Metabolites profile of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, in rats by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis

Exploration of the profiles of steroidal saponins from Rhizoma Paridis and their metabolites in rats by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

INTRODUCTION

Steroidal saponins characterised by intricate chemical structures are the main active components of a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Rhizoma Paridis. The metabolic profiles of steroidal saponins in vivo remain largely unexplored, despite their renowned antitumor, immunostimulating, and haemostatic activity.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a comprehensive analysis of the chemical constituents of Rhizoma Paridis total saponins (RPTS) and their metabolites in rats after oral administration.

METHOD

The chemical constituents of RPTS and their metabolites were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS).

RESULTS

A reliable UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method was established, and a total of 142 compounds were identified in RPTS. Specifically, diosgenin-type saponins showed the diagnostic ions at m/z 415.32, 397.31, 283.25, 271.21, and 253.20, whereas pennogenin-type saponins exhibited the diagnostic ions at m/z 413.31, 395.30, and 251.20. Based on the characteristic fragments and standard substances, 15 specific metabolites were further identified in the faeces, urine, plasma, and bile of rats. The metabolic pathways of RPTS, including phase I reactions (de-glycosylation and oxidation) and phase II reactions (glucuronidation), were explored and summarised, and the enrichment of metabolites was characterised by multivariate statistical analysis.

CONCLUSION

The intricate RPTS could be transformed into relatively simple metabolites in rats through de-glycosylation, which provides a reference for further metabolic studies and screening of active ingredients for TCM.

Discovery of Modified Metabolites, Secondary Metabolites, and Xenobiotics by Structure-Oriented LC-MS/MS

Exogenous compounds and metabolites derived from therapeutics, microbiota, or environmental exposures directly interact with endogenous metabolic pathways, influencing disease pathogenesis and modulating outcomes of clinical interventions. With few spectral library references, the identification of covalently modified biomolecules, secondary metabolites, and xenobiotics is a challenging task using global metabolomics profiling approaches. Numerous liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) small molecule analytical workflows have been developed to curate global profiling experiments for specific compound groups of interest. These workflows exploit shared structural moiety, functional groups, or elemental composition to discover novel and undescribed compounds through nontargeted small molecule discovery pipelines. This Review introduces the concept of structure-oriented LC-MS discovery methodology and aims to highlight common approaches employed for the detection and characterization of covalently modified biomolecules, secondary metabolites, and xenobiotics. These approaches represent a combination of instrument-dependent and computational techniques to rapidly curate global profiling experiments to detect putative ions of interest based on fragmentation patterns, predictable phase I or phase II metabolic transformations, or rare elemental composition. Application of these methods is explored for the detection and identification of novel and undescribed biomolecules relevant to the fields of toxicology, pharmacology, and drug discovery. Continued advances in these methods expand the capacity for selective compound discovery and characterization that promise remarkable insights into the molecular interactions of exogenous chemicals with host biochemical pathways.

A comprehensive perspective on the disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of representative multi-components of Dengzhan Shengmai in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion after oral administration

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dengzhan Shengmai capsule (DZSM), an evidence-based Chinese medicine comprising Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand. -Mazz., Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl., and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., exhibits an excellent efficacy in treating cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. It contains caffeoyl compounds, flavonoids, saponins, and lignans as primary active components. However, so far, the characteristics of disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of its active components remain mostly unclear.

AIM OF STUDY

To elucidate disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of representative components of DZSM in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) by integrating ex vivo and in situ approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Exposure and distribution of absorbed prototypes and their metabolites were comprehensively investigated using sensitive LC-MS/MS and high-resolution LC-Q-TOF/MS. Pharmacokinetics of representative 16 components (12 prototypes and 4 metabolites) with different chemical categories, relatively high in vivo levels, wide tissue distribution, and reported neuroprotective activities were profiled. The ex vivo everted gut sac and in situ linked-rat models were adopted.

RESULTS

Representative 12 prototypes including 6 caffeoyl compounds (CA, 5-CQA, 3-CQA, 4-CQA, 1,3-CQA, and 3,4-CQA), 1 flavonoid (Scu), 2 saponins (Rd and Rg2), and 3 lignans (SchA, SchB, and SolA) presented characteristic absorption, disposition, and pharmacokinetics profiles in CCH rats. The caffeoyl compounds and flavonoid were well absorbed, exhibited wide distribution, and underwent extensive intestinal metabolism, such as methylation, isomerization, and sulfoconjugation. For CA, 5-CQA, Scu, and 4 related metabolites, the enterohepatic circulation was observed and resulted in bimodal or multimodal pharmacokinetic profiles. Saponins showed relatively low systemic exposure and limited distribution. The PPD-type ginsenoside Rd exhibited longer elimination half-life and systemic circulation than the PPT-type ginsenoside Rg2. No enterohepatic circulation was observed regarding saponins, suggesting that the multimodal pharmacokinetic profile of Rd could be due to its multi-site intestinal absorption. Lignans presented a low in vivo exposure and broad distribution. They were mainly transformed into hydroxylated metabolites. Corresponding to its bimodal pharmacokinetic profile, one metabolite of lignans completed the enterohepatic cycle.

CONCLUSION

The disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetic profiles of representative active components of DZSM were comprehensively characterized and elucidated.

Combination of chemical profiling and network pharmacology analysis to investigate the potential mechanism of Li-Zhong-Xiao-Pi granules in the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions

Li-Zhong-Xiao-Pi granules (LZXP) are effective for treating gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the active compounds of LZXP and their potential therapeutic mechanism in GPL remained unclarified. The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical composition and potential targets of LZXP. Based on the accurate masses, ion fragments, and literature data, a total of 128 compounds were identified in the LZXP sample using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) in both positive and negative ion modes, and 28 of these compounds were exactly determined by comparison with authentic reference standards. Meanwhile, 11 typical components were quantified via UPLC during a 24 min period. The linearity, accuracy, stability and recovery of the method were all proven. Through the network pharmacological analysis, six chemicals (quercetin, 4'-hydroxywogonin, sinensetin, 5, 7, 8, 3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavanone, 8-gingerdione and quercetin) were identified as the active ingredients, and five LZXP targets (AKT1, CYP1B1, PTGS2, MMP9 and EGFR) were found to be the crucial molecules in the treatment of GPL. This study provides a systematic and applicable method for the rapid screening and identification of the chemical constituents from LZXP, and an effective understanding the mechanism of LZXP in the treatment of GPL.

Inhibition of estrogen sulfation by Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule

Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule (XLGB) is a widely prescribed traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, it significantly elevates levels of serum estrogens. Here we aimed to assess the dominant contributors of sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes to the sulfation of estrogens and identify the effective inhibitors of this pathway in XLGB. First, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and estriol underwent sulfation in human liver S9 extracts. Phenotyping reactions and enzyme kinetics assays revealed that SULT1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1C4, 1E1, and 2A1 all participated in estrogen sulfation, with SULT1E1 and 1A1 as the most important contributors. The incubation system for these two active enzymes were optimized with Tris-HCl buffer, DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT), MgCl₂, adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), protein concentration, and incubation time. Then, 29 compounds in XLGB were selected to investigate their inhibitory effects and mechanisms against SULT1E1 and 1A1 through kinetic modelling. Moreover, in silico molecular docking was used to validate the obtained results. And finally, the prenylated flavonoids (isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, etc.) from Psoralea corylifolia L., prenylated flavanols (icariside II) from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., tanshinones (dihydrotanshinone, tanshinone II-A,) from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., and others (corylifol A, corylin) were identified as the most potent inhibitors of estrogen sulfation. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the understanding regioselectivity of estrogen sulfation and identify the effective components of XLGB responsible for the promotion of estrogen levels.

Nanoengineered hydrogels as 3D biomimetic extracellular matrix with injectable and sustained delivery capability for cartilage regeneration

The regeneration of articular cartilage remains a great challenge due to the difficulty in effectively enhancing spontaneous healing. Recently, the combination of implanted stem cells, suitable biomaterials and bioactive molecules has attracted attention for tissue regeneration. In this study, a novel injectable nanocomposite was rationally designed as a sustained release platform for enhanced cartilage regeneration through integration of a chitosan-based hydrogel, articular cartilage stem cells (ACSCs) and mesoporous SiO₂ nanoparticles loaded with anhydroicaritin (AHI). The biocompatible engineered nanocomposite acting as a novel 3D biomimetic extracellular matrix exhibited a remarkable sustained release effect due to the synergistic regulation of the organic hydrogel framework and mesopore channels of inorganic mSiO₂ nanoparticles (mSiO₂ NPs). Histological assessment and biomechanical tests showed that the nanocomposites exhibited superior performance in inducing ACSCs proliferation and differentiation in vitro and promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) production and cartilage regeneration in vivo. Such a novel multifunctional biocompatible platform was demonstrated to significantly enhance cartilage regeneration based on the sustained release of AHI, an efficient bioactive natural small molecule for ACSCs chondrogenesis, within the hybrid matrix of hydrogel and mSiO₂ NPs. Hence, the injectable nanocomposite holds great promise for use as a 3D biomimetic extracellular matrix for tissue regeneration in clinical diagnostics.

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The anhydroicaritin (AHI) was identified as a bioactive factor for promoting cartilage repair.

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The hydrogel was designed to achieve sustained AHI release and optimize the microenvironment of cartilage defect sites.

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The hydrogel exhibited superior advantages for chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration.

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The hydrogel holds a great promise for use as functional scaffold for tissue and organ regeneration in the future.

The potential mechanism of the microbiota-gut-bone axis in osteoporosis: a review

Osteoporosis is the prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone quantity and/or quality and an increase in skeletal fragility, which increases susceptibility to fractures. Osteoporotic fractures severely affect the patients' quality of life and mortality. A plethora of evidences have suggested that the alterations in gut microbiome are associated with the changes in bone mass and microstructure. We summarized pre-clinical and clinical studies to elucidate the underlying mechanism of gut microbiota in osteoporosis. Probiotics, prebiotics, and traditional Chinese medicine may reverse the gut microbiota dysbiosis and consequently improve bone metabolism. However, the causality of gut microbiota on bone metabolism need to be investigated more in depth. In the present review, we focused on the potential mechanism of the microbiota-gut-bone axis and the positive therapeutic effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and traditional Chinese medicine on osteoporosis. Overall, the current scientific literatures support that the gut microbiota may be a novel therapeutic target in treatment of osteoporosis and fracture prevention.

A preliminary study of the chemical composition and bioactivity of Bombax ceiba L. flower and its potential mechanism in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-flight mass spectrometry and network pharmacology analysis

This study aimed to preliminary investigate the phytochemistry, bioactivity, hypoglycemic potential, and mechanism of action of Bombax ceiba L. flower (BCF), a wild edible and food plant in China. By using methanol extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, the crude extract (CE) of BCF and its petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and aqueous (AQ) fractions were obtained, and their chemical components and biological activities were evaluated. Further high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was carried out to identify and quantify the active constituents of BFC and its five fractions, and the phytochemical composition of the best-performing fraction was then analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). Finally, a network pharmacology strategy based on the chemical profile of this fraction was applied to speculate its main hypoglycemic mechanism. Results revealed the excellent biological activities of BCF, especially the EtOAc fraction. In addition to the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) (367.72 μg RE/mg E) and total phenolics content (TPC) (47.97 μg GAE/mg E), EtOAc showed the strongest DPPH⋅ scavenging ability (IC₅₀ value = 29.56 μg/mL), ABTS⋅⁺ scavenging ability (IC₅₀ value = 84.60 μg/mL), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (889.62 μg FeSO₄/mg E), which were stronger than the positive control BHT. EtOAc also exhibited the second-best α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity and second-best acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory capacity with the IC₅₀ values of 2.85 and 3.27 mg/mL, respectively. Also, EtOAc inhibited HepG2, MCF-7, Raw264.7, and A549 cell with IC₅₀ values of 1.08, 1.62, 0.77, and 0.87 mg/mL, which were the second or third strongest in all fractions. Additionally, HPLC analysis revealed significant differences in the compounds’ abundance between different fractions. Among them, EtOAc had the most detected compounds and the highest content. According to the results of UPLC/Q-TOF-MS, 38 compounds were identified in EtOAc, including 24 phenolic acids and 6 flavonoids. Network pharmacological analysis further confirmed 41 potential targets of EtOAc in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and intracellular receptor signaling pathways, unsaturated fatty acid, and DNA transcription pathways were the most possible mechanisms. These findings suggested that BCF was worthwhile to be developed as an antioxidant and anti-diabetic food/drug.

Rapid characterization and identification of the chemical constituents and the metabolites of Du-zhi pill using UHPLC coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A reliable method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was established to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the chemical constituents of Du-zhi pill (DZP) as well as their metabolites in rat plasma, urine and feces after gastric perfusion. The efficient on-line mass data acquisition modes combined the various off-line mass data mining strategy was applied. A full mass scan was performed, and then accurate MS/MS datasets were obtained through the use of a multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) and dynamic background subtraction (DBS)-dependent data acquisition method. Furthermore, post-acquisition data processing was conducted using various data-mining tools, including extracted ion chromatography (XIC), mass defect filtering (MDF), product ion filtering (PIF), and neutral loss filtering (NLF) (MetabolitePilot™). Finaly, a total of 176 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in DZP. Moreover, a total of 233 components in vivo, which includes 92 prototype components and 141 metabolites, were unambiguously or tentatively identified in rat plasma, urine and feces. The metabolic pathways, including phase I reactions (hydroxylation, dehydroxylation and hydrogenation) and phase II reactions (acetylation, sulfation, glucuronidation and methylation), for the absorbed constituents, were explored and summarized. This is the first systematic study on the components of DZP and their metabolites in vivo. This study provide a valid analytical strategy for the characterization of chemical compounds and metabolites of TCM formulas. Moreover, an integrative strategy was proposed for the characterization and identification of chemical constituents and metabolites for additional TCM prescriptions.

Identification of naturally occurring inhibitors in Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule against the glucuronidation of estrogens

Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) capsule, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis. It could significantly increase the levels of estrogen in ovariectomized rats and mice. However, this working mechanism has not been well elucidated. Considering that UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes are the important enzymes that inactivate and regulate estrogen activity in vivo, this study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds from XLGB against the glucuronidation of estrogens. First, thirty compounds were considered as candidate bioactive compounds based on our previous studies including pharmacological evaluation, chemical profiles, and metabolic profiles. Second, the characteristics of estrogen glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA)-supplemented human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestine microsomes (HIM), and expressed UGT enzymes were determined, and the incubation systems of their key UGT enzymes were optimized. Then, inhibitory effects and mechanisms of XLGB and its main compounds toward the key UGT isozymes were further investigated. As a result, estrogen underwent efficient glucuronidation by HLM and HIM. UGT1A10, 1A1, and 2B7 were mainly responsible for the glucuronidation of estrone, β-estradiol, and estriol, respectively. For E1 and E2, UGT1A10 and 1A1 tended to mediate estrogen-3-O-glucuronidation, while UGT2B7 preferred catalyzing estrogen-16-O-glucuronidation. Furthermore, the incubation system for active UGT isoforms was optimized including Tris-HCl buffer, detergents, MgCl2 concentration, β-glucuronidase inhibitors, UDPGA concentration, protein concentration, and incubation time. Based on optimal incubation conditions, eleven, nine, and nine compounds were identified as the potent inhibitors for UGT1A10, 1A1, and 2B7, respectively (IC50 < 4.97 μM and Ki < 3.35 μM). Among them, six compounds (bavachin, isobavachin, isobavachalcone, neobavaisoflavone, corylifol A, and icariside II) simultaneously demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against these three active enzymes. Prenylated flavanols from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., prenylated flavonoids from Psoralea corylifolia L., and salvianolic acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. were characterized as the most important and effective compounds. The identification of potent natural inhibitors of XLGB against the glucuronidation of estrogen laid an important foundation for the pharmacodynamic material basis.

Phytochemical identification of Xiaoer Huanglong Granule and pharmacokinetic study in the rat using its seven major bioactive components

Xiaoer Huanglong Granule is the only Chinese Patent Medicine widely used for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, not much is known on the bioactive components and pharmacokinetics of Xiaoer Huanglong Granule even after it was successfully introduced into clinical use. This study analyzed the components in the medication and rat plasma after oral administration with the help of UNIFI platform and Masslynx. A total of 119 and 37 components were detected in the medication and plasma, respectively, using ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer. We established a rapid and sensitive simultaneous determination of 1 triterpene saponin, 3 monoterpene glycosides, and 3 lignans in rat plasma by solid-phase extraction. The determination was accomplished within 7.50 min via gradient elution. The values of lower limit of quantification were validated at 0.08 ng/mL for tenuifolin, 0.8 ng/mL for lactiflorin, 1.828 ng/mL for albiflorin, 2 ng/mL for paeoniflorin, gomisin B, and gomisin D, 10 ng/mL for schisandrin. The results from validations of other methods were all acceptable (RSD ≤ 14.94%). This is the first report on the identification and pharmacokinetics studies of components in Xiaoer Huanglong Granule. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic behavior of lactiflorin was studied for the first time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The chemical and metabolite profiles of Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and in-house software

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction (GXBD) was a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of coronary heart disease. However, the current study on the chemical and metabolite profiles of GXBD did not follow the ancient prescription and extraction method, which hindered the discovery of effective compounds and quality control.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we prepared GXBD by ancient prescription and extraction methods, and then analysed the chemical components and xenobiotics of GXBD in vivo using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and in-house software.

RESULTS

49 chemical constituents were preliminarily identified, including 7 terpenoids, 6 flavonoids, 5 alkaloids, 17 organic acids, 8 steroids and steroidal saponins, 2 nucleosides and 4 other types of compounds, of which 10 constituents were confirmed unambiguously with authentic standards. Moreover, 129 metabolites were tentatively identified, including 83 metabolites in plasma, 39 metabolites in urine, 25 metabolites in bile and 9 metabolites in feces. Our study speculated that luteolin, adenosine, vanillic acid and curbitacin B might be possible effective components of GXBD for the treatment of coronary heart disease. Dehydration, deglycosylation, dehydrogenation, acetylation and taurine regulation were the main biotransformation reactions of GXBD.

CONCLUSION

Our results provided an important basis for the discovery of effective compounds and quality control of GXBD. In addition, in-house software was an useful tool for identifcation of metabolites.

A new strategy for discovering effective substances and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine based on standardized drug containing plasma and the absorbed ingredients composition, a case study of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsules

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The overall therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine formulae (TCMF) was achieved by the interactions of multiple components with multiple targets. However, current pharmacology research strategies have struggled to identify effective substance groups and encountered challenges in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of TCMF.

AIM

In this study, a comprehensive strategy was proposed and applied to elucidate the interactions of the multiple components that underlie the functions of the famous TCMF: Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) capsule on bone metabolism in vivo and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of XLGB on bone cells, especially on osteoblasts.

METHODS

The efficacy of XLGB in the protection against bones loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats was confirmed by Micro-CT analysis. The anti-osteoporosis mechanism involved in the systemic regulatory actions of XLGB was elucidated by transcriptome sequencing analysis on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells isolated from OVX rats. Moreover, the components absorbed in XLGB-treated plasma were characterized by mass spectrometry analysis, and subsequently, a standardized preparation process of drug-containing plasma was established. The synergistic osteogenic effect of the multiple components in plasma was investigated by a combination and then knockout of components using pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. In order to decipher the underlying mechanism of XLGB, the targets of the absorbed components on bone were predicted by target prediction and network pharmacology analysis, then several interactions were validated by biochemical and cell-based assay.

RESULTS

A total of 18 genes, including HDC, CXCL1/2, TNF, IL6 and Il1b, were newly found to be the major target genes regulated by XLGB. Interestingly, we found that a combination of the three absorbed components, i.e. MSP, rather than their single form at the same concentration, stimulated the formation of calcified nodules in MC3T3-E1 cells, suggesting a synergistic effect of these components. Besides, target prediction and experimental validation confirmed the binding affinity of corylin and icaritin for estrogen receptor α and β, the inhibitory activity of isobavachin and isobavachalcone on glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and the inhibitory activity of isobavachalcone on cathepsin K. The cell-based assay further confirmed the result of the biochemical assay. A network that integrated absorbed components of XLGB-targets-perturbation genes-pathways against osteoporosis was established.

CONCLUSION

Our current study provides a new systemic strategy for discovering active ingredient groups of TCM formulae and understanding their underlying mechanisms.

Rapid classification and identification of chemical constituents in Epimedium koreanum Nakai by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with data post-processing techniques

INTRODUCTION

Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN), is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of osteoporosis, immunosuppression, tumours and cardiovascular diseases. Comprehensive component identification is essential for elucidation of its pharmacological mechanism and quality control. However, its complex chemical composition has caused certain difficulties in the analysis of this traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a method for rapid classification and identification of EKN chemical components.

OBJECTIVE

To establish a method for rapid classification and identification of the main components of flavonoids, organic acids and alkaloids in EKN.

METHODS

The samples were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and data post-processing techniques. The UPLC system used a BEH C₁₈ column to separate the total extract of EKN. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile, and the EKN extract was analysed by gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. In both the positive and negative ion modes, the fragment information was obtained and compared with those of the characteristic fragmentations and neutral losses described in the literature to quickly identify the target compounds.

RESULTS

Finally, we successfully screened out 51 chemical components, including 40 flavonoids, nine organic acids, and two alkaloids.

CONCLUSION

The established method not only comprehensively analysed the chemical compositions of EKN, solved the difficult problems of analysis and identification of the complex chemical compositions of the TCM, but also further promoted the development of the application of chemical compositions of TCM.

Effects of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule on the gut microbiota in ovariectomized rats: Metabolism and modulation

Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule (XLGB) has been proven to prevent and treat osteoporosis. However, as a long-term oral formula, XLGB's effects on the metabolic capacity, structure and function of gut microbiota have yet to be elucidated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Our objectives were to evaluate the capacity of gut microbiota for metabolizing XLGB ingredients and to assess the effect of this prescription on gut microbiota. Herein, an integrated analysis that combined ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQD-MS) was conducted to determine the metabolic capacity of gut microbiota. The effects of XLGB on gut microbiota were explored by metagenomic sequencing in OVX rats. Fecal samples from each group were collected after intragastric administration for three months. In total, 64 biotransformation products were fully characterized with rat gut microbiota from the OVX group and the XLGB group. The deglycosylation reaction was the main biotransformation pathway in core structures in the group that was incubated with XLGB. Compared with the OVX group, different biotransformation products and pathways of the XLGB group after incubation for 2 h and 8 h were described. After three months of feeding with XLGB, the domesticated gut microbiota was conducive to the production of active absorbed components via deglycosylation, such as icaritin, psoralen and isopsoralen. Comparisons of the gut microbiota of the OVX and XLGB groups showed differences in the relative abundances of the two dominant bacterial divisions, namely, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The proportion of Firmicutes was significantly lower and that of Bacteroidetes was significantly higher in the XLGB group. This result demonstrated that XLGB could provide a basis for the treatment of osteoporosis by regulating lipid and bile acid metabolism. In addition, the increase in Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Prevotella could be an important factor that led to easier production of active absorbed aglycones in the XLGB group. Our observation provided further evidence of the importance of gut microbiota in the metabolism and potential activity of XLGB.

Systematically identifying the anti-inflammatory constituents of Cimicifuga dahurica by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology analysis

Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim, which is also regarded as the main origin of "Shengma" in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been used as a cooling and detoxification agent for thousands of years. Our previous phytochemical investigations of C. dahurica extracts (CDEs) led to the isolation of a series of 9,19-cycloalkane triterpenoids and phenolic acids showing a potential anti-inflammatory activity. However, the chemical profiling of CDEs and the material basis of its anti-inflammatory effect in vivo has not been clarified. In the present study, the CDE chemical profile and prototype components in rat plasma were identified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As a result, a total of 106 components were identified or tentatively characterized in CDEs, including 54 triterpenoids, 35 phenolic acids, eight amides and nine other type constituents (39 compounds were confirmed with the reference standards). In addition, 20 prototype components (15 triterpenoids and five phenolic acids) were identified in rat plasma, which potentially related to the anti-inflammatory effects of CDEs. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities of the main prototype components were further evaluated by their inhibitory effects on the production of NO, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which indicated that 9,19-cycloalkane triterpenoids may play an anti-inflammatory role by down-regulating the expression of iNOS.

Serum Pharmacochemistry Analysis Combined with Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Antiosteoporosis Effect of Xianlinggubao Capsule in vivo

Xianlinggubao capsule (XLGB) is a traditional Chinese medicine multi-component herbal prescription and has been widely used in osteoporosis (OP) treatment. However, the underlying anti-OP mechanisms of XLGB have not been fully studied. In this study, an ovariectomized rat model of OP was established. The OP rats were orally administrated with XLGB, and then the main absorbed components in serum sample were assessed based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the potential anti-OP markers in XLGB were screened based on a network pharmacology strategy. Molecular docking analysis was used for confirmation. LC-MS showed 22 absorbed components in the serum sample of OP rat with XLGB treatment. Network pharmacology and pathway analysis suggested 19 potential anti-OP markers in XLGB. According to molecular docking process, most of the potential markers displayed strong interactions with the 22 absorbed components mentioned above. Besides, an absorbed component–potential marker–pathway network was further established. In conclusion, our data suggested the possible mechanisms for XLGB in OP treatment, in which the “multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways” participated. Our article provided possible direction for drug discovery in OP and could help for exploring novel application of XLGB in clinical setting.

Qualitative, quantitative, and pharmacokinetic study on the absorbed components of Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume in rat plasma based on molecular networking combined with quadrupole time-of-flight LC/MS and triple quadrupole LC/MS

Isolation and screening of different compounds from plant extracts are always the key for natural drug research, and the absorbed prototype components have been considered as potential active ingredients. UHPLC combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-LC/MS) has been widely used in the research of natural drugs; however, we still need a more effective tool to compare and treat from a raw data. In this study, we provided a fast analytical method to measure the absorbed prototype components and their metabolites both qualitatively and quantitatively based on molecular networking (MN). For example, in Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume, a total of eight absorbed prototype components in rat plasma were identified. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic study was also successfully performed on the eight absorbed prototype components in rat plasma. Our findings have provided important information on the investigation of A. japonica in vivo. More importantly, the MS network analysis pattern serves as an integral solution for qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemical compounds in natural drugs.

Potential Determinants for Metabolic Fates and Inhibitory Effects of Isobavachalcone Involving in Human Cytochrome P450, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes, and Efflux Transporters

Isobavachalcone, a naturally occurring chalcone in Psoralea corylifolia, posses many biological properties including anticancer, antiplatelet, and antifungal. However, its glucuronidation, glucuronides excretion, and drug-drug interaction (DDI) involving in human cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, and efflux transporters (BCRP and MRPs) remains unclear so far. After incubation, three glucuronides were produced by HLM and HIM with total intrinsic clearance (CL_int) of 236.71 and 323.40 μL/min/mg, respectively. Reaction phenotyping proved UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, and 1A9 played important roles in glucuronidation with total CL_int values of 62.69-143.00 μL/min/mg. Activity correlation analysis indicated UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 participated more in the glucuronidation. In addition, the glucuronidation showed marked species differences, and rabbits and dogs were probably appropriate model animals to investigate the in vivo glucuronidation. Furthermore, BCRP, MRP1, and MRP4 transporters were identified as the most important contributors to glucuronides excretion in HeLa1A1 cells based on gene silencing method. Moreover, isobavachalcone demonstrated broad-spectrum inhibitory effects against CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, UGT1A1, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 with IC₅₀ values of 1.08-9.78 μM. Except CYP2B6 and CYP2D6, the calculated [I]/K_i values for other enzymes were all greater than 0.1, indicating the inhibition of systemic metabolism or elimination for these enzyme substrates seems likely. Taken together, we summarized metabolic fates of isobavachalcone including glucuronidation and efflux transport as well as inhibitory effects involving in human CYP and UGT enzymes.

Metabolic profiles of Jin-hong tablets in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

Jin-hong tablets (JHTs), a well-known traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPM), have been effectively used for the treatment of chronic superficial gastritis (CSG). The metabolic profile of TCPMs is performed to determine their bioactive components. In this study, a five-step strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and metabolynx™ software combined with mass defect filter technique was developed to delineate the metabolic profile of JHT in vivo. As a result, a total of 163 JHT-related xenobiotics (38 prototypes and 125 metabolites) were identified or tentatively characterized in rat biological samples, and the phase I and II metabolism processes mainly included demethylation, hydroxylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. In addition, after oral administration of JHT, a large amount of alkaloid-related ingredients was detected in rat plasma samples, indicating that alkaloids may play an important role in the treatment of CSG with JHT. This study is beneficial for understanding the JHT's in vivo metabolic profiles and characteristics, which helps to reveal its in vivo effective components and provides a solid basis for further studies on its functional mechanism.

Antidementia effects, metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetics of GJ-4, a crocin-rich botanical candidate from Gardeniae fructus

Crocins, a series of hydrophilic carotenoids that are either mono- or di-glycosyl polyene esters of crocetin extracted from dried saffron stigma or fruits of gardenia, are attracting much attention due to their wide range of pharmacological effects. In our previous study, GJ-4, a mixture of crocin analogues, was obtained and derived from gardenia fruits. Mainly 18 crocin analogues were identified from GJ-4 and found to exhibit neuroprotective effects in in vitro and in vivo models. In this present study, we continue to investigate the therapeutic effects of GJ-4 on learning and memory impairments in a 2VO-induced VaD model, and the potential mechanism. In addition, the metabolic profiles and pharmacokinetic properties of GJ-4 were determined using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry after single and multiple oral doses. All these findings presented here will serve as a solid basis to develop GJ-4 as a new therapeutic agent for dementia.

An integrated strategy for profiling the chemical components of Scutellariae Radix and their exogenous substances in rats by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

RATIONALE

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) attract worldwide attention because of their effects in clinical application recorded in China historical ancient codes and in records, such as 'Treatise on Febrile Diseases'. With the developments of drug analysis and research, evaluating the in vivo substances in TCMs has become of great importance. Scutellariae Radix (SR, named as huang-qing in China), the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has shown favorable clinical effects and safety in the treatment of infection diseases; however, its in vivo compounds are unclear and need detailed investigation.

METHODS

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF MS) method coupled to an integrated strategy involving diagnostic ions, neutral losses and a prediction platform was used to explore the constituents of SR, and their exogenous substances in rats.

RESULTS

A total of 118 chemical constituents mainly featuring five chemical structure types (flavone C-glycosides, flavone O-glycosides, free flavones, flavanones and phenylethanoid glycosides) were identified or tentatively characterized in SR, and 175 xenobiotics (68 prototypes and 107 metabolites) were profiled in rat plasma, urine, bile and feces after ingestion of SR. The metabolites were classified into four related chemical groups: flavone C-glycosides, flavone O-glycosides, flavanones and phenylethanoid glycosides. Phase II metabolism reactions, such as glucuronidation and sulfation, were the major metabolic reactions in addition to phase I reactions of hydrolysis and hydrogenation. The corresponding main metabolic features of SR in rats were also elucidated.

CONCLUSIONS

The metabolism of SR, as a whole, was systemically revealed for the first time, and our work also provided meaningful information for pharmacokinetics studies and pharmacological analysis of SR in future work.

Investigation on the metabolic characteristics of isobavachin in Psoralea corylifolia L. (Bu-gu-zhi) and its potential inhibition against human cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases

OBJECTIVES

Isobavachin is a phenolic with anti-osteoporosis activity. This study aimed to explore its metabolic fates in vivo and in vitro, and to investigate the potential drug-drug interactions involving CYPs and UGTs.

METHODS

Metabolites of isobavachin in mice were first identified and characterized. Oxidation and glucuronidation study were performed using liver and intestine microsomes. Reaction phenotyping, activity correlation analysis and relative activity factor approaches were employed to identify the main CYPs and UGTs involved in isobavachin metabolism. Through kinetic modelling, inhibition mechanisms towards CYPs and UGTs were also explored.

KEY FINDINGS

Two glucuronides (G1 - G2) and three oxidated metabolites (M1 - M3) were identified in mice. Additionally, isobavachin underwent efficient oxidation and glucuronidation by human liver microsomes and HIM with CL_int values from 5.53 to 148.79 μl/min per mg. CYP1A2, 2C19 contributed 11.3% and 17.1% to hepatic metabolism of isobavachin, respectively, with CL_int values from 8.75 to 77.33 μl/min per mg. UGT1As displayed CL_int values from 10.73 to 202.62 μl/min per mg for glucuronidation. Besides, significant correlation analysis also proved that CYP1A2, 2C19 and UGT1A1, 1A9 were main contributors for the metabolism of isobavachin. Furthermore, mice may be the appropriate animal model for predicting its metabolism in human. Moreover, isobavachin exhibited broad inhibition against CYP2B6, 2C9, 2C19, UGT1A1, 1A9, 2B7 with K_i values from 0.05 to 3.05 μm.

CONCLUSIONS

CYP1A2, 2C19 and UGT1As play an important role in isobavachin metabolism. Isobavachin demonstrated broad-spectrum inhibition of CYPs and UGTs.

Characterization of metabolic activity, isozyme contribution and species differences of bavachin, and identification of efflux transporters for bavachin-O-glucuronide in HeLa1A1 cells

Objectives

Bavachin is a bioactive natural flavonoid with oestrogen-like activity. Here, we aimed to investigate its metabolic and disposal fates involving in CYPs, UGTs and efflux transporters.

Methods

Phase I metabolism and glucuronidation were performed by human liver microsomes (HLM). Reaction phenotyping and activity correlation analysis were performed to identify the main CYP and UGT isozymes. Chemical inhibition and gene knock-down approaches were employed to explore the function of BCRP and MRPs.

Key findings

Five phase I metabolites (M1–M5) and three glucuronides (G1–G3) were identified. The CLint values for M4 and G1 by HLM were 127.99 and 1159.07 μl/min per mg, respectively. Reaction phenotyping results suggested CYP1A1 (208.85 μl/min per mg) and CYP2C9 (107.51 μl/min per mg), and UGT1A1 (697.19 μl/min per mg), UGT1A7 (535.78 μl/min per mg), UGT1A8 (247.72 μl/min per mg) and UGT1A9 (783.68 μl/min per mg) all participated in the metabolism of bavachin. In addition, activity correlation analysis also supported the results above. Furthermore, the metabolism exhibited marked species differences, and rabbits were the appropriate model animals. Moreover, MRP4 was identified as the main contributor based on chemical inhibition and gene silencing approaches.

Conclusions

CYP1A1 and CYP2C9, UGT1A1, UGT1A7, UGT1A8 and UGT1A9, and MRP4 all played important roles in the metabolism and disposition of bavachin.

Identification and characterization of chemical constituents in Qi-Lin pills and their metabolites in rat bio-samples after oral administration using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Qi-Lin pill (QLP), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP), composed of fifteen herbal medicines, has been widely used for the treatment of male infertility. However, an in-depth understanding of the chemical constituents of QLP and its in vivo metabolic study is lacking. In this study, a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was established for comprehensive analysis of chemical constituents of QLP and their metabolites in plasma, urine, bile and feces after gastric perfusion. The method guaranteed the fast discovery of representative structural fragment information and provided efficient structure clues for identification based on data from MS^E mode. As a result, a total of 202 constituents were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized. In addition, a total of 203 QLP-related xenobiotics were characterized, including 41 (22 prototypes and 19 metabolites) in plasma, 144 (47 prototypes and 97 metabolites) in urine, 50 (27 prototypes and 23 metabolites) in bile and 68 (51 prototypes and 17 metabolites) in feces. The metabolism reactions included phase I reactions (demethylation, hydroxylation, deglycosylation, deoxygenation, hydrogenation, dehydration, oxidation and hydrolysis) and phase II reactions (methylation, conjugation with glucuronide and sulfate). This was the first comprehensive investigation on chemical constituents and metabolic profiles of QLP in vivo, and the results provided chemical foundation for further research on effective substances and action mechanism of QLP.

Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Biotransformation Products of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription, with Rat Intestinal Microflora by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB), a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription consisted of six herbal medicines, was used for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in China. As an oral formulation, the multiple components contained in XLGB were inevitably biotransformed by the intestinal microflora before absorption via the gastrointestinal tract. However, the dynamic profiles of biotransformation products of XLGB remain unknown. In this paper, a rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of multiple biotransformation products of XLGB with rat intestinal microflora. For 10 selected quantitative compounds, all calibration curves revealed good linearity (r2 > 0.99) within the sampling ranges considered. The whole intra- and inter-day precisions (as relative standard deviation) of all analytes were <13.5%, and the accuracies (as relative error) were in the range from −11.3 to 11.2%. The lower limits of quantification were 20, 10, 5, 20, 2, 2, 2, 5, 2 and 2 ng/mL for sweroside, timosaponin BII, epimedin C, asperosaponin VI, psoralen, isobavachin, icariside II, timosaponin AIII, isobavachalcone and icaritin, respectively. The matrix effects, extraction recoveries and stabilities were all satisfactory. Meanwhile, dynamic profiles of 21 additional biotransformation products were also monitored by their area-time curves. The analytical method was successfully applied to describe dynamic profiles of 31 biotransformation products of XLGB and the recipes with removal of a definite composed herbal medicine (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma or Rehmanniae Radix).

Metabolism and disposition of corylifol A from Psoralea corylifolia: metabolite mapping, isozyme contribution, species differences and identification of efflux transporters for corylifol A-O-glucuronide in HeLa1A1 cells

Corylifol A (CA), a phenolic compound from Psoralea corylifolia, possessed several biological properties but poor bioavailability. Here we aimed to investigate the roles of cytochromes P450s (CYPs), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and efflux transporters in metabolism and disposition of CA.Metabolism of CA was evaluated in HLM, expressed CYPs and UGTs. Chemical inhibitors and shRNA-mediated gene silencing of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) were performed to assess the roles of transporters in CA disposition.Three oxidated metabolites (M1-M3) and two glucuronides (M4-M5) were detected. The intrinsic clearances (CL_int) values of M1 and M4 in HLM were 48.10 and 184.03 μL/min/mg, respectively. Additionally, CYP1A1, 2C8 and 2C19 were identified as main contributors with CL_int values of 13.01-49.36 μL/min/mg, while UGT1A1, 1A7, 1A8 and 1A9 were with CL_int values ranging from 85.01 to 284.07 μL/min/mg. Furthermore, activity correlation analysis proved CYP2C8, UGT1A1 and 1A9 were the main active hepatic isozymes. Besides, rats and monkeys were appropriate model animals. Moreover, dipyridamole and MK571 both could significantly inhibit M4 efflux. Gene silencing results also indicated MRP4 and BCRP were major contributors in HeLa1A1 cells.Taken together, CYPs, UGTs, MRP4 and BCRP were important determinants of CA pharmacokinetics.

Simultaneous determination of eight bioactive components of Cirsium setosum flavonoids in rat plasma using triple quadrupole LC/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB. has been reported to exert significant anti-hemorrhagic, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, sedative and detoxicating efficacy. It has been widely used to treat gastrointestinal bleeding, uterine bleeding, infectious hepatitis and cardiovascular disease in China. Recent studies have shown that flavonoids are the main active components in C. setosum. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report concerning the simultaneous determinations and pharmacokinetics of constituents in C. setosum flavonoids in rat plasma. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and selective triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed to determine eight analytes from the flavonoids of C. setosum in rat plasma. In addition, the pharmacokinetic study of the eight analytes in rats after oral administration of C. setosum flavonoids was successfully completed through this method. According to the pharmacokinetic parameters of the eight analytes, rutin, naringin, quercetin, acacetin, wogonin were the long-acting components of the C. setosum flavonoids, with long elimination time and high bioavailability. Of note, the method developed in this study fills a blank in pharmacokinetic studies of C. setosum flavonoids. Our findings provide valuable views on the understanding of the absorption mechanism of C. setosum flavonoids and their clinical efficacy.

The roles of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs/ABCCs) in the excretion of cycloicaritin-3-O-glucoronide in UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells

Cycloicaritin is a bioactive natural phenolic compound from Epimedium species. However, the glucuronidation and excretion which would influence oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cycloicaritin still remain unknown. Here we aimed to establish UGT1A1 stably transfected HeLa cells, and to determine the contributions of BCRP and MRPs transporters to excretion of cycloicaritin-3-O-glucuronide. First, β-estradiol was used to validate the expression of active UGT1A1 protein in engineered HeLa1A1 cells. Furthermore, Ko143 (5 and 20 μM) led to a significant decrease (42.4%-63.8%, p < 0.01) in CICT-3-G excretion and obvious accumulation (19.7%-54.2%, p < 0.05) of intracellular CICT-3-G, while MK571 (5 and 20 μM) caused a significant reduction (46.8%-64.8%, p < 0.05) in the excretion and obvious elevation (50.7%-85.2%, p < 0.01) of intracellular level of CICT-3-G. Furthermore, BCRP knocked-down brought marked reduction in excretion rates of CICT-3-G (26.0%-42.2%, p < 0.01), whereas MRP1 and MRP4-mediated silencing led to significant decrease in the excretion of CICT-3-G (23.8%-35.4%, p < 0.05 for MRP1 and 11.9%-16.0%, p < 0.05 for MRP4). By contrast, neither CICT-3-G excretion nor CICT-3-G accumulation altered in MRP3 knocked-down cells as compared to scramble cells. Taken together, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP4 were identified as the most important contributors for CICT-3-G excretion. Meanwhile, the UGT1A1 modified HeLa cells were a simple and practical tool to study UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation and to characterize BCRP and MRPs-mediated glucuronide transport at a cellular level.

Pharmacokinetic and excretion study of three alkaloids in rats using UPLC-MS/MS after oral administration of menispermi rhizoma capsules

A sensitive, specific and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous determination of three main alkaloids (daucicoline, daurisoline, dauricine) in rat plasma, urine and feces after oral administration of menispermi rhizoma capsules. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C₁₈ column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, id, 1.7 μm) with a column temperature of 30 °C and a linear gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. The flow rate was set at 0.3 mL min⁻¹, and the total run time was 10 min. The detection was performed, without interference, using positive electrospray ionization with a multiple reaction monitoring mode. A comprehensive validation of the method was performed. The linearity of the analytical response was good over a wide concentration range with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9903 and the lower limits of quantification were 1.5–5.0 ng mL⁻¹ for all matrices. Both accuracy and precision of the assay were satisfactory. The mean extraction recoveries of analytes and internal standard from rat plasma, urine and feces were all more than 78.3%. The validated methods of the three types of substrates were successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic and excretion study of the three alkaloids in rats after oral administration of menispermi rhizoma capsule. The pharmacokinetics and excretion study of these active components in menispermi rhizoma capsule have not been reported. The results provided a meaningful basis for the clinical application of menispermi rhizoma capsule.

A sensitive, specific and rapid UPLC-MS/MS was developed for simultaneous determination of three main alkaloids (daucicoline, daurisoline, dauricine) in rat plasma, urine and feces after oral administration of menispermi rhizoma capsules.

Metabolic Profiles of Ginger, A Functional Food, and Its Representative Pungent Compounds in Rats by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Ginger, a popular functional food, has been widely used throughout the world for centuries. However, its metabolic behaviors remain unclear, which entails an obstacle to further understanding of its functional components. In this study, the metabolic profiles of ginger in rats were systemically investigated by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. The results included the characterization of 92 components of ginger based on the summarized fragmentation patterns and self-building chemical database. Furthermore, four representative compounds were selected to explore the typical metabolic pathways of ginger. Consequently, 141 ginger-related xenobiotics were characterized, following the metabolic spots of the pungent phytochemicals were summarized. These findings indicated that the in vivo effective components of ginger were mainly derived from [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. Meanwhile, hydrogenation, demethylation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and thiolation were their major metabolic reactions. These results expand our knowledge about the metabolism of ginger, which will be important for discovering its functional components and the further mechanism research.

Rapid characterization and identification of the chemical constituents and rat metabolites of Deng-Zhan-Xi-Xin injection using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Deng-Zhan-Xi-Xin injection is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral vessel diseases. However, there have been few reports on its chemical constituents and metabolic pathway, which has blocked its further quality control and studies on its pharmacology and mechanism of action. In this study, an integrative method was established to rapidly explore the chemical constituents and metabolites of Deng-Zhan-Xi-Xin injection using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and the UNIFI™ software combined with multiple data processing approaches. As a result, a total of 40 compounds, including 9 flavonoids and 31 phenolic acids were identified or tentatively characterized, and five compounds were first reported in Deng-Zhan-Xi-Xin injection. Under the same analysis conditions, 70 compounds have been detected in rats, including 25 prototypes and 45 metabolites. This was the first systematic research study on the metabolic profiling of Deng-Zhan-Xi-Xin injection. This study provides valuable chemical information for the quality control and research on pharmacology and mechanism of action of Deng-Zhan-Xi-Xin injection. Moreover, it provides a valuable strategy for analyzing the chemical components and metabolites of other traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions.

A simple and selective LC-MS/MS method for quantification of ikarisoside A in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

Ikarisoside A is a natural flavonoid isolated from Epimedium plants. To further evaluate its medicinal potential, a sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the assay of ikarisoside A in rat plasma. Orientin was used as an internal standard. The electrospray ionization was operated in its negative ion mode while ikarisoside A and IS were measured by selected reaction monitoring using precursor-to-product ion transitions of m/z 499.1 → 353.0 and m/z 446.9 → 327.6, respectively. This LC-MS/MS method had good sensitivity (LLOQ = 1.5 ng/mL), accuracy (both intra- and inter-day RE ≤ ±11.9%) and precision (both intra- and inter-day RSD ≤8.5%). The pharmacokinetics of ikarisoside A was subsequently profiled in Sprague-Dawley rats. Following oral administration (35 mg/kg), ikarisoside A reached maximum plasma concentration (C_max , 207.6 ± 96.7 ng/mL) attained at 1.10 ± 0.42 h. Following oral administration, the clearance and terminal half-life were 42.9 ± 26.5 L/h/kg and 3.15 ± 0.80 h by oral route, respectively.

Systematic screening and characterization of Qi-Li-Qiang-Xin capsule-related xenobiotics in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

Qi-Li-Qiang-Xin capsule (QLQX), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP), is consisted of eleven commonly used herbal medicines, has been widely used for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the absorbed components and related metabolites after oral administration of QLQX are still remaining unknown. In the present work, a reliable and effective method using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was established to identify QLQX-related xenobiotics in rats. Based on a representative structure based homologous xenobiotics identification (RSBHXI) strategy, a total of eleven compounds (salvianolic acid B, formononetin, benzoylmesaconine, alisol A, sinapine thiocyanate, naringin, tanshinone IIA, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, astragaloside IV and periplocin), bearing different chemical core structures, were selected and investigated for their metabolism in vivo. And then, comprehensive metabolic profiles of the holistic multi-ingredients in QLQX were achieved. As a result, a total of 121 QLQX-related xenobiotics (47 prototypes and 74 metabolites) were identified or tentatively characterized, among them eight prototypes (mesaconine, hypaconine, songorine, fuziline, neoline, talatizamine formononetin, neocryptotanshinone) and two metabolites (calycosin-gluA, formononetin-guA) were relatively the main existing xenobiotics exposed in blood. All absorbed prototype constituents were mainly from six composed herbal medicines (Aconiti lateralis radix, Astragali radix, Ginseng radix, Alismatis rhizoma, Salvia miltiorrhiza radix, Periploca cortex). The main metabolic reactions were methylation, hydrogenation, hydroxylation, oxidization, sulfation and glucuronidation. This is the first study on in vivo metabolism of QLQX. These results enabled us to focus on several high exposure ingredients in the discovery of effective substances of QLQX, however further pharmacokinetic study on these QLQX-related xenobiotics are needed to be carried out.

The profiling and identification of chemical components, prototypes and metabolites of Run-zao-zhi-yang capsule in rat plasma, urine and bile by an UPLC-Q-TOF/MSE -based high-throughput strategy

Run-zao-zhi-yang (RZZY) capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is popularly used for the treatment of dermatitis and eczema. However, few studies have been carried out on RZZY and its metabolites. In this study, we developed a three-step strategy to rapidly characterize the chemical constituents and metabolites of RZZY using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 41 chemical components were characterized from RZZY. Among these, there are 11 flavonoids, six alkaloids, six stilbene glycosides, five anthraquinones and 13 other compounds. In addition, 18 prototypes and 35 metabolites were detected in rat plasma, urine and bile. This study offers an applicable approach for high-throughput profiling and identification of chemical components and metabolites derived from traditional Chinese medicine formula in vivo, and also provides essential data for exploring bioactive ingredients and action mechanisms of RZZY.

Metabolites profile of Gualou Xiebai Baijiu decoction (a classical traditional Chinese medicine prescription) in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

Gualou Xiebai Baijiu decoction (GLXB), a well-known classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has been widely used to treat coronary heart diseases for thousands of years in Eastern Asian countries due to its remarkable clinical effect. However, due to lack of in vivo metabolism research, the chemical components responsible for the therapeutic effects still remain unclear. In this work, a reliable "representative structure based homologous xenobiotics identification" (RSBHXI) strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) were applied to investigate the chemical components in GLXB extracts. As a result, 133 chemical components were characterized based on summarized fragmentation patterns, of which 41 components were confirmed unambiguously with authentic standards. Furthermore, a total of 138 GLXB-related xenobiotics were identified or tentatively characterized after oral administration of GLXB extracts. Moreover, to better understand the metabolic pathways of characteristic components in GLXB, metabolites profiles of five steroidal saponins and two flavonoids were performed, respectively. Since the metabolic pathways of five representative saponins had been finished in our previous study, we focused on the in vivo metabolism of two flavonoids. A total of 36 and 20 metabolites were detected in rat biological samples after oral administration of luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and rutin, respectively. The results indicated that dehydration, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the main metabolic reactions, following the metabolic soft spots of GLXB-related flavonoids. Taken altogether, this study would be helpful for the further pharmacokinetics, pharmacological evaluation and quality control of GLXB.

Metabolic profiling of corylin in vivo and in vitro

Corylin, an phenolic compound from Psoralea corylifolia, has been reported with various pharmacological properties but has poor bioavailability due to massive metabolism. In this study, twelve metabolites of corylin mainly involving in oxidation, hydration, glucuronidation and sulfation were detected in mice. Furthermore, the oxidation and hydration of corylin (M4) in human liver microsomes (HLM) and human intestine microsomes (HIM) were both efficient with high CL_int (intrinsic clearance) values of 24.29 and 42.85 μL/min/mg, respectively. CYP1A1, 1B1 and 2C19 contributed most for M4 with the CL_int values of 26.63, 33.09 and 132.41 μL/min/mg, respectively. Besides, M4 was strongly correlated with phenacetin-N-deacetylation (r = 0.885, p = 0.0001) and tolbutamide-4-oxidation (r = 0.727, p = 0.001) in twelve individual HLMs, respectively. In addition, corylin was efficiently glucuronidated (M7) in HLM (125.33 μL/min/mg) and in HIM (108.74 μL/min/mg). UGT1A1 contributed the most for M7 with the CL_int value of 122.32 μL/min/mg. Meanwhile, M7 was significantly correlated with β-estradiol-3-O-glucuronidation (r = 0.742, p = 0.006) in twelve individual HLMs. Moreover, the metabolism of corylin showed marked species differences. Taken together, corylin was subjected to massive first-pass metabolism in liver and intestine, while CYP1A1, 1B1, 2C19 and UGT1A1 were the main contributors. Finally, the proposed metabolic pathway of corylin involed CYP and UGT isoforms were summarized, which could help to understand the metabolic fate of corylin in vivo.

A Traditional Herbal Formula Xianlinggubao for Pain Control and Function Improvement in Patients with Knee and Hand Osteoarthritis: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Trial

Evidence of efficacy of a traditional herbal formula Xianlinggubao (XLGB) for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) is limited. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of XLGB in the management of patients with knee and hand OA. This was a multicenter, stratified, open-label, randomized controlled trial conducted at six centers in China. People aged 40 or above, diagnosed with OA of the knee or hand, were randomly assigned to the XLGB treatment group or watchful waiting control group. Main outcome measures were the changes in the numeric pain rating scales (NPRS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) or the Australian/Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN) scores, from baseline to 6 months. In total 534 patients (272 to XLGB and 262 to control group) received interventions. Participants in the XLGB group exhibited significant improvement in NPRS (P < 0.001) and WOMAC score (P < 0.001) or AUSCAN score (P < 0.001) compared to control group. Treatment with XLGB at current regime significantly reduced pain and improved function of the knee and hand in patients with OA over a 6-month period, implying that XLGB could be suggested as an alternative treatment for patients with knee or hand OA.

Chemical inhibition and stable knock-down of efflux transporters leads to reduced glucuronidation of wushanicaritin in UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells: the role of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the excretion of glucuronides

We determine the contributions of BCRP and MRP transporters in HeLa cells.

In Vitro Glucuronidation of Wushanicaritin by Liver Microsomes, Intestine Microsomes and Expressed Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes

Wushanicaritin, a natural polyphenol compound, exerts many biological activities. This study aimed to characterize wushanicaritin glucuronidation by pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestine microsomes and individual uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme. Glucuronidation rates were determined by incubating wushanicaritin with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid-supplemented microsomes. Kinetic parameters were derived by appropriate model fitting. Reaction phenotyping, the relative activity factor (RAF) and activity correlation analysis were performed to identify the main UGT isoforms. Wushanicaritin glucuronidation in HLM was efficient with a high CL_int (intrinsic clearance) value of 1.25 and 0.69 mL/min/mg for G1 and G2, respectively. UGT1A1 and 1A7 showed the highest activities with the intrinsic clearance (CL_int) values of 1.16 and 0.38 mL/min/mg for G1 and G2, respectively. In addition, G1 was significantly correlated with β-estradiol glucuronidation (r = 0.847; p = 0.0005), while G2 was also correlated with chenodeoxycholic acid glucuronidation (r = 0.638, p = 0.026) in a bank of individual HLMs (n = 12). Based on the RAF approach, UGT1A1 contributed 51.2% for G1, and UGT1A3 contributed 26.0% for G2 in HLM. Moreover, glucuronidation of wushanicaritin by liver microsomes showed marked species difference. Taken together, UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 2B7 were identified as the main UGT contributors responsible for wushanicaritin glucuronidation.

Quantitative bioanalysis of bavachalcone in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application in a pharmacokinetics study

This study aims to develop and validate a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for investigating the pharmacokinetic characteristics of bavachalcone. Liquid-liquid extraction was used to prepare plasma sample. Chromatographic separation of bavachalcone and IS was achieved using a Venusil ASB C₁₈ (2.1 × 50 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase of methanol (A)-water (B) (70:30, v/v). The detection and quantification of analytes was performed in selected-reaction monitoring mode using precursor → product ion combinations of m/z 323.1 → 203.2 for bavachalcone, and m/z 373.0 → 179.0 for IS. Linear calibration plots were achieved in the range of 1-1000 ng/mL for bavachalcone (r²  > 0.99) in rat plasma. The recovery of bavachalcone ranged from 84.1 to 87.0%. The method was precise, accurate and reliable. It was fully validated and successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of bavachalcone.