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Hegde PV, Morse BL. Mechanistic Account of Distinct Change in Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B (OATP1B) Substrate Pharmacokinetics during OATP1B-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:886-898. [PMID: 38740464 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of transporters in drug clearance is widely acknowledged, directly and indirectly by facilitating tissue/enzyme exposure. Through the latter, transporters also affect volume of distribution. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1/1B3 and SLCO1B1 pharmacogenetics lead to altered pharmacokinetics of OATP1B substrates; however, several factors may confound direct interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameters from these clinical studies using noncompartmental analysis (NCA). A review of clinical data herein indicates a single dose of OATP1B inhibitor rifampin almost never leads to increased substrate half-life but often a decrease and that most clinical OATP1B substrates are CYP3A4 substrates and/or undergo enterohepatic cycling (EHC). Using hypothetically simple OATP1B substrate physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, simulated effect of rifampin differed from specific OATP1B inhibition due to short rifampin half-life causing dissipation of OATP1B inhibition over time combined with CYP3A4 induction. Calculated using simulated tissue data, volume of distribution indeed decreased with OATP1B inhibition and was expectedly limited to the contribution of liver volume. However, an apparent and counterintuitive effect of rifampin on volume greater than that on clearance resulted for CYP3A4 substrates using NCA. The effect of OATP1B inhibition and rifampin on OATP1B substrate models incorporating EHC plus or minus renal clearance was distinct compared with simpler models. Using PBPK models incorporating reversible lactone metabolism for clinical OATP1B substrates atorvastatin and pitavastatin, DDIs reporting decreased half-life with rifampin were reproduced. These simulations provide an explanation for the distinct change in OATP1B substrate pharmacokinetics observed in clinical studies, including changes in volume of distribution and additional mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Transporters are involved in drug clearance and volume of distribution, and distinct changes in OATP1B substrate pharmacokinetics are observed with OATP1B inhibitor rifampin. Using hypothetical and validated PBPK models and simulations, this study addresses the limitations of single-dose rifampin and complicated clinical OATP1B substrate disposition in evaluating the pharmacokinetic parameters of OATP1B substrates during rifampin drug-drug interactions (DDIs). These models account for change in volume of distribution and identify additional mechanisms underlying apparent pharmacokinetic changes in OATP1B DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja V Hegde
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Almalki AH, Abduljabbar MH, Alzhrani RM, Alosaimi ME, Serag A. Determination of valsartan and pitavastatin using synchronous spectrofluorimetry and augmented least squares chemometric models: A comparative study with greenness and blueness assessment. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4803. [PMID: 38880967 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are two common conditions that require effective management to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among the medications commonly used for the treatment of these conditions, valsartan and pitavastatin have shown significant efficacy in lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, respectively. In this study, synchronous spectrofluorimetry coupled to chemometric analysis tools, specifically concentration residual augmented classical least squares (CRACLS) and spectral residual augmented classical least squares (SRACLS), was employed for the determination of valsartan and pitavastatin simultaneously. The developed models exhibited excellent predictive performance with relative root mean square error of prediction (RRMSEP) of 2.253 and 2.1381 for valsartan and pitavastatin, respectively. Hence, these models were successfully applied to the analysis of synthetic samples and commercial formulations as well as plasma samples with high accuracy and precision. Besides, the greenness and blueness profiles of the determined samples were also evaluated to assess their environmental impact and analytical practicability. The results demonstrated excellent greenness and blueness scores with AGREE score of 0.7 and BAGI score of 75 posing the proposed method as reliable and sensitive approach for the determination of valsartan and pitavastatin with potential applications in pharmaceutical quality control, bioanalytical studies, and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiah H Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram H Abduljabbar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami M Alzhrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Serag
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
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Cho CK, Mo JY, Ko E, Kang P, Jang CG, Lee SY, Lee YJ, Bae JW, Choi CI. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of pitavastatin in relation to SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:95-110. [PMID: 38159179 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pitavastatin, a potent 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Hepatic uptake of pitavastatin is predominantly occupied by the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene, which is a polymorphic gene that encodes OATP1B1. SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin. This study aimed to establish the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict pitavastatin pharmacokinetics according to SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism. PK-Sim® version 10.0 was used to establish the whole-body PBPK model of pitavastatin. Our pharmacogenomic data and a total of 27 clinical pharmacokinetic data with different dose administration and demographic properties were used to develop and validate the model, respectively. Physicochemical properties and disposition characteristics of pitavastatin were acquired from previously reported data or optimized to capture the plasma concentration-time profiles in different SLCO1B1 diplotypes. Model evaluation was performed by comparing the predicted pharmacokinetic parameters and profiles to the observed data. Predicted plasma concentration-time profiles were visually similar to the observed profiles in the non-genotyped populations and different SLCO1B1 diplotypes. All fold error values for AUC and Cmax were included in the two fold range of observed values. Thus, the PBPK model of pitavastatin in different SLCO1B1 diplotypes was properly established. The present study can be useful to individualize the dose administration strategy of pitavastatin in individuals with various ages, races, and SLCO1B1 diplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Keun Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Mo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunvin Ko
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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McCrea JB, Hussain A, Ma B, Garrett GC, Evers R, Laabs JE, Stoch SA, Iwamoto M. Assessment of Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Gefapixant (MK-7264), a P2X3 Receptor Antagonist, and the OATP1B1 Drug Transporter Substrate Pitavastatin. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:406-412. [PMID: 34821075 PMCID: PMC9298894 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gefapixant (MK‐7264, AF‐219), a first‐in‐class P2X3 antagonist, is being developed as oral treatment for refractory or unexplained chronic cough. Based on in vitro data, gefapixant exerts inhibitory activity on the organic anion transporter (OAT) P1B1 transporter. Therefore, a drug‐drug interaction study evaluating the potential effects of gefapixant on the OATP1B1 drug transporter, using pitavastatin as a sensitive probe substrate, was conducted. An open‐label, 2‐period, fixed‐sequence study in 20 healthy adults 18 to 55 years old was conducted. In period 1, a 1‐mg oral dose of pitavastatin was administered to each participant. After a ≥4‐day washout, in period 2 participants received a 45‐mg oral dose of gefapixant twice daily on days 1 through 4. On day 2 of period 2, pitavastatin was coadministered with the morning dose of gefapixant. Pitavastatin exposures following single‐dose administration with and without multiple doses of gefapixant were similar: geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of pitavastatin area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0‐∞) (pitavastatin + gefapixant/pitavastatin alone) was 0.97 (0.93‐1.02). The ratio of pitavastatin lactone AUC0‐∞ to pitavastatin AUC0‐∞ was also comparable between treatments. Administration of gefapixant and pitavastatin was generally well tolerated, with no safety findings of concern. These results support that gefapixant has a low potential to inhibit the OATP1B1 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bennett Ma
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Raymond Evers
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.,Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Springhouse, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John E Laabs
- Celerion, 2420 W. Baseline Road, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Lynch KD, Montonye ML, Tian DD, Arman T, Oyanna VO, Bechtold BJ, Graf TN, Oberlies NH, Paine MF, Clarke JD. Hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides mediate disposition of milk thistle flavonolignans and pharmacokinetic silymarin-drug interactions. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3286-3297. [PMID: 33587330 PMCID: PMC8217340 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae), commonly known as milk thistle, is a botanical natural product used to self-treat multiple diseases such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). An extract from milk thistle seeds (achenes), termed silymarin, is comprised primarily of several flavonolignans. Systemic concentrations of these flavonolignans can influence the potential biologic effects of silymarin and the risk for pharmacokinetic silymarin-drug interactions. The aims of this research were to determine the roles of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs/Oatps) in silymarin flavonolignan disposition and in pharmacokinetic silymarin-drug interactions. The seven major flavonolignans from silymarin were determined to be substrates for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1. Sprague Dawley rats were fed either a control diet or a NASH-inducing diet and administered pitavastatin (OATP/Oatp probe substrate), followed by silymarin via oral gavage. Decreased protein expression of Oatp1b2 and Oatp1a4 in NASH animals increased flavonolignan area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration. The combination of silymarin inhibition of Oatps and NASH-associated decrease in Oatp expression caused an additive increase in plasma pitavastatin AUC in the animals. These data indicate that OATPs/Oatps contribute to flavonolignan cellular uptake and mediate the interaction between silymarin and NASH on pitavastatin systemic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D. Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Michelle L. Montonye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Tarana Arman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Victoria O. Oyanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Baron J. Bechtold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Mary F. Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - John D. Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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Chanda R, Kar A, Das A, Chakraborty B, Jana U. Iron-catalyzed carboarylation of alkynes via activation of π-activated alcohols: rapid synthesis of substituted benzofused six-membered heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5155-5160. [PMID: 34037047 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An Fe(OTf)3-catalysed carboarylation of alkynes is reported for the straightforward synthesis of densely substituted 1,2-dihydroquinolines from N-propargyl anilides and π-activated alcohols. The reaction provides a new method for the synthesis of highly substituted benzofused six-membered heterocycles by the formation of two carbon-carbon bonds and one ring in a single step. The power of the methodology was further extended to the synthesis of substituted chromene and thiochromene derivatives in high yields. In addition, substituted quinoline derivatives were also achieved in a single step in the presence of FeCl3 through detosylation/aromatisation. A number of control experiments have been performed and a plausible mechanism has also been proposed to explain the formation of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsa Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Abhishek Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Baitan Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Umasish Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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Sabeel S, Motaung B, Ozturk M, Mukasa S, Kengne AP, Blom D, Sliwa K, Nepolo E, Günther G, Wilkinson RJ, Schacht C, Thienemann F, Guler R. Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis: impact of statins as immune-modulatory agents on inflammatory markers in adults with chronic diseases. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039034. [PMID: 32792452 PMCID: PMC7430409 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins, also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, are lipid-lowering agents that are central in preventing or reducing the complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Because statins have anti-inflammatory properties, there is considerable interest in their therapeutic potential in other chronic inflammatory conditions. We aim to identify the statin with the greatest ability to reduce systemic inflammation, independent of the underlying disease entity. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We aim to conduct a comprehensive search of published and peer-reviewed randomised controlled clinical trials, with at least one intervention arm of a Food & Drug Administration-licensed or European Medicines Agency-licensed statin and a minimum treatment duration of 12 weeks. Our objective is to investigate the effect of statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin) on lipid profile, particularly, cholesterol low-density lipoprotein and inflammation markers such as high-sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), CRP, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) or sCD16 in adults, published in the last 20 years (between January 1999 and December 2019). We aim to identify the most potent statin to reduce systemic inflammation and optimal dosing. The following databases will be searched: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews. The risk of bias of included studies will be assessed by Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. The quality of studies will be assessed, to show uncertainty, by the Jadad Score. If sufficient evidence is identified, a meta-analysis will be conducted with risk ratios or ORs with 95% CIs in addition to mean differences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required as no primary data will be collected. Results will be presented at conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020169919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solima Sabeel
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bongani Motaung
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Mukasa
- General Medicine & Global Health, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Blom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Gunar Günther
- University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
- Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Friedrich Thienemann
- General Medicine & Global Health, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Carter SJ, Chouhan B, Sharma P, Chappell MJ. Prediction of Clinical Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions via Comeasurement of Pitavastatin and Eltrombopag in Human Hepatocyte Models. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:211-221. [PMID: 32142598 PMCID: PMC7179958 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A structurally identifiable micro‐rate constant mechanistic model was used to describe the interaction between pitavastatin and eltrombopag, with improved goodness‐of‐fit values through comeasurement of pitavastatin and eltrombopag. Transporter association and dissociation rate constants and passive rates out of the cell were similar between pitavastatin and eltrombopag. Translocation into the cell through transporter‐mediated uptake was six times greater for pitavastatin, leading to pronounced inhibition of pitavastatin uptake by eltrombopag. The passive rate into the cell was 91 times smaller for pitavastatin compared with eltrombopag. A semimechanistic physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to evaluate the potential for clinical drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The PBPK model predicted a twofold increase in the pitavastatin peak blood concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve in the presence of eltrombopag in simulated healthy volunteers. The use of structural identifiability supporting experimental design combined with robust micro‐rate constant parameter estimates and a semimechanistic PBPK model gave more informed predictions of transporter‐mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Carter
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Bhavik Chouhan
- Functional & Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Chappell
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Quantitative bio-analysis of pitavastatin and candesartan in rat plasma by HPLC-UV: Assessment of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1138:121962. [PMID: 31915110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel, precise, accurate and rapid HPLC-UV method was developed, optimised and fully validated for simultaneous estimation of pitavastatin (PIT) and candesartan (CAN) in rat plasma using telmisartan as an internal standard. Following liquid-liquid extraction of the analytes from plasma, chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Waters Reliant C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) using ACN-5 mM Sodium acetate buffer (80:20, v/v; pH adjusted to 3.5 with acetic acid) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and wavelength of 234 nm. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 2-400 ng/mL and 3-400 ng/mL for pitavastatin and candesartan respectively. The method when validated as per US-FDA guidelines was found to be precise as well as accurate. Extraction recovery observed for both analytes was above 90% as well as reproducible and consistent. Stability studies showed the samples to be stable over a long period covering from sample collection to final analysis. The method was successfully applied to investigate pharmacokinetic interaction between PIT and CAN in wistar rats. The mean plasma concentration-time curves of PIT and CAN showed that single PIT as well as CAN show similar pharmacokinetic properties to those obtained when co-administrated with each other (P value >0.05). Hence, there is no evidence for a potential drug-drug interaction between PIT and CAN. This information provides evidence for clinical rational use of CAN and PIT in cardiovascular patients.
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Scherf-Clavel O, Kinzig M, Stoffel MS, Fuhr U, Sörgel F. Quantification of adefovir and pitavastatin in human plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS: A useful tool for drug-drug interaction studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Montonye ML, Tian DD, Arman T, Lynch KD, Hagenbuch B, Paine MF, Clarke JD. A Pharmacokinetic Natural Product-Disease-Drug Interaction: A Double Hit of Silymarin and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis on Hepatic Transporters in a Rat Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:385-393. [PMID: 31420525 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.260489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) exhibit altered hepatic protein expression of metabolizing enzymes and transporters and altered xenobiotic pharmacokinetics. The botanical natural product silymarin, which has been investigated as a treatment of NASH, contains flavonolignans that inhibit organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporter function. The purpose of this study was to assess the individual and combined effects of NASH and silymarin on the disposition of the model OATP substrate pitavastatin. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a control or a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (NASH model) for 8 weeks. Silymarin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle followed by pitavastatin (0.5 mg/kg) were administered intravenously, and the pharmacokinetics were determined. NASH increased mean total flavonolignan area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-120 min) 1.7-fold. Silymarin increased pitavastatin AUC0-120 min in both control and NASH animals approx. 2-fold. NASH increased pitavastatin plasma concentrations from 2 to 40 minutes, but AUC0-120 min was unchanged. The combination of silymarin and NASH had the greatest effect on pitavastatin AUC0-120 min, which increased 2.9-fold compared with control vehicle-treated animals. NASH increased the total amount of pitavastatin excreted into the bile 2.7-fold compared with control animals, whereas silymarin decreased pitavastatin biliary clearance approx. 3-fold in both control and NASH animals. This double hit of NASH and silymarin on hepatic uptake transporters is another example of a multifactorial pharmacokinetic interaction that may have a greater impact on drug disposition than each hit alone. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Multifactorial effects on xenobiotic pharmacokinetics are within the next frontier for precision medicine research and clinical application. The combination of silymarin and NASH is a probable clinical scenario that can affect drug uptake, liver concentrations, biliary elimination, and ultimately, efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Montonye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.L.M., D.-D.T., T.A., K.D.L., M.F.P., J.D.C.) and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.L.M., D.-D.T., T.A., K.D.L., M.F.P., J.D.C.) and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Tarana Arman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.L.M., D.-D.T., T.A., K.D.L., M.F.P., J.D.C.) and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Katherine D Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.L.M., D.-D.T., T.A., K.D.L., M.F.P., J.D.C.) and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.L.M., D.-D.T., T.A., K.D.L., M.F.P., J.D.C.) and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.L.M., D.-D.T., T.A., K.D.L., M.F.P., J.D.C.) and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.L.M., D.-D.T., T.A., K.D.L., M.F.P., J.D.C.) and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
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12
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Nakano K, Matoba T, Koga JI, Kashihara Y, Fukae M, Ieiri I, Shiramoto M, Irie S, Kishimoto J, Todaka K, Egashira K. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of NK-104-NP. Int Heart J 2018; 59:1015-1025. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.17-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaku Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Jun-ichiro Koga
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Yushi Kashihara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Masato Fukae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Junji Kishimoto
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital
| | - Koji Todaka
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Medicine, Center for Disruptive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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13
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Microdosing Cocktail Assay Development for Drug-Drug Interaction Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1973-1986. [PMID: 29548977 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methodology for analysis of a microdosing drug cocktail designed to evaluate the contribution of drug transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes to disposition was developed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based detection. Fast and sensitive methods were developed and qualified for the quantification of statins (pitavastatin, pitavastain lactone, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, 2-hydroxy, and 4-hydroxy atorvastatin), midazolam, and dabigatran in human plasma. Chromatographic separation was accomplished using reversed-phase liquid chromatography or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with gradient elution and detection by tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ionization mode using electrospray ionization. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for the statins assay was 1 pg/mL for the 6 analytes with a linear range from 1 to 1000 pg/mL processing 250 μL plasma sample. The midazolam assay LLOQ was 0.5 pg/mL with a linear range of 0.5 to 1000 pg/mL. For the dabigatran assay, the LLOQ was 10 pg/mL with a linear range of 10 to 5000 pg/mL processing 100 μL plasma sample. The intraday and interday precision and accuracy of the assays were within acceptable ranges, and the assays were successfully applied to support a study where a microdose cocktail was dosed to healthy human subjects for simultaneous assessment of clinical drug-drug interactions mediated by major drug transporters and CYP3A.
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14
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Surendran S, Paul D, Sushmita R, Krishna L, Tiwari NK, Giri S, Satheeshkumar N. A validated LC–MS/MS method for the estimation of glimepiride and pitavastatin in rat plasma: Application to drug interaction studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1046:218-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Patel M, Kothari C. Critical review of statins: A bio-analytical perspective for therapeutic drug monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Chen X, Xu B, Yang J, Liu J, Fang D, Gu Y, Jian Z, Tang M, Fu C, Zhang Z, Jiang C, Song X. Simultaneous determination of telmisartan and pitavastatin in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to pharmacokinetic interaction study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:373-379. [PMID: 27643859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between telmisartan (Tel) and pitavastatin (Pit), a rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay method had been successfully established and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of Tel and Pit in rat plasma. A simple protein precipitation procedure was adopted for the sample preparation with satisfactory extraction recovery for both analytes and the internal standard. The samples were chromatographed on an Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column (100mm×2.1mm, 2μm) using a mixture of acetonitrile and 10mM ammonium acetate containing 0.1% formic acid (60: 40, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The calibration curves obtained were linear (r>0.99) over the concentration range of 2-200ng/mL for Tel and 1-100ng/mL for Pit, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to the PK study and the data did not reveal any evidence for the potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) between Tel and Pit. This information would provide the evidence for clinical rational use of Tel and Pit, and this study might be applied in therapeutic drug monitoring in patients receiving Tel/Pit combinations or single drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Liu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dailong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhifei Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Fu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Abstract
Background: Statins are the microsomal 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Some recent studies revealed also the extra-lipid effects and anticancer activities. Due to the wide incidence of cancer diseases, the number of studies dealing with anticancer statin activities has grown in recent years. Development of one universal multistatin method will be a very convenient way of providing practical and economical multiple statin analysis. Results/methodology: Fast and sensitive methods for determination of seven clinically relevant statins, their interconversion products and metabolites (17 analytes in total) in biological samples using microextraction by packed sorbent for sample preparation and UHPLC–MS/MS for subsequent analysis were developed and validated. Three MS platforms with different ion sources, transfer optics, collision cell technologies and scan speed parameters were compared. Conclusion: Significant differences among the methods were observed in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. Microextraction by packed sorbent was successful in the extraction of all 17 analytes from biological matrix.
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18
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Luo Z, Zhang Y, Gu J, Feng P, Wang Y. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Single- and Multiple-Dose Pitavastatin Calcium Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2015; 77:52-7. [PMID: 26082816 PMCID: PMC4460194 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitavastatin is a newly developed 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor approved for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Pharmacokinetic properties of pitavastatin have been studied previously. OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of pitavastatin in healthy Chinese volunteers after single-dose and multiple-dose administration. METHODS An open-label, randomized, single-dose and multiple-dose study was conducted in healthy Chinese volunteers. The study included 4 stages, each separated with a 5-day washout period. A randomized, 3-way crossover design was carried out in Stages 1 to 3 for the single-dose study. Eligible subjects were randomized to receive a single 1 mg, 2 mg, or 4 mg pitavastatin calcium tablet. Blood samples were obtained predose and up to 36 hours following dosing. In Stage 4 the subjects received a 2-mg pitavastatin calcium tablet once daily for 6 days. At the last day of multiple dosing, blood samples were collected predose and up to 48 hours following dosing. Plasma pitavastatin was quantified by a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Tolerability was assessed by the adverse events, physical examination, 12-lead ECG, and laboratory tests. RESULTS Twelve volunteers (6 male and 6 female) were enrolled in the study and 11 of them completed all 4 study stages. Following a single dose of 1 mg, 2 mg, and 4 mg, the mean (SD) Tmax values were 0.63 (0.17) hours, 0.65 (0.17) hours, and 0.79 (0.36) hours, respectively; the corresponding Cmax values were 66.80 (16.32) ng/mL, 106.09 (31.59) ng/mL, and 232.91 (66.42) ng/mL, respectively. AUC0-36 values were 190.04 (38.97) ng/mL/h, 307.87 (57.94) ng/mL/h, and 785.10 (166.08) ng/mL/h, respectively, whereas t1/2 values were 10.99 (2.70) hours, 9.52 (2.58) hours, and 10.38 (4.28) hours, respectively. The AUC and Cmax showed dose proportionality after single dosing according to linear-regression analysis. In the multiple-dose study, a rapid absorption (Tmax of 0.68 [0.20] hours) and marked peak concentration of 90.99 (36.88) ng/mL were observed. AUC0-48 and AUCss were 306.28 (130.02) ng/mL/h and 256.16 (116.34) ng/mL/h, respectively. The elimination half-life after multiple dosing was significantly prolonged, which amounted to 13.31 (2.58) hours. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters between the male and female groups revealed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS In healthy Chinese volunteers, single dosing of 1 mg, 2 mg, and 4 mg pitavastatin resulted in linear plasma pharmacokinetic properties. Compared with single dosing, multiple dosing of pitavastatin showed different distribution and elimination characteristics. Sex did not appear to affect the pharmacokinetic properties of pitavastatin. Chictr.org identifier: ChiCTR-OO-13004294.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Luo
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu China
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19
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Ultra-High Performance Method on Superficially Porous Stationary Phase for the Determination of Related Substances in Pitavastatin Calcium by HPLC. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Zheng XH, Jiang LY, Zhao LT, Zhang QY, Ding L. Simultaneous quantitation of folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in human plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Anal 2015; 5:269-275. [PMID: 29403940 PMCID: PMC5762215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive method based on high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of folic acid (FA) and its active metabolite, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-M-THF), in human plasma. The analytes were extracted from plasma with methanol solution containing 10 mg/mL of 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.025% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide. FA and 5-M-THF were more stable after the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol and ammonium hydroxide in the sample preparation procedures of this study than they were in the previously published methods. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Hedera ODS-2 column using a gradient elution system of acetonitrile and 1 mM ammonium acetate buffer solution containing 0.6% formic acid as mobile phase. LC–MS/MS was carried out with an ESI ion-source and operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The assay was linear over the concentration ranges of 0.249–19.9 ng/mL for FA, and 5.05–50.5 ng/mL for 5-M-THF. The developed LC–MS/MS method offers increased sensitivity for quantification of FA and 5-M-THF in human plasma and was applicable to a pharmacokinetic study of FA and 5-M-THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Yuan Jiang
- Medical Faculty, Quzhou College of Technology, 18 Jiangyuan road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Lan-Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Quan-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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21
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Huang YH, Li ZQ, Pan GX, Li YF, Liu Y, Sun JX, Gu XF, Li N, Wang BH. Comparison of Scaled-average, Population, and Individual Bioequivalence on 2 Tablets of Pitavastatin Calcium: A 3-Period, Reference-replicated, Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Clin Ther 2014; 36:1205-1216.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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