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Shelke M, Deshpande SS, Sharma S. Quinquennial Review of Progress in Degradation Studies and Impurity Profiling: An Instrumental Perspective Statistics. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:226-253. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1615863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Shelke
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Nie H, Mo H, Byrn SR. Investigating the Physicochemical Stability of Highly Purified Darunavir Ethanolate Extracted from PREZISTA® Tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2407-2417. [PMID: 29869313 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding physicochemical stability of darunavir ethanolate is expected to be of critical importance for the development and manufacturing of high-quality darunavir-related pharmaceutical products. However, there are no enabling monographs for darunavir to illustrate its solid-state chemistry, impurity profile, and assay methods. In addition, the US Pharmacopeia reference standard of darunavir is still not commercially available. It has been also challenging to find reliable vendors to obtain highly purified darunavir ethanolate crystals to conduct the physicochemical stability testing. In the present research, we developed a straightforward and cost-effective approach to extract and purify darunavir ethanolate from PREZISTA® tablets using reverse-engineering and crystallization. Using these highly purified crystals, we thoroughly evaluated the potential risks of degradation and form conversions of darunavir ethanolate at stressed conditions to define the manufacturing and packaging specifications for darunavir-related products. Amorphization was observed under thermal storage caused by desolvation of darunavir ethanolate. The ethanolate-to-hydrate conversion of darunavir was observed at high relative humidity conditions. Moreover, acid/base-induced degradations of darunavir have been investigated herein to determine the possible drug-excipient compatibility issues in formulations. Furthermore, it is of particular interests to allow the production of high-quality darunavir-ritonavir fixed dose combinations for marketing in Africa. Thus, a validated HPLC method was developed according to ICH guideline to simultaneously quantify assays of darunavir and ritonavir in a single injection. In summary, the findings of this study provide important information for pharmaceutical scientists to design and develop reliable formulations and processings for darunavir-related products with improved stability.
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Persons JD, Khan SN, Ishima R. An NMR strategy to detect conformational differences in a protein complexed with highly analogous inhibitors in solution. Methods 2018; 148:9-18. [PMID: 29656080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript presents an NMR strategy to investigate conformational differences in protein-inhibitor complexes, when the inhibitors tightly bind to a protein at sub-nanomolar dissociation constants and are highly analogous to each other. Using HIV-1 protease (PR), we previously evaluated amide chemical shift differences, ΔCSPs, of PR bound to darunavir (DRV) compared to PR bound to several DRV analogue inhibitors, to investigate subtle but significant long-distance conformation changes caused by the inhibitor's chemical moiety variation [Khan, S. N., Persons, J. D. Paulsen, J. L., Guerrero, M., Schiffer, C. A., Kurt-Yilmaz, N., and Ishima, R., Biochemistry, (2018), 57, 1652-1662]. However, ΔCSPs are not ideal for investigating subtle PR-inhibitor interface differences because intrinsic differences in the electron shielding of the inhibitors affect protein ΔCSPs. NMR relaxation is also not suitable as it is not sensitive enough to detect small conformational differences in rigid regions among similar PR-inhibitor complexes. Thus, to gain insight into conformational differences at the inhibitor-protein interface, we recorded 15N-half filtered NOESY spectra of PR bound to two highly analogous inhibitors and assessed NOEs between PR amide protons and inhibitor protons, between PR amide protons and hydroxyl side chains, and between PR amide protons and water protons. We also verified the PR amide-water NOEs using 2D water-NOE/ROE experiments. Differences in water-amide proton NOE peaks, possibly due to amide-protein hydrogen bonds, were observed between subunit A and subunit B, and between the DRV-bound form and an analogous inhibitor-bound form, which may contribute to remote conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Persons
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Shahid N Khan
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Khan SN, Persons JD, Paulsen JL, Guerrero M, Schiffer CA, Kurt-Yilmaz N, Ishima R. Probing Structural Changes among Analogous Inhibitor-Bound Forms of HIV-1 Protease and a Drug-Resistant Mutant in Solution by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1652-1662. [PMID: 29457713 PMCID: PMC5850901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the era of state-of-the-art inhibitor design and high-resolution structural studies, detection of significant but small protein structural differences in the inhibitor-bound forms is critical to further developing the inhibitor. Here, we probed differences in HIV-1 protease (PR) conformation among darunavir and four analogous inhibitor-bound forms and compared them with a drug-resistant mutant using nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts. Changes in amide chemical shifts of wild-type (WT) PR among these inhibitor-bound forms, ΔCSP, were subtle but detectable and extended >10 Å from the inhibitor-binding site, asymmetrically between the two subunits of PR. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed differential local hydrogen bonding as the molecular basis of this remote asymmetric change. Inhibitor-bound forms of the drug-resistant mutant also showed a similar long-range ΔCSP pattern. Differences in ΔCSP values of the WT and the mutant (ΔΔCSPs) were observed at the inhibitor-binding site and in the surrounding region. Comparing chemical shift changes among highly analogous inhibitors and ΔΔCSPs effectively eliminated local environmental effects stemming from different chemical groups and enabled exploitation of these sensitive parameters to detect subtle protein conformational changes and to elucidate asymmetric and remote conformational effects upon inhibitor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid N Khan
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John D Persons
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Janet L. Paulsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michel Guerrero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nese Kurt-Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Development and validation of a selective, sensitive and stability indicating UPLC-MS/MS method for rapid, simultaneous determination of six process related impurities in darunavir drug substance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:141-148. [PMID: 27262107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study a sensitive and selective gradient reverse phase UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of six process related impurities viz., Imp-I, Imp-II, Imp-III, Imp-IV, Imp-V and Imp-VI in darunavir. The chromatographic separation was performed on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm×2.1mm, 1.7μm) column using gradient elution of acetonitrile-methanol (80:20, v/v) and 5.0mM ammonium acetate containing 0.01% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. Both negative and positive electrospray ionization (ESI) modes were operated simultaneously using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for the quantification of all six impurities in darunavir. The developed method was fully validated following ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, robustness and sample solution stability. The method was able to quantitate Imp-I, Imp-IV, Imp-V at 0.3ppm and Imp-II, Imp-III, and Imp-VI at 0.2ppm with respect to 5.0mg/mL of darunavir. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the concentration range of LOQ to 250% for all six impurities. The correlation coefficient obtained was >0.9989 in all the cases. The accuracy of the method lies between 89.90% and 104.60% for all six impurities. Finally, the method has been successfully applied for three formulation batches of darunavir to determine the above mentioned impurities, however no impurity was found beyond the LOQ. This method is a good quality control tool for the trace level quantification of six process related impurities in darunavir during its synthesis.
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Yamjala K, Atukuri J, Nagappan K, Halekote Shivaraju N, Subramania Nainar M. Characterization of the Oxidative Degradation Product of Darunavir by LC-MS/MS. Sci Pharm 2016; 83:623-33. [PMID: 26839843 PMCID: PMC4727738 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1505-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, selective, and reliable LC-MSn method has been developed and validated for the isolation and structural characterization of the degradation product of darunavir (DRV). DRV, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, was subjected to intrinsic oxidative stress conditions using 30% hydrogen peroxide and the degradation profile was studied. The oxidative degradation of DRV resulted in one degradation product. The unknown degradation product was separated on a Hibar Purospher C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) column by using 0.01 M ammonium formate (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile as mobile phase in the ratio of 50:50, v/v. The eluents were monitored at 263 nm using a UV detector. The isolated degradation product was characterized by UPLC-Q-TOF and its fragmentation pathway was proposed. The proposed structure of the degradation product was confirmed by HRMS analysis. The developed stability-indicating LC method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, specificity/selectivity, and linearity. No prior reports were found in the literature about the oxidative degradation behavior of DRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Yamjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Jeevitha Atukuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Krishnaveni Nagappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Nivedeetha Halekote Shivaraju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
| | - Meyyanathan Subramania Nainar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, [A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore], Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu-643001, India
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Corrêa JCR, D'Arcy DM, Serra CHDR, Salgado HRN. A critical review of properties of darunavir and analytical methods for its determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:16-22. [PMID: 25391211 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.826573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Darunavir is a synthetic non-peptidic protease inhibitor that has been shown to be extremely potent against wild-type HIV, and it is an important component of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), which is considered as one of the most significant advances in the field of HIV therapy. However, there are some concerns about darunavir quality control. Darunavir shows pseudo-polymorphism: in different ambient conditions one pseudo-polymorphic form can change to another. This behavior of darunavir is problematic because the dosage form is exposed to different ambient conditions around the world, since HIV/AIDS is prevalent globally. Issues around differences in the solubility and effects that different forms of darunavir can cause are of concern, and a more stable form is preferable. Important investigations of darunavir such as dissolution behavior, polymorphism, stability and degradation studies, and the impact of that on the quality of the product are being conducted by our working group. A cure for HIV/AIDS remains a long-term commitment, and there is much yet to achieve. This article discusses, by a critical review of the literature, the impact of the use of darunavir in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, its physical-chemical properties, the analytical methods to determine it, and challenges that remain in order to ensure the quality and stability of darunavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josilene Chaves Ruela Corrêa
- a Drugs and Medicines Quality Control Laboratory , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , Brazil
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Aris AB, Majid ZA, Umar K, Talib J, Madhavi G. Development and validation of a rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of darunavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir in human plasma: Application to human pharmacokinetics. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2580-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for Sustainable Environment; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
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Ramisetti NR, Arnipalli MS, Nimmu NV. Dried blood spot analysis of (+) and (-) darunavir enantiomers on immobilized amylose tris-(3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) LC and its application to pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1878-84. [PMID: 26081678 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dried blood spot analysis is an innovative novel blood sampling technique gaining interest in drug discovery and development processes owing to its inherent advantages over the conventional whole blood, plasma or serum sample collection. The present manuscript describes the development and validation of a highly sensitive and precise method of evaluation of pharmacokinetics of (+) and (-) darunavir enantiomers on rat dried blood spots. The enantiomers on rat dried blood spots were extracted into methanol and separated by LC on a Chiralpak IA column using hexane and ethanol containing 0.1% DEA (75:25, v/v) as a mobile phase at 20°C; both the enantiomers were detected at 266 nm using a photodiode array detector. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and stability as per the US Food and Drug and Administration guidelines. The hematocrit effect on extraction recovery was evaluated and the mean recoveries of (-) and (+) enantiomers of darunavir from dried blood spots were found to be 85.76 and 88.91% respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were 3.1-8.4 and 0.8-4.8% respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of (+) and (-) enantiomers of darunavir on rat dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Ramisetti
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 607, India
| | - Manikanta Swamy Arnipalli
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 607, India
| | - Narendra Varma Nimmu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 607, India
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Mantena BPV, Rao SV, Appa Rao KMC, Ramakrishna K, Reddy RS. Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Four Potential Impurities Present in Darunavir Tablets by Reverse Phase–Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Diode-Array Detector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1037449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskara P. V. Mantena
- APL Research Centre (A Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Quthubullapur Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sumathi V. Rao
- APL Research Centre (A Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Quthubullapur Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K. M. Ch. Appa Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K. Ramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - R. Srikanth Reddy
- APL Research Centre (A Division of Aurobindo Pharma Limited), Bachupally, Quthubullapur Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Ramisetti NR, Kuntamukkala R, Lakshetti S, Sripadi P. Identification and characterization of stress degradants of lacosamide by LC-MS and ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS: development and validation of a stability indicating RP-HPLC method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:256-64. [PMID: 24699370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study dealt with the degradation behavior of lacosamide (LAC) under ICH prescribed stress conditions. LAC was found to be labile under acid and base hydrolytic stress conditions, while it was stable to neutral hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress. In total, seven degradation products (DPs) were formed, which were separated on a C18 column using a stability-indicating method. LC-MS analyses indicated that one of the DPs had the same molecular mass as that of the drug. Structural characterization of DPs was carried out using ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique. The degradation pathways and mechanisms of degradation of the drug were delineated by carrying out the degradation in different co-solvents viz. methanol, deuterated methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and acetonitrile. The developed LC method was validated for the determination of related substances and assay of LAC as per ICH guidelines. This study demonstrates a comprehensive approach of LAC degradation studies during its development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sridhar Lakshetti
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
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LC–MS/MS structural characterization of stress degradation products including the development of a stability indicating assay of Darunavir: An anti-HIV drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 89:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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