gonde
- Pharmacognosy Department, PES Modern college of Pharmacy, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi Pune 411044, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Bhumika K Bhole
- Pharmacognosy Department, PES Modern college of Pharmacy, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi Pune 411044, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Kalyani S Kakad
- Pharmacognosy Department, PES Modern college of Pharmacy, Sector 21, Yamunanagar, Nigdi Pune 411044, Maharashtra, India.
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Zhao J, Wang M, Saroja SG, Khan IA. NMR technique and methodology in botanical health product analysis and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114376. [PMID: 34656935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals have played an important role in maintaining human health and well-being throughout history. During the past few decades in particular, the use of botanical health products has gained more popularity. Whereas, quality, safety and efficacy concerns have continuously been critical issues due to the intrinsic chemical complexity of botanicals. Chemical analytical technologies play an imperative role in addressing these issues. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful and useful tool for the investigation of botanical health products. In this review, NMR techniques and methodologies that have been successfully applied to the research and development of botanical health products in all stages, from plants to products, are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, applications of NMR together with other analytical techniques in a variety of domains of botanical health products investigation, such as plant species differentiation, adulteration detection, and bio-activity evaluation, are discussed and illustrated with typical examples. This article provides an overview of the potential uses of NMR techniques and methodologies in an attempt to further promote their recognition and utilization in the field of botanical health products analysis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Seethapathy G Saroja
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Wadeng A, Plubrukarn A. Tracing the stability of Andrographis Herb through 1H NMR-based metabolomics and titrimetric approaches. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xie Q, Gong L, Huang F, Cao M, Liu Y, Yuan H, Li B, Jian Y, Peng C, Zhou S, Chu Y, Wang W. A Rapid and Accurate 1HNMR Method for the Identification and Quantification of Major Constituents in Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:506-514. [PMID: 33349848 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qishen Yiqi dripping pills (QSYQ), composed of four herbal medicines-Salvia miltiorrhiza, Astragalus membranaceus, Panax notoginseng, and Dalbergiaodorifera-are widely used to treat ischemic cerebrovascular and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular conditions. OBJECTIVE In this study, a rapid and accurate proton NMR (1HNMR) spectroscopy method was established to control the quality of QSYQ and ensure their clinical efficacy. METHOD Firstly, different types of metabolites were identified based on the proton signal peaks of chemical shifts, coupling constants, and related information provided through two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Secondly, a quantitative 1HNMR method was established for the simultaneous determination of major constituents in QSYQ samples. In addition, an HPLC method was performed to verify the results obtained by the quantitative proton NMR (qHNMR) method. RESULTS In the present study, 26 metabolites were identified in the 1HNMR spectra of QSYQ. In addition, a rapid and accruate qHNMR method was established for the simultaneous determination of protocatechualdehyde, rosmarinic acid, danshensu, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and ononin in ten batches of QSYQ samples for the first time. Moreover, the proposed qHNMR method and HPLC method were compared using Bland-Altman and plots Passing-Bablok regression, indicating no significant differences and a strong correlation between the two analytical methods. CONCLUSIONS This method is an important tool for the identification and quantification of major constituents in QSYQ. HIGHLIGHTS Compared with traditional HPLC, the established qHNMR method has the advantages of simple sample preparation, short analysis time, and non-destructive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Xie
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Limin Gong
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Feibing Huang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Mengru Cao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Yongbei Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Bin Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Yuqing Jian
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Caiyun Peng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tasly Academy, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300410
| | - Yang Chu
- Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tasly Academy, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300410.,Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovation Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300410
| | - Wei Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
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Liu J, Liu H, Dai Z, Ma S. Quality Analysis of Long dan Xie gan Pill by a Combination of Fingerprint and Multicomponent Quantification with Chemometrics Analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:4105092. [PMID: 30647985 PMCID: PMC6311738 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Long dan Xie gan pill is a traditional complex compound preparation with a long history for treatment of diseases, including hepatocolic hygropyrexia, dizziness, tinnitus, and deafness. Quality of products from different manufacturers may be varied. Since the current standard could not control the quality of products in a comprehensive and effective way, this study aimed at establishing a practical and convenient approach for holistic quality control of the preparation. This study included both qualitative and quantitative works to get information on the overall composition and main components, respectively. As a result, HPLC fingerprint (UV 240 nm) similarities of all fifty samples were in the range of 0.65∼0.99. Results indicated that there was a difference among products from different manufacturers. Additionally, ten characteristic peaks of the fingerprint were tentatively identified by LC-MS. Further chemometrics analysis was utilized to evaluate the products from different manufacturers. At the same time, the HPLC (UV 285 nm) multicomponent quantification result showed that contents of gentiopicrin, baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin were in the range of 0.61-5.40, 1.96-5.33, 0.10-3.40, and 0.046-1.16 mg·g-1, respectively. Data analysis verified the main different component of baicalein from the fingerprint statistical analysis. It is worth mentioning that the qualitative fingerprint and quantitative multicomponent determination were simultaneously accomplished by HPLC-DAD with dual channels. The study provided sound basis for improving quality control standards. This study also provided practical strategy for overall quality control of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
- Institute of Food and Drug, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Zhong Dai
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
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Zhang YQ, Wang SS, Han C, Xu JF, Luo JG, Kong LY. Online hyphenation of extraction, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and high-speed countercurrent chromatography: A highly efficient strategy for the preparative separation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata
in a single step. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4865-4871. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Chao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jin-Fang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guang Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Determination of Epigoitrin in Radix Isatidis by Solid Phase Extraction-Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Compound Danshen extract based on 1 H NMR method and its application for quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:183-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Anti-Diabetic Activity and Metabolic Changes Induced by Andrographis paniculata Plant Extract in Obese Diabetic Rats. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081026. [PMID: 27517894 PMCID: PMC6273188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is an annual herb and widely cultivated in Southeast Asian countries for its medicinal use. In recent investigations, A. paniculata was found to be effective against Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM). Here, we used a non-genetic out-bred Sprague-Dawley rat model to test the antidiabetic activity of A. paniculata against Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analyses was used to evaluate the A. paniculata and metformin induced metabolic effects on the obese and obese–diabetic (obdb) rat models. Compared to the normal rats, high levels of creatinine, lactate, and allantoin were found in the urine of obese rats, whereas, obese-diabetic rats were marked by high glucose, choline and taurine levels, and low lactate, formate, creatinine, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, dimethylamine, acetoacetate, acetate, allantoin and hippurate levels. Treatment of A. paniculata leaf water extract was found to be quite effective in restoring the disturbed metabolic profile of obdb rats back towards normal conditions. Thisstudy shows the anti-diabetic potential of A. paniculata plant extract and strengthens the idea of using this plant against the diabetes. Further classical genetic methods and state of the art molecular techniques could provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and anti-diabetic effects of A. paniculata water extract.
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Novel electroanalyical method for the determination of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata extract and urine samples. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang L, Liu Q, Yu J, Zeng H, Jiang S, Chen X. Separation of five compounds from leaves ofAndrographis paniculata(Burm. f.) Nees by off-line two-dimensional high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with gradient and recycling elution. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1476-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Jingang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Hualiang Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Shujing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Resource-conserving and Environment-friendly Society and Ecological Civilization; Changsha China
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Tian X, Liang S, Wang C, Wu B, Ge G, Deng S, Liu K, Yang L, Ma X. Regioselective glucuronidation of andrographolide and its major derivatives: metabolite identification, isozyme contribution, and species differences. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:156-66. [PMID: 25204783 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide (AND) and two of its derivatives, deoxyandrographolide (DEO) and dehydroandrographolide (DEH), are widely used in clinical practice as anti-inflammatory agents. However, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-mediated phase II metabolism of these compounds is not fully understood. In this study, glucuronidation of AND, DEO, and DEH was characterized using liver microsomes and recombinant UGT enzymes. We isolated six glucuronides and identified them using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We also systematically analyzed various kinetic parameters (K m, V max, and CLint) for glucuronidation of AND, DEO, and DEH. Among 12 commercially available UGT enzymes, UGT1A3, 1A4, 2B4, and 2B7 exhibited metabolic activities toward AND, DEO, and DEH. Further, UGT2B7 made the greatest contribution to glucuronidation of all three anti-inflammatory agents. Regioselective glucuronidation showed considerable species differences. 19-O-Glucuronides were present in liver microsomes from all species except rats. 3-O-Glucuronides were produced by pig and cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes for all compounds, and 3-O-glucuronide of DEH was detected in mouse and rat liver microsomes (RLM). Variations in K m values were 48.6-fold (1.93-93.6 μM) and 49.5-fold (2.01-99.1 μM) for 19-O-glucuronide and 3-O-glucuronide formation, respectively. Total intrinsic clearances (CLint) for 3-O- and 19-O-glucuronidation varied 4.8-fold (22.7-110 μL min(-1) mg(-1)), 10.6-fold (94.2-991 μL min(-1) mg(-1)), and 8.3-fold (122-1,010 μL min(-1) mg(-1)), for AND, DEH, and DEO, respectively. Our results indicate that UGT2B7 is the major UGT enzyme involved in the metabolism of AND, DEO, and DEH. Metabolic pathways in the glucuronidation of AND, DEO, and DEH showed considerable species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
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Okhuarobo A, Ehizogie Falodun J, Erharuyi O, Imieje V, Falodun A, Langer P. Harnessing the medicinal properties of Andrographis paniculata for diseases and beyond: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhang C, Zhang T, Oyler NA, Youan BBC. Direct and Real-Time Quantification of Tenofovir Release from pH-Sensitive Microparticles into Simulated Biological Fluids Using 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1170-1177. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Song YX, Liu SP, Jin Z, Qin JF, Jiang ZY. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Andrographis paniculata by rapid resolution liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Molecules 2013; 18:12192-207. [PMID: 24084022 PMCID: PMC6270035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid resolution liquid chromatography/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-TOF/MS) method was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major chemical constituents in Andrographis paniculata. Fifteen compounds, including flavonoids and diterpenoid lactones, were unambiguously or tentatively identified in 10 min by comparing their retention times and accurate masses with standards or literature data. The characteristic fragmentation patterns of flavonoids and diterpenoid lactones were summarized, and the structures of the unknown compounds were predicted. Andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide and neoandrographolide were further quantified as marker substances. It was found that the calibration curves for all analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9995) within the test ranges. The overall limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.02 μg/mL to 0.06 μg/mL and 0.06 μg/mL to 0.2 μg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra- and inter-day precisions were below 3.3% and 4.2%, respectively. The mean recovery rates ranged from 96.7% to 104.5% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 2.72%. It is concluded that RRLC-TOF/MS is powerful and practical in qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex plant samples due to time savings, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and lowering solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (S.-P.L.); (Z.J.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-X.S.); (J.-F.Q.); Tel.: +86-451-8555-5689 (Y.-X.S.); Fax: +86-451-5364-2755 (Y.-X.S.); +86-451-5735-5698 (J.-F.Q.)
| | - Shi-Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (S.-P.L.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (S.-P.L.); (Z.J.)
| | - Jian-Fei Qin
- Harbin Sanlian Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Harbin 150025, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-X.S.); (J.-F.Q.); Tel.: +86-451-8555-5689 (Y.-X.S.); Fax: +86-451-5364-2755 (Y.-X.S.); +86-451-5735-5698 (J.-F.Q.)
| | - Zhi-Yuan Jiang
- Heilongjiang Province Agricultural Reclamation Administration of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150090, China; E-Mail:
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