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Oboh M, Govender L, Siwela M, Mkhwanazi BN. Anti-Diabetic Potential of Plant-Based Pentacyclic Triterpene Derivatives: Progress Made to Improve Efficacy and Bioavailability. Molecules 2021; 26:7243. [PMID: 34885816 PMCID: PMC8659003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) results from the inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin or weakened cellular response to the insulin produced, which leads to hyperglycemia. Current treatments of DM focus on the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs such as acarbose, alpha-glucose inhibitors, sulphonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and biguanides to control blood glucose levels. However, these medications are known to have various side effects in addition to their bioavailability, efficacy, and safety concerns. These drawbacks have increased interest in the anti-diabetic potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds such as oleanolic and maslinic acids. Although their efficacy in ameliorating blood glucose levels has been reported in several studies, their bioavailability and efficacy remain of concern. The current review examines the anti-diabetic effects of oleanolic, maslinic, asiatic, ursolic, and corosolic acids and their derivatives, as well as the progress made thus far to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. The literature for the current review was gathered from leading academic databases-including Google Scholar and PubMed-the key words listed below were used. The literature was searched as widely and comprehensively as possible without a defined range of dates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Blessing Nkazimulo Mkhwanazi
- Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; (M.O.); (L.G.); (M.S.)
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Serain AF, Morosi L, Ceruti T, Matteo C, Meroni M, Minatel E, Zucchetti M, Salvador MJ. Betulinic acid and its spray dried microparticle formulation: In vitro PDT effect against ovarian carcinoma cell line and in vivo plasma and tumor disposition. J Photochem Photobiol B 2021; 224:112328. [PMID: 34628206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The race against ovarian cancer continue to motivate the research worldwide. It is known that many antitumor drugs have limited penetration into solid tumor tissues due to its microenvironment, thus contributing to their low efficacy. Therapeutic modalities have been exploited to elicit antitumor effects based on microenvironment of tumor, including Photodynamic therapy (PDT). Prospection of natural small molecules and nanotechnology are important tools in the development of new ways of obtaining photoactive compounds that are biocompatible. The Betulinic acid (BA) has shown potential biological effect as bioactive drug, but it has low water solubility. Thus, in the present study, owing to the poor solubility of the BA, its free form (BAF) was compared to a spray dried microparticle betulinic acid/HP-β-CD formulation (BAC) aiming to assess the BAF and BAC efficacy as a photosensitizer in PDT for application in ovarian cancer. BAF and BAC were submitted to assays in the presence of LED (λ = 420 nm) under different conditions (2.75 J/cm2, 5.5 J/cm2, and 11 J/cm2) and in absence of irradiation, after 5 min or 4 h of contact with ovarian carcinoma cells (A2780) or fibroblast murine cells (3T3). Furthermore, HPLC-MS/MS and MALDI-MSI methods were developed and validated in plasma and tumor of mice proving suitable for in vivo studies. The results found a greater photoinduced cytotoxic effect for the BAC at low concentration for A2780 when irradiated with LED with similar results for fluorescence microscopy. The results motivate us to continue the studies with the BA as a potential antitumor bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Serain
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, PPG BTPB, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Ceruti
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Matteo
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Meroni
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elaine Minatel
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcos J Salvador
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, PPG BTPB, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Chen Z, Sun D, Bi X, Luo W, Xu A, Chen W, Jiang J, Cai D, Guo H, Cao L. Selection and evaluation of quality markers from Yinlan capsule and its LXRα-mediated therapy for hyperlipidemia. Phytomedicine 2019; 59:152896. [PMID: 30978649 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selection of active compounds for the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), specifically complex formulas, remains a challenge for researchers, as components selected as indexes usually have no clear relation with the therapeutic effects of interest. As a suggested resolution, quality control markers (Q-markers) showed good perspective for discriminating numerous compounds found for specific efficacies. In the presented study, the components of the Yinlan (YL) capsule, a TCM patent formula comprising four ingredients, were evaluated and selected for their lipid regulatory effects using principles for Q-marker selection. PURPOSE The mechanism of TCM therapeutic effects involves several pathways and targets that combine to become an integrated action in the body. Therefore, it is assumed that specific compounds in YL should have good affinity for related targets and obvious effects (both up- and downregulating). Thus, a series of experiments, including cytobiology, animal-based pharmacodynamics, computer-assisted drug design, conventional content determination and pharmacokinetics, would be helpful for the selection and final confirmation of Q-markers. METHODS The capsule was first administered to Wistar mice fed a high-fat diet and tested for their triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) values to evaluate the effectiveness of YL. Then, liver tissue was extracted for gene expression. According to the results, the compounds in YL with good affiliation were selected and determined using UHPLC-MS-MS, and those with adequate results in the capsule were chosen as Q-marker candidates. Finally, pharmacokinetics research was performed; the candidates with desirable metabolite and bioavailability parameters were confirmed as Q-markers of YL. RESULTS YL capsule was capable of lowering TG and TC levels. For target selection, the expression of LXR mRNA increased significantly at all three tested dosages. Downstream genes, such as LCAT, CYP7A1, and ABCA1, and intestinal FXR mRNA also showed significant increases in expression. For screening of the Q-marker candidates, 5 compounds were selected according to abovementioned results. The pharmacokinetics research demonstrated that the rats exploited lupeol and ginsenoside Rb3 in a desirable pattern with adequate bioavailability, which confirmed their roles as lipid regulatory Q-markers. CONCLUSION The YL capsule was demonstrated to have obvious lipid regulatory effects, which are mainly exerted by targeting LXR and its related pathway. Lupeol and ginsenoside Rb3 were validated as Q-markers that represent the anti-hyperlipidemia activity of the capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Dongmei Sun
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 69 Jinfeng Rd., Foshan 528244, China.
| | - Xiaoli Bi
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Wenhui Luo
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 69 Jinfeng Rd., Foshan 528244, China
| | - Aili Xu
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Weitao Chen
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jieyi Jiang
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Dake Cai
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Haoliang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-2648, United States
| | - Lizhong Cao
- The Fifth College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, 60 Hengfu Rd., Guangzhou 510095, China
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Abstract
CONTEXT Asiatic acid has been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of asiatic acid in rats and its potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pharmacokinetics of orally administered asiatic acid (20 mg/kg) with or without glycyrrhizin pretreatment (100 mg/kg/day for seven days) were investigated using a LC-MS method. Additionally, the Caco-2 cell transwell model and rat liver microsome incubation systems were used to investigate the potential mechanism of glycyrrhizin's effects on the pharmacokinetics of asiatic acid. RESULTS The results showed that the Cmax (221.33 ± 21.06 vs. 324.67 ± 28.64 ng/mL), AUC0-inf (496.12 ± 109.31 vs. 749.15 ± 163.95 μg·h/L) and the t1/2 (1.21 ± 0.27 vs. 2.04 ± 0.32 h) of asiatic acid decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the pretreatment of glycyrrhizin. The oral clearance of asiatic acid increased significantly from 27.59 ± 5.34 to 41.57 ± 9.19 L/h/kg (p < 0.05). The Caco-2 cell transwell experiments indicated that glycyrrhizin could increase the efflux ratio of asiatic acid from 1.63 to 2.74, and the rat liver microsome incubation experiments showed that glycyrrhizin could increase the intrinsic clearance rate of asiatic acid from 138.32 ± 11.20 to 221.76 ± 16.85 μL/min/mg protein. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these results indicated that glycyrrhizin could decrease the system exposure of asiatic acid, possibly by inducing the activity of P-gp or CYP450 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Department of Nursing, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Shandong, China
- CONTACT Ling Guo Department of Nursing, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, No. 4138, South Linglongshan Road, Weifang262500, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Nursing, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Kaijun Hao
- Qingzhou Hospital for Disabled Soldiers, Shandong, China
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Zhu Z, Pan Y, Qian D, Su S, Fan X, Duan J. Development of a UPLC-TQ/MS Approach for the Determination of Eleven Bioactive Components in Haizao Yuhu Decoction Plus-Minus Haizao and Gancao Drug Combination after Oral Administration in a Rat Model of Hypothyroidism. Molecules 2016; 22:E7. [PMID: 28025523 PMCID: PMC6155732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Haizao Yuhu Decoction (HYD) has been used for approximately 500 years and is well-known in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its efficacy in the treatment of thyroid-related diseases. In this study, a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, peimine, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, bergapten, nobiletin, osthole, and glycyrrhetinic acid in rat plasma to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of different HYD prescriptions in a rat model of hypothyroidism. The differences in pharmacokinetic parameters among the groups were compared by Student's t-test. The pharmacokinetic profile of liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, peimine, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, bergapten, nobiletin, osthole, and glycyrrhetinic acid showed significant differences between Haizao and Gancao anti-drug combination and other herbs in HYD. These results may contribute to the rational clinical use of HYD and reveal the compatibility profile of the Haizao and Gancao anti-drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuanjuan Zhai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying Pan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xinsheng Fan
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Yuan Y, Zhang H, Sun F, Sun S, Zhu Z, Chai Y. Biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic characterization of asiatic acid in Centella asiatica as determined by a sensitive and robust HPLC-MS method. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 163:31-8. [PMID: 25596352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asiatic acid is one of the main components in the herb Centella asiatica, which is a well-known herbal medicine for its excellent pharmacological effects. To enhance the development potentials of asiatic acid as a chemopreventative agent, there is a great need to further understand its biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties. The aim of this research is to clarify the mechanisms of absorption and metabolism of asiatic acid, and explore its biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties in rats by using a sensitive and robust HPLC-MS method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups and administered with asiatic acid by oral and intravenous administration. Plasma concentrations of asiatic acid were determined at designated points and main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The absorption of asiatic acid was investigated by using Caco-2 cell line absorption model in vitro and rat intestinal perfusion model in situ. The metabolic rate of asiatic acid was investigated by incubating it in rat liver microsome system in vitro. In addition, the solubility of asiatic acid in aqueous solution was also determined by using HPLC-MS method. RESULTS The absolute oral bioavailability of asiatic acid is 16.25%. It was found that the permeability of asiatic acid is more than 10(-5) in the Caco-2 cell monolayer and rat intestinal perfusion model, and its main absorption region is the jejunum in rats. The metabolic rate of asiatic acid in rat liver microsomes, t1/2, is 9.493min, which shows that asiatic acid can be metabolized rapidly. The solubility of aisiatic acid was 0.1583mgmL(-1), and its poor solubility will result in low bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS The asiatic acid in a variety of matrixes was analyzed by using a sensitive and specific HPLC-MS method, and its absolute oral bioavailability in rats was very low. Asiatic acid can be metabolized rapidly in rat liver microsomes, and has good permeability across Caco-2 monolayer cell and rat intestine perfusion. It can be deduced that the low bioavailability of asiatic acid results from poor solubility and rapid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 3rd People׳s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201999, China.
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fengfeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sen Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Xia B, Bai L, Li X, Xiong J, Xu P, Xue M. Structural analysis of metabolites of asiatic acid and its analogue madecassic acid in zebrafish using LC/IT-MSn. Molecules 2015; 20:3001-19. [PMID: 25685908 PMCID: PMC6272356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although zebrafish has become a significant animal model for drug discovery and screening, drug metabolism in zebrafish remains largely unknown. Asiatic acid (AA) and madecassic acid (MA), two natural pentacyclic triterpenoids mainly obtained from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, have been found to possess many pharmacological effects. This study is to probe the metabolic capability of zebrafish via investigation of the drug metabolism of AA and MA in zebrafish, using a sensitive LC/IT-MSn method. In addition, the main fragmentation pathways of AA and MA were reported for the first time. Nineteen metabolites of AA and MA were firstly identified after zebrafish was exposed to the drug, which all were the phase I metabolites and mainly formed from hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation and dehydrogenation, dihydroxylation and dehydrogenation, and dehydroxylation reaction. The results indicated that zebrafish possessed strong metabolic capacity, and the metabolites of AA and MA were formed via similar metabolic pathways and well matched with the known metabolic rules in vivo and in vitro, which supports the widely use of this system in drug metabolism research. This investigation would also contribute to the novel information on the structural elucidation, in vivo metabolites and metabolic mechanism of pentacyclic triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xia
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lu Bai
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jie Xiong
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Pinxiang Xu
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Ming Xue
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Xu CH, Wang P, Wang Y, Yang Y, Li DH, Li HF, Sun SQ, Wu XZ. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of two different combinations of Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction in rats: competing mechanisms between paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetinic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149:443-452. [PMID: 23867078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction (SGD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is a combination of Radix Paeoniae Alba (Paeonia lactiflora Pall, root) and Glycyrrhizae uralensis (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., root and rhizome, honeyed) for spasmolysis and emergency pain relief. Paeoniflorin (PF) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are two typical active components of SGD for pain relief. AIM OF THE STUDY To study comparative pharmacokinetics of ten bioactive compounds in SGDs with two different combinations of RP and GU, and therefore to investigate the herb-herb interaction mechanisms of Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction for better spasmolysis and emergency pain relief in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herbal IR macro-fingerprinting was implemented to provide the full chemical fingerprints of RP, GU and SGD decoctions and to investigate the variation rule of the full chemical profile of SGDs with various combinations of RP and GU. A specifically developed HPLC-MS/MS assay coupled with protein precipitation method was employed to determine the plasma concentrations of the ten analytes. Male Wistar rats were orally administered with SGD1 (RP:GU, 1:1 (w/w)) and SGD2 ((RP:GU, 4:1 (w/w)) equivalent to 9.5 g/kg body weight of GU. RESULTS Full chemical fingerprints of RP, GU and SGDs with various combinations of RP and GU were provided in the form of IR macro-fingerprints. Except for liquiritin, there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05 or p<0.01) of these analytes between SGD1 and SGD2 in in vivo pharmacokinetic study. Compared with the results when oral administrated with SGD1, six glycosides (PF, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, isoliquiritin, ononin, and glycyrrhizin) exhibited higher systematic exposure levels (AUC0-t) and slower elimination rates (CL) whereas two glycones (GA and isoliquiritigenin) were the reverse when administrated with SGD2. CONCLUSIONS Increasing the amount of RP attenuated the inhibitory effect of GA via competing being consumed by intestinal bacteria (or β-glucosidase) to reduce the conversion amount of glycyrrhizin to GA and subsequently to afford significantly higher bioavailability and longer efficacy of PF, glycyrrhizin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, isoliquiritin, and ononin, leading to better spasmolysis and emergency pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Li T, Wang YW, Wang YL, Liang RX, Zhang D, Zhang HH, Chen L, Zhou ZM, Yang WP. [LC-MS quantification and pharmacokinetics of the multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang in rat plasma after different single oral doses]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:917-924. [PMID: 23984529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of Huangqin Tang on different oral doses. An LC-MS method for simultaneous determination of flavonoids and terpenoids in rat plasma was developed and validated. Plasma samples were treated with hydrochloric acid (containing 1% ascorbic acid), precipitated with acetonitrile, separated on a Zorbax SB-C18 column, detected by single quadruple mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization interface, and quantified using selected ion monitoring mode. All pharmacokinetic parameters were processed by non-compartmental analysis using WinNonlin software. The results of specificity, linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, and stability for LC-MS assay were suitable for the quantification of paeoniflorin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A, glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in rat plasma. The concentration-time profiles of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A and glycyrrhizic acid showed double-peak phenomenon after Huangqin Tang was orally administered at 40 g x kg(-1) dose; all eight constituents in rat plasma showed good dose-exposure relationship within the dosage of 10-40 g x kg(-1); although plasma concentrations were different, the flavonoids with the same backbone showed the similar fate in the body with the corresponding dosage. In conclusion, the LC-MS assay was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang with different doses. Additionally, these constituents demonstrated good pharmacokinetic properties in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Nair SN, Menon S, Shailajan S. A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for quantification of asiatic acid from plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study in rats. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2012; 26:1899-1908. [PMID: 22847688 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Asiatic acid (AA), a pentacyclic triterpene from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, has shown numerous therapeutic activities. However, none of the published works to date has used high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) for determination of AA from biological fluids. Therefore, the present paper describes a sensitive HPLC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS method for quantification of AA in rat plasma. METHODS Ammonium adduct formation of AA was essential in the development of a sensitive method with the rat plasma samples being pre-treated by a simple solid-phase extraction method. The separation was achieved on a Cosmosil C(18) column using a gradient mobile phase flow. Detection was performed using an Applied Biosystems API Q-Trap 2000 mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source operated in positive mode with colchicine used as internal standard. RESULTS An eight-point calibration curve over the concentration range of 1.02-407.88 ng/mL for AA from rat plasma provided an optimum linear detector response (with r(2) >0.9983). The mean percentage recovery (n = 3) for the low, middle and high quality control samples was 91.23 ± 1.88%, 90.36 ± 0.55% and 89.71 ± 0.21%, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy of the quality control samples were within ≤5% and ±7% correspondingly. CONCLUSIONS The developed method was validated as per US FDA guidelines and applicability demonstrated by successful measurement of AA from plasma following oral administration of C. asiatica extracts to Wistar rats. The results suggest that the method could be applied to therapeutic monitoring of AA and pharmacokinetic studies in human volunteers.
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