1
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Usai R, Denisov IG, Sligar SG, Kincaid JR. Cryoradiolysis of oxygenated cytochrome P450 17A1 with lyase substrates generates expected products. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112582. [PMID: 38723329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
When subjected to γ-irradiation at cryogenic temperatures the oxygenated complexes of Cytochrome P450 CYP17A1 (CYP17A1) bound with either of the lyase substrates, 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone (17-OH PREG) or 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH PROG) are shown to generate the corresponding lyase products, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (AD) respectively. The current study uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to document the presence of the initial substrates and products in extracts of the processed samples. A rapid and efficient method for the simultaneous determination of residual substrate and products by GC/MS is described without derivatization of the products. It is also shown that no lyase products were detected for similarly treated control samples containing no nanodisc associated CYP17 enzyme, demonstrating that the product is formed during the enzymatic reaction and not by GC/MS conditions, nor the conditions produced by the cryoradiolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigio Usai
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ilia G Denisov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen G Sligar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - James R Kincaid
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
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2
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Oda FB, Carvalho FA, Yamamoto PA, de Oliveira JA, Peccinini RG, Zocolo GJ, Ribeiro PRV, de Moraes NV, Dos Santos AG. Metabolism Characterization and Chemical and Plasma Stability of Casearin B and Caseargrewiin F. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1097-1105. [PMID: 37084791 DOI: 10.1055/a-2078-5920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral preparations of Casearia sylvestris (guacatonga) are used as antacid, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiulcerogenic medicines. The clerodane diterpenes casearin B and caseargrewiin F are major active compounds in vitro and in vivo. The oral bioavailability and metabolism of casearin B and caseargrewiin F were not previously investigated. We aimed to assess the stability of casearin B and caseargrewiin F in physiological conditions and their metabolism in human liver microsomes. The compounds were identified by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and quantified by validated LC-MS methods. The stability of casearin B and caseargrewiin F in physiological conditions was assessed in vitro. Both diterpenes showed a fast degradation (p < 0.05) in simulated gastric fluid. Their metabolism was not mediated by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, but the depletion was inhibited by the esterase inhibitor NaF. Both diterpenes and their dialdehydes showed a octanol/water partition coefficient in the range of 3.6 to 4.0, suggesting high permeability. Metabolism kinetic data were fitted to the Michaelis-Menten profile with KM values of 61.4 and 66.4 µM and Vmax values of 327 and 648 nmol/min/mg of protein for casearin B and caseargrewiin F, respectively. Metabolism parameters in human liver microsomes were extrapolated to predict human hepatic clearance, and suggest that caseargrewiin F and casearin B have a high hepatic extraction ratio. In conclusion, our data suggest that caseargrewiin F and casearin B present low oral bioavailability due to extensive gastric degradation and high hepatic extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bombarda Oda
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alexandre Carvalho
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Akemi Yamamoto
- Center of Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Palo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonata Augusto de Oliveira
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Gonçalves Peccinini
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Julião Zocolo
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Valadares de Moraes
- Center of Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - André Gonzaga Dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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3
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Liu S, Liu H, Zhang L, Ma C, Abd El-Aty AM. Edible pentacyclic triterpenes: A review of their sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, self-assembly behavior, and emerging applications as functional delivery vehicles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5203-5219. [PMID: 36476115 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2153238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Edible pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are a group of nutraceutical ingredients commonly distributed in human diets. Existing evidence has proven that they have various biological functions, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities, making them as "functional factor" for a long time. However, their properties of strong hydrophobicity, poor permeability, poor absorption, and rapid metabolism result in low oral bioavailability, which dramatically hinders their efficacy for use. Recently, free PTs have successively been found to self-assemble or co-assemble into self-contained nanostructures with enhanced water dispersibility and oral bioavailability, which seems to be an efficient processing method for increased oral efficacy. Of particular interest, formulating them into nanostructures can also be introduced as functional delivery carriers for bioactive compounds or drugs with various advantages, such as improved stability, controlled release, enhanced oral bioavailability, synergistic bioactivity, and targeted delivery. This review systematically summarized the chemical structures, plant sources, bioactivities, absorption, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of PTs. Notably, we emphasized their self-assembly properties and emerging role as functional delivery carriers for nutrients, suggesting that PT nanostructures are not only efficient oral forms when introduced into foods but also functional delivery materials for nutrients to expand their commercial food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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4
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de Jesus Antunes N, Coombes G, Francisco da Cunha K, de Lima Moreira F, Pilon AC, Lopes NP, Luiz da Costa J, Kipper K, Couchman L, Johnston A, De Nucci G. In vitro metabolism of the new antifungal dapaconazole using liver microsomes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:100475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ghante MH, Jamkhande PG. Role of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Chemoprevention and Anticancer Treatment: An Overview on Targets and Underling Mechanisms. J Pharmacopuncture 2019; 22:55-67. [PMID: 31338244 PMCID: PMC6645347 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.201.22.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidences of cancer are continuously increasing worldwide, affecting life of millions of people. Several factors associated with the internal and external environment are responsible for this deadly disease. The key internal determinants like abnormal hormonal regulation, genetic mutations and external determinants such as lifestyle and occupational factors enhances onset of cancer. From the ancient time, plants were remained as the most trusted source of medicine for the treatment of diverse disease conditions. Extensive studies have been performed for the discovery of effective anticancer agent from the plant and still it is going on. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are biologically active phytochemicals having a different range of activities such as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-hypertensive, antiulcerogenic and anti-tumor. These compounds generally contain ursane, oleanane, lupane and friedelane as a chief skeleton of pentacyclic triterpenoids which are generally present in higher plants. Isoprene unit, phytochemical, with good antitumor/anticancer activity is required for the biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Mechanisms such as cytotoxicity, DNA polymerase inhibition, regulation of apoptosis, change in signal transductions, interfere with angiogenesis and dedifferentiation, antiproliferative activity and metastasis inhibition are might be responsible for their anticancer effect. Present review spotlights diverse targets, mechanisms and pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids responsible for anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir H Ghante
- Centre for Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sharda Bhavan Education Society's Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded 431605, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad G Jamkhande
- Centre for Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sharda Bhavan Education Society's Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded 431605, Maharashtra, India
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Liu R, Dobson CC, Foster BC, Durst T, Sanchez P, Arnason JT, Harris CS. Effect of an anxiolytic botanical containing Souroubea sympetala and Platanus occidentalis on in-vitro diazepam human cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:429-437. [PMID: 30467864 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A novel anxiolytic natural health product (NHP) containing Souroubea sympetala and Platanus occidentalis is available for the companion animal market and is currently being developed for clinical evaluation. Addressing the risk of potential NHP-drug interactions, this study investigated S. sympetala and P. occidentalis plant extracts, and their identified bioactive compounds, for effects on the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes and the metabolism of the conventional anti-anxiety medication diazepam. METHODS Souroubea sympetala and P. occidentalis extracts, a 1 : 1 blend of the two extracts, and five triterpenes were tested for inhibitory effects on human recombinant CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 activity using a fluorometric plate assay. Direct effects on the metabolism of diazepam were evaluated using human liver microsomes with drug and metabolite quantification by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. KEY FINDINGS The active substances betulinic acid (BA) and ursolic acid (UA) strongly inhibited CYP3A4 activity while UA and lupeol moderately inhibited CYP2C19. All extracts exhibited strong activity against the tested isozymes at 50-100 μg/ml. BA and all plant extracts blocked the formation of major diazepam metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Betulinic acid, UA and both the extracts and blended product are expected to affect the metabolism of diazepam when given in high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brian C Foster
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tony Durst
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo Sanchez
- Pablo E Sanchez Vindas, Herbario JVR, Facultad de Ciencias de la tierra y del Mar, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - John T Arnason
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cory S Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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7
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Kocot J, Kiełczykowska M, Luchowska-Kocot D, Kurzepa J, Musik I. Antioxidant Potential of Propolis, Bee Pollen, and Royal Jelly: Possible Medical Application. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7074209. [PMID: 29854089 PMCID: PMC5954854 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7074209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees products comprise of numerous substances, including propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly, which have long been known for their medicinal and health-promoting properties. Their wide biological effects have been known and used since antiquity. Bee products are considered to be a potential source of natural antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, or terpenoids. Nowadays, the still growing concern in natural substances capable of counteracting the effects of oxidative stress underlying the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, as well as negative effects of different harmful factors and drugs, is being observed. Having regarded the importance of acquiring drugs from natural sources, this review is aimed at updating the current state of knowledge of antioxidant capacity of selected bee products, namely, propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly, and of their potential antioxidant-related therapeutic applications. Moreover, the particular attention has been attributed to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying antioxidant properties of bee products. The influence of bee species, plant origin, geographic location, and seasonality as well as type of extraction solutions on the composition of bee products extracts were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kocot
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kiełczykowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Luchowska-Kocot
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Musik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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8
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Oh HA, Lee H, Kim D, Jung BH. Development of GC-MS based cytochrome P450 assay for the investigation of multi-herb interaction. Anal Biochem 2016; 519:71-83. [PMID: 28007398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As drug interactions with cytochrome P450 enzymes become increasingly important in the field of drug discovery, a high-throughput screening method for analysing the effects of a drug is needed. We have developed a simple and rapid simultaneous analytical method using a cocktail approach for measuring the activities of seven cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4). Human liver microsomes were used as a source for the seven cytochrome P450 enzymes, and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for analysing their activities. Kinetic studies and inhibition assays of CYP enzymes were performed using known substrates and inhibitors for validating and comparing the reaction rates and time-dependent activities between methods using each substrate versus a method using a cocktail solution. The optimized cocktail method was successfully applied to evaluate the effects of the decoction of Socheongryong-tang (SCRT) on cytochrome P450 enzymes. Our cocktail method provides a simultaneous high-throughput activity assay using GC-MS for the first time. This method is applicable for analysing the drug interactions of various plant-derived mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-A Oh
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbeom Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hwa Jung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Jia YW, Zeng ZQ, Shi HL, Liang J, Liu YM, Tang YX, Liao X. Characterization of in vitro metabolites of irisflorentin by rat liver microsomes using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1363-70. [PMID: 26840210 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Belamcanda chinensis has been extensively used as antibechic, expectorant and anti-inflammatory agent in traditional medicine. Irisflorentin is one of the major active ingredients. However, little is known about the metabolism of irisflorentin so far. In this work, rat liver microsomes (RLMs) were used to investigate the metabolism of this compound for the first time. Seven metabolites were detected. Five of them were identified as 6,7-dihydroxy-5,3',4',5'-tetramethoxy isoflavone (M1), irigenin (M2), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3',5'-trimethoxy isoflavone (M3), 6,7,4'-trihydroxy-5,3',5'-trimethoxy isoflavone (M4) and 6,7,5'-trihydroxy-5,3',4'-trimethoxy isoflavone (M5) by means of NMR and/or HPLC-ESI-MS. The structures of M6 and M7 were not elucidated because they produced no MS signals. The predominant metabolite M1 was noted to be a new compound. Interestingly, it was found to possess anticancer activity much higher than the parent compound. The enzymatic kinetic parameters of M1 revealed a sigmoidal profile, with Vmax = 12.02 μm/mg protein/min, Km = 37.24 μm, CLint = 0.32 μL/mg protein/min and h = 1.48, indicating the positive cooperation. For the first time in this work, a new metabolite of irisflorentin was found to demonstrate a much higher biological activity than its parent compound, suggesting a new avenue for the development of drugs from B. chinensis, which was also applicable for other herbal plants. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Jia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Zeng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Li Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Ya-Xiong Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Mastering analytical challenges for the characterization of pentacyclic triterpene mono- and diesters of Calendula officinalis flowers by non-aqueous C30 HPLC and hyphenation with APCI-QTOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 118:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Marques LMM, da Silva EA, Gouvea DR, Vessecchi R, Pupo MT, Lopes NP, Kato MJ, de Oliveira ARM. In vitro metabolism of the alkaloid piplartine by rat liver microsomes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:113-20. [PMID: 24667565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because piplartine (PPT) has demonstrated biological activities, such as cytotoxic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antifungal and antiplatelet activities, this molecule is a relevant drug candidate. The metabolic fate of drug candidates is an essential requirement in assessing their safety and efficacy. Based on this requirement, the biotransformation of PPT by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) was investigated for the first time. To determine the in vitro enzymatic kinetic parameters, an HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify PPT. All samples were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (40:60, v/v). The method exhibited a linear range of 2.4-157.7 μmol/L, with the following calibration curve: y=0.0934 (±0.0010)x+0.0027, r=0.9975. The lower limit of quantitation was verified to be 2.4 μmol/L, with an RSD below 7%. The precision and accuracy were assessed for both within-day and between-day determinations; neither relative standard (RSD%) deviations nor relative errors (RER) exceeded a value of 15%. The mean absolute recovery was 85%, with an RSD value below 6%. The enzymatic kinetic parameters revealed a sigmoidal profile, with V(max)=4.7±0.3 μmol/mg mL⁻¹/min, h=2.5±0.4, S₅₀=44.7±0.3 μmol/L and CL(max)=0.054 μL/min/mg protein, indicating cooperativity behavior. Employing a mammalian model, PPT metabolism yielded two unreported monohydroxylated products (m/z 334). The identification and structural elucidation of the metabolites were performed by comparing their mass spectra with those spectra of the parent drug. For the first time, the in vitro metabolism studies employing microsomes were demonstrated to be a suitable tool for data regarding enzymatic kinetics and for the metabolites formed in the PPT mammalian metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Maciel Mauriz Marques
- Departamento de Física-Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Afonso da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dayana Rubio Gouvea
- Departamento de Física-Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Tallarico Pupo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Departamento de Física-Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Massuo Jorge Kato
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Rocha BA, Assis MD, Peti APF, Moraes LAB, Moreira FL, Lopes NP, Pospíšil S, Gates PJ, de Oliveira ARM. In vitrometabolism of monensin A: microbial and human liver microsomes models. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:326-35. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.845707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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