1
|
Mestria S, Chiari M, Romolo FS, Odoardi S, Rossi SS. A forensic procedure based on GC–MS, HPLC-HRMS and IBA to analyse products containing sildenafil or the doping agent oxandrolone. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 335:111282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
2
|
de Abreu Fontes J, Anzanello MJ, Brito JBG, Bucco GB, Fogliatto FS, Puglia FDP. Combining wavelength importance ranking to the random forest classifier to analyze multiclass spectral data. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:110998. [PMID: 34551367 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Near Infrared (NIR) is a type of vibrational spectroscopy widely used in different areas to characterize substances. NIR datasets are comprised of absorbance measures on a range of wavelengths (λ). Typically noisy and correlated, the use of such datasets tend to compromise the performance of several statistical techniques; one way to overcome that is to select portions of the spectra in which wavelengths are more informative. In this paper we investigate the performance of the Random Forest (RF) classifier associated with several wavelength importance ranking approaches on the task of classifying product samples into categories, such as quality levels or authenticity. Our propositions are tested using six NIR datasets comprised of two or more classes of food and pharmaceutical products, as well as illegal drugs. Our proposed classification model, an integration of the χ2 ranking score and the RF classifier, substantially reduced the number of wavelengths in the dataset, while increasing the classification accuracy when compared to the use of complete datasets. Our propositions also presented good performance when compared to competing methods available in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Abreu Fontes
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michel José Anzanello
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João B G Brito
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Brandelli Bucco
- Escola de Administração - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Washington Luiz, 855, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Sanson Fogliatto
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio do Prado Puglia
- Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brito JBG, Bucco GB, John DK, Ferrão MF, Ortiz RS, Mariotti KC, Anzanello MJ. Wavenumber selection based on Singular Value Decomposition for sample classification. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110191. [PMID: 32092622 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dissemination of falsified medicines is a public health risk. Techniques such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy are commonly adopted for fraudulent drug detection. However, the spectrum generated by the ATR-FTIR typically results in hundreds of wavenumbers, reducing the performance of classification methods aimed at discriminating between authentic and falsified medicines. This article proposes a novel method for selecting a reduced size subset of wavenumbers that improves the classifier performance. The singular value decomposition SVD is used to generate a wavenumber importance index. An iterative process creates k-nearest neighbor (KNN) models by adding the wavenumbers in a decreasing order according to the importance index. Wavenumbers that increase classification accuracy are selected. When applied to Cialis® ATR-FTIR data, the proposed approach retained average 0.51% of the original wavenumbers with 100% accurate classifications; as for the Viagra® data set, the method yielded perfect classifications retaining average 0.17% of the original wavenumbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João B G Brito
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Industrial Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme B Bucco
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - School of Administration, Washington Luiz, 855, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Danielle K John
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marco F Ferrão
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Bioanalítca (INCT - Bioanalítica), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael S Ortiz
- Brazilian Federal Police - Technical and Scientifical Division, Av. Ipiranga, 1365, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil.
| | - Kristiane C Mariotti
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Pharmacy, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Michel J Anzanello
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Department of Industrial Engineering, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99 - 5° andar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Romolo FS, Salvini A, Zelaschi F, Oddone M, Odoardi S, Mestria S, Strano Rossi S. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) characterisation of sildenafil based products seized on the Italian illegal market. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2019; 1:126-136. [PMID: 32411964 PMCID: PMC7221474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The commerce of illegal and counterfeit medicinal products on internet is a serious criminal problem. Drugs for erectile dysfunction such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor are the most commonly counterfeited medicines in Europe. The search of possible toxic chemical substances in seized products is needed. Moreover, the profiling of the material can be the source of relevant forensic information. For the first time a combined approach based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is proposed and tested, allowing characterisation of both authentic and illegal pharmaceuticals containing sildenafil seized in Italy. LC-HRMS allowed the detection and identification of unknown impurities not reported on labels in illegal products and the quantitation of the sildenafil. INAA showed to be suitable to provide both qualitative and quantitative information for forensic purposes on 23 elements, allowing discrimination between legal and illegal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Salvini
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Zelaschi
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Oddone
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Sabina Strano Rossi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
dos Santos MK, de Cassia Mariotti K, Kahmann A, Anzanello MJ, Ferrão MF, de Araújo Gomes A, Limberger RP, Ortiz RS. Comparison between counterfeit and authentic medicines: A novel approach using differential scanning calorimetry and hierarchical cluster analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:304-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
6
|
Interval importance index to select relevant ATR-FTIR wavenumber Intervals for falsified drug classification. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:494-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Wavenumber selection method to determine the concentration of cocaine and adulterants in cocaine samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
8
|
Coelho Neto J, Lisboa FL. ATR-FTIR characterization of generic brand-named and counterfeit sildenafil- and tadalafil-based tablets found on the Brazilian market. Sci Justice 2017; 57:283-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
9
|
Mateescu C, Popescu AM, Radu GL, Onisei T, Raducanu AE. Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Methods Used for the Screening of Certain Herbal Food Supplements Suspected of Adulteration. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:251-259. [PMID: 28761827 PMCID: PMC5527239 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study was carried out in order to find a reliable method for the fast detection of adulterated herbal food supplements with sexual enhancement claims. As some herbal products are advertised as "all natural", their "efficiency" is often increased by addition of active pharmaceutical ingredients such as PDE-5 inhibitors, which can be a real health threat for the consumer.
Methodes: Adulterants, potentially present in 50 herbal food supplements with sexual improvement claims, were detected using 2 spectroscopic methods - Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared - known for reliability, reproductibility, and an easy sample preparation. GC-MS technique was used to confirm the potential adulterants spectra.
Results: About 22% (11 out of 50 samples) of herbal food supplements with sexual enhancement claims analyzed by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods proved to be "enriched" with active pharmaceutical compounds such as: sildenafil and two of its analogues, tadalafil and phenolphthalein. The occurence of phenolphthalein could be the reason for the non-relevant results obtained by FTIR method in some samples. 91% of the adulterated herbal food supplements were originating from China.
Conclusion: The results of this screening highlighted the necessity for an accurate analysis of all alleged herbal aphrodisiacs on the Romanian market. This is a first such a screening analysis carried out on herbal food supplements with sexual enhancement claims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mateescu
- National Office for Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Bee Products - National Research and Development Institute for Food Bioresources - IBA Bucharest, 6 Dinu Vintila Str., 021102, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Mihaela Popescu
- National Office for Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Bee Products - National Research and Development Institute for Food Bioresources - IBA Bucharest, 6 Dinu Vintila Str., 021102, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science - University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Lucian Radu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science - University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Onisei
- National Office for Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Bee Products - National Research and Development Institute for Food Bioresources - IBA Bucharest, 6 Dinu Vintila Str., 021102, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Elena Raducanu
- National Office for Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Bee Products - National Research and Development Institute for Food Bioresources - IBA Bucharest, 6 Dinu Vintila Str., 021102, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anzanello MJ, Yamashita G, Marcelo M, Fogliatto FS, Ortiz RS, Mariotti K, Ferrão MF. A genetic algorithm-based framework for wavelength selection on sample categorization. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1172-1181. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel J. Anzanello
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Gabrielli Yamashita
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Marcelo Marcelo
- Chemistry Institut; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Flávio S. Fogliatto
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Rafael S. Ortiz
- Rio Grande do Sul Technical and Scientifical Division; Brazilian Federal Police; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Kristiane Mariotti
- Department of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Marco F. Ferrão
- Chemistry Institut; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chemometrics and the identification of counterfeit medicines-A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:112-22. [PMID: 27133184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides readers with a number of actual case studies dealing with verifying the authenticity of selected medicines supported by different chemometric approaches. In particular, a general data processing workflow is discussed with the major emphasis on the most frequently selected instrumental techniques to characterize drug samples and the chemometric methods being used to explore and/or model the analytical data. However, further discussion is limited to a situation in which the collected data describes two groups of drug samples - authentic ones and counterfeits.
Collapse
|
12
|
Medina E, Bel E, Suñé JM. Counterfeit medicines in Peru: a retrospective review (1997-2014). BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010387. [PMID: 27044580 PMCID: PMC4823432 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To consolidate and assess information on counterfeit medicines subject to pharmaceutical alerts issued by the Peruvian Medicines Regulatory Authority over 18 years (1997-2014) of health monitoring and enforcement. DESIGN A retrospective review of drug alerts. SETTING A search of the website of the General Directorate of Medicines, Supplies and Drugs (DIGEMID) of the Ministry of Health of Peru for drug alerts issued between 1997 and 2014. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Drug alerts related to counterfeit medicines. RESULTS A total of 669 DIGEMID alerts were issued during the study period, 354 (52.91%) of which cover 1738 cases of counterfeit medicines (many alerts deal with several cases at a time). 1010 cases (58.11%) involved pharmaceutical establishments and 349 (20.08%) involved non-pharmaceutical commercial outlets. In 126 cases (7.25%), counterfeit medicines were seized in an unauthorised trade (without any marketing authorisation); in 253 cases (14.56%) the type of establishment or business associated with the seized product was not identified. CONCLUSIONS Counterfeit medicines are a serious public health problem in Peru. A review of the data cannot determine whether counterfeit medicines in Peru increased during the study period, or if monitoring by different government health agencies highlighted the magnitude of the problem by providing more evidence. The problem is clearly structural, since the majority of cases (58.11% of the total) were detected in legitimate supply chains. Most counterfeit medicines involve staple pharmaceutical products and common dosage forms. Considerable work remains to be done to control the serious problem of counterfeit medicines in Peru.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Medina
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Bel
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep María Suñé
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anzanello M, Kahmann A, Marcelo M, Mariotti K, Ferrão M, Ortiz R. Multicriteria wavenumber selection in cocaine classification. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:562-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Anzanello MJ, Fogliatto FS, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. Selecting relevant Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy wavenumbers for clustering authentic and counterfeit drug samples. Sci Justice 2014; 54:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Anzanello MJ, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. PLS-DA wavenumber selection for the categorization of medicine samples based on multiple criteria. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Anzanello MJ, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. A framework for selecting analytical techniques in profiling authentic and counterfeit Viagra and Cialis. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 235:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|