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He N, Huang F, Luo D, Liu Z, Han M, Zhao Z, Sun X. Oilseed flax cultivation: optimizing phosphorus use for enhanced growth and soil health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1432875. [PMID: 39323530 PMCID: PMC11422101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1432875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) yields are phosphate (P) fertilizer-limited, especially in the temperate semiarid dryland regions of North China. However, there are limited studies on the effects of P-fertilizer inputs on plant growth and soil microorganisms in flax planting systems. Methods To address this gap, a field experiment was conducted with four treatments: no P addition and application of 40, 80, and 120 kg P ha-¹, respectively. The aim was to investigate the influence of various P fertilizer inputs on yield, plant dry matter, P use efficiency, as well as the population of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and bacteria in dryland oilseed flax. Results Our results show that the P addition increased the dry matter, and the yield of oilseed increased by ~200% at 120 kg P ha-1 addition with inhibition on the growth of AMF hyphae. The moderate P supply (80 kg ha-1) was adequate for promoting P translocation, P use efficiency, and P recovery efficiency. Soil pH, available P, and available K significantly (p< 0.05) promoted the abundance of the dominant taxa (Acidobacteria_GP6, Sphingobacteria and Bacteroidetes). In addition, it is imperative to comprehend the mechanism of interaction between phosphorus-fertilizer inputs and microbiota in oilseed flax soil. Discussion This necessitates further research to quantify and optimize the moderate phosphorus supply, regulate soil microbes to ensure high phosphorus utilization, and ultimately establish a sustainable system for oilseed flax cultivation in the local area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning He
- Yichun Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Yichun Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Dingyu Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Ocean Climate, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingming Han
- Biology Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Yichun Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Xian Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Research Center of Ocean Climate, Sun Yat-Sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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Liu Y, Hu C, Serna JA, Biedermann F, Levkin PA. Binding affinity-based intracellular drug detection enabled by a unimolecular cucurbit[7]uril-dye conjugate. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:760-764. [PMID: 37799577 PMCID: PMC10549235 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Label-free fluorescence-based chemosensing has been increasingly brought into focus due to its simplicity and high sensitivity for intracellular monitoring of molecules. Currently used methods, such as conventional indicator displacement assays (IDAs), pose limitations related to dissociation upon dilution, random diffusion of the released indicators, and high sensitivity to interference by agents from the ambient cellular environment (e.g., salts, enzymes, and proteins). Herein we report a potentially widely applicable strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional IDAs by employing a macrocyclic cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) host covalently coupled to a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorescent dye (CB7-NBD conjugate). As a proof of concept, we demonstrated that the CB7-NBD unimolecular conjugate responded to various target analytes even in the complex live cell system. Moreover, the sensing system was compatible with fluorescence imaging, fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS), and fluorescence spectrometry with a microplate reader. These experiments demonstrated an application of covalently bound unimolecular CB7-NBD conjugate as a sensor for detecting diverse analytes in the intracellular compartment of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Liu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Changming Hu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Julian A Serna
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Frank Biedermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Kaiserstraße 12 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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Boni S, Antonucci M, Manca A, Nicolò AD, Martinelli L, Artioli S, Pacini G, Di Perri G, D'Avolio A. Ceftobiprole and daptomycin concentrations in valve tissue in a patient with mitralic native valve endocarditis. J Chemother 2022; 34:416-418. [PMID: 35484923 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2068850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceftobiprole (CFB), especially in combination, could be a promising alternative treatment for infective endocarditis. A main determinant of clinical response to antibiotic treatment is drug concentration at the infected site. Data on CFB and Daptomycin (DPT) heart valve penetration are lacking.Here we report a clinical case of CFB and DPT treatment combination for endocarditis. Then, we measured CFB and DPT concentrations in a native infected valve to verify their pharmacokinetic penetration and relationship with pharmacodynamic microbiological markers.The isolated microorganism was a MRSA with CFB and DPT MIC < 2 mg/L and <1 mg/L, respectively. The CFB and DPT plasma concentrations were 36.2 and 14.1 mg/L, respectively and the extrapolated concentration, based on each half-life, at the operatory time were 16.4 and 19.1 mg/L for CFB and DPT, respectively; the corresponding median CFB and DPT valve concentrations were 2.26 (IQR 2.14-2.69) and 12.9 µg/g (IQR 5.69-20.9), respectively; the estimated tissue/plasma ratios for CFB and DTP were 0.14 and 0.67, respectively.The association of CFB and DPT showed a good efficacy in this single endocarditis clinical case, confirmed by plasma and tissue PK/PD data.This report shows the first data on CFB valve tissue penetration, and it needs to be confirmed in other patient valve tissues. Moreover, relative studies of correlation with clinical efficacy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Boni
- Infectious Diseases Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miriam Antonucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics #, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Manca
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics #, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo De Nicolò
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics #, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics #, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics #, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Factors Influencing the Intracellular Concentrations of the Sofosbuvir Metabolite GS-331007 (in PBMCs) at 30 Days of Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030355. [PMID: 35337152 PMCID: PMC8953593 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sofosbuvir (SOF) is an HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor, and GS-331007 is its major metabolite. The aim of this study was to investigate whether clinical and pharmacological factors could influence GS-331007 intracellular (IC) concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) associated with a sustained virological response in patients treated with SOF and ribavirin (RBV). Drug levels were analyzed using liquid chromatography at different days of therapy, whereas variants in genes encoding transporters and nuclear factors were investigated using real-time PCR. This study enrolled 245 patients treated with SOF; 245 samples were analyzed for pharmacogenetics and 50 were analyzed for IC pharmacokinetics. The GS-331007 IC concentration at 30 days was associated with its plasma concentration determinate at 30, 60 and 90 days of SOF-therapy and with daclatasvir concentrations at 7 days of therapy. No genetic polymorphism affected IC exposure. In linear multivariate analysis, ledipasvir treatment, baseline albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate were significant predictors of IC exposure. This study presents data on an IC evaluation in a cohort of patients treated with SOF, also considering pharmacogenetics. These results could be useful for regions where SOF–RBV treatment is considered the standard of care; moreover, they could further deepen the knowledge of IC exposure for similar drugs in the future.
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Measuring Intracellular Concentrations of Calcineurin Inhibitors: Expert Consensus from the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology Expert Panel. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 42:665-670. [PMID: 32520841 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the 2 calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), tacrolimus (TAC) and cyclosporin A, has resulted in improvements in the management of patients who have undergone solid organ transplantation. As a result of TDM, acute rejection (AR) rates and treatment-related toxicities have been reduced. Irrespective, AR and toxicity still occur in patients who have undergone transplantation, showing blood CNI concentrations within the therapeutic range. Moreover, the AR rate is no longer decreasing. Hence, smarter TDM approaches are necessary. Because CNIs exert their action inside T lymphocytes, intracellular CNIs may be a promising candidate for improving therapeutic outcomes. The intracellular CNI concentration may be more directly related to the drug effect and has been favorably compared with the standard, whole-blood TDM for TAC in liver transplant recipients. However, measuring intracellular CNIs concentrations is not without pitfalls at both the preanalytical and analytical stages, and standardization seems essential in this area. To date, there are no guidelines for the TDM of intracellular CNI concentrations. METHODS Under the auspices of the International Association of TDM and Clinical Toxicology and its Immunosuppressive Drug committees, a group of leading investigators in this field have shared experiences and have presented preanalytical and analytical recommendations for measuring intracellular CNI concentrations.
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Menz BD, Stocker SL, Verougstraete N, Kocic D, Galettis P, Stove CP, Reuter SE. Barriers and opportunities for the clinical implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:227-236. [PMID: 32430968 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few fields of medicine in which the individualisation of medicines is more important than in the area of oncology. Under-dosing can have significant ramifications due to the potential for therapeutic failure and cancer progression; by contrast, over-dosing may lead to severe treatment-limiting side effects, such as agranulocytosis and neutropenia. Both circumstances lead to poor patient prognosis and contribute to the high mortality rates still seen in oncology. The concept of dose individualisation tailors dosing for each individual patient to ensure optimal drug exposure and best clinical outcomes. While the value of this strategy is well recognised, it has seen little translation to clinical application. However, it is important to recognise that the clinical setting of oncology is unlike that for which therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is currently the cornerstone of therapy (e.g. antimicrobials). Whilst there is much to learn from these established TDM settings, the challenges presented in the treatment of cancer must be considered to ensure the implementation of TDM in clinical practice. Recent advancements in a range of scientific disciplines have the capacity to address the current system limitations and significantly enhance the use of anticancer medicines to improve patient health. This review examines opportunities presented by these innovative scientific methodologies, specifically sampling strategies, bioanalytics and dosing decision support, to enable optimal practice and facilitate the clinical implementation of TDM in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Menz
- SA Pharmacy, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sophie L Stocker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nick Verougstraete
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danijela Kocic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Galettis
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christophe P Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie E Reuter
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Abstract
Bioavailability is an ancient but effective terminology by which the entire therapeutic efficacy of a drug directly or indirectly relays. Despite considering general plasma bioavailability, specific organ/tissue bioavailability will pave the path to broad spectrum dose calculation. Clear knowledge and calculative vision on bioavailability can improve the research and organ-targeting phenomenon. This article comprises a detailed introduction on bioavailability along with regulatory aspects, kinetic data and novel bioformulative approaches to achieve improved organ specific bioavailability, which may not be readily related to blood plasma bioavailability.
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Avataneo V, D’Avolio A, Cusato J, Cantù M, De Nicolò A. LC-MS application for therapeutic drug monitoring in alternative matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Landry S, Chen CN, Patel N, Tseng A, Lalonde RG, Thibeault D, Sanche S, Sheehan NL. Therapeutic drug monitoring in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients receiving darunavir-based salvage regimens: A case series. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:111-116. [PMID: 29458132 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) constitutes a compelling approach for the optimization of antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced HIV-1 patients. While various inhibitory indices have been proposed to predict virologic outcome, there is a lack of consensus on the clinical value of TDM. Here, we report the comparative results of TDM in 14 HIV-1-infected patients who had previously received at least two different PI-based regimens and who initiated darunavir (DRV)-based salvage therapy. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) parameters were calculated for each subject. Seventy-nine percent of subjects had a viral load <50 copies/mL at 48 weeks. The only subject with two consecutive viral loads >50 copies/mL at the end of the study period was the patient with the lowest instantaneous inhibitory potential (IIP). The sample size was insufficient to show an association between any of the PK/PD parameters and virologic response. Based on our observations, we suggest that the utility of IIP for antiretroviral combinations for the prediction of virologic outcome in HIV-1 drug-experienced patients should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Landry
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, D02.4110, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chi-Nan Chen
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, D02.4110, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nimish Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Alice Tseng
- Immunodeficiency Clinic, University Health Network, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Richard G Lalonde
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, D02.4110, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Denis Thibeault
- Biochemistry Laboratory, McGill University Health Center, 1001 boul. Décarie, E04.1510, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Steven Sanche
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nancy L Sheehan
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, D02.4110, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada; Pharmacy Department, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 boulevard Décarie, CRC.6004, Montréal, Québec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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D'Avolio A, Pensi D, Baietto L, Pacini G, Di Perri G, De Rosa FG. Daptomycin Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Septic and Critically Ill Patients. Drugs 2017; 76:1161-74. [PMID: 27412121 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Infections, including sepsis, are associated with high mortality rates in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Appropriate antibiotic selection and adequate dosing are important for improving patient outcomes. Daptomycin is bactericidal in bloodstream infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens cultured in ICU patients. The drug has concentration-dependent activity, and the area under the curve/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio is the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index that best correlates with daptomycin activity, whereas toxicity correlates well with daptomycin plasma trough concentrations (or minimum concentration [C min]). Adequate daptomycin exposure can be difficult to achieve in ICU patients; multiple PK alterations can result in highly variable plasma concentrations, which are difficult to predict. For this reason, therapeutic drug monitoring could help clinicians optimize daptomycin dosing, thus improving efficacy while decreasing the likelihood of serious adverse events. This paper reviews the literature on daptomycin in ICU patients with sepsis, focusing on dosing and PK and PD parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Debora Pensi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Baietto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Pensi D, De Nicolò A, Pinon M, Pisciotta C, Calvo PL, Nonnato A, Romagnoli R, Tandoi F, Di Perri G, D'Avolio A. First UHPLC-MS/MS method coupled with automated online SPE for quantification both of tacrolimus and everolimus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its application on samples from co-treated pediatric patients. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:187-195. [PMID: 28098395 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TAC, FK-506) and everolimus (EVE, RAD001) are immunosuppressors used to treat pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation. Their hematic TDM by liquid chromatography became standard practice. However, it does not always reflect concentrations at their active site. Our aim was to develop and validate a new method for the simultaneous TAC and EVE quantification into target cells: peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected using cell preparation tubes; cells number and mean cell volume were evaluated by an automatic cell counter. TAC and EVE were quantified using UHPLC-MS/MS coupled with an automated online solid-phase extraction platform. Chromatographic run was performed on an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 1.7 μm (2.1 × 50 mm) column at 45 °C, for 6 min at 0.5 ml/min. Mobile phases were water and methanol, both with 2 mm ammonium acetate and 1 ml/l formic acid). XBridge® C8 10 μm (1 × 10 mm) SPE cartridges were used, and the internal standard was ascomycin. Following Food and Drug Administration guidelines, method validation resulted in high sensitivity and specificity. Calibration curves were linear (r2 = 0.998) and intra-day and inter-day imprecision and inaccuracy were <15%. A reproducible matrix effect was observed, with a good recovery for all compounds. Drug amounts in 15 'real' PBMCs samples from five pediatric patients in co-treatment resulted within the calibration range (0.039-5 ng). Concentrations from each patient were standardized using their evaluated mean cell volume: intra-PBMCs concentration was meanly 19.23 and 218.61 times higher than the hematic one for TAC and EVE, respectively. This method might be useful in clinical routine, giving reliable data on drugs concentration at the active site. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Pensi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital (Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics#), Turin, Italy
| | | | - Michele Pinon
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Clarissa Pisciotta
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital (Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics#), Turin, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Calvo
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonello Nonnato
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Diagnostic Laboratory, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Renato Romagnoli
- Liver Transplantation Center, General Surgery 2U, A.O.U. Cittàdella Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Tandoi
- Liver Transplantation Center, General Surgery 2U, A.O.U. Cittàdella Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital (Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics#), Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital (Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics#), Turin, Italy
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Punyawudho B, Singkham N, Thammajaruk N, Dalodom T, Kerr SJ, Burger DM, Ruxrungtham K. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1583-1595. [PMID: 27626677 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1235972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may be beneficial when applied to antiretroviral (ARV). Even though TDM can be a valuable strategy in HIV management, its role remains controversial. Areas covered: This review provides a comprehensive update on important issues relating to TDM of ARV drugs in HIV-infected patients. Articles from PubMed with keywords relevant to each topic section were reviewed. Search strategies limited to articles published in English. Expert commentary: There is evidence supporting the use of TDM in HIV treatment. However, some limitations need to be considered. The evidence supporting the use of routine TDM for all patients is limited, as it is not clear that this strategy offers any advantages over TDM for selected indications. Selected groups of patients including patients with physiological changes, patients with drug-drug interactions or toxicity, and the elderly could potentially benefit from TDM, as optimized dosing is challenging in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baralee Punyawudho
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Noppaket Singkham
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | | | - Theera Dalodom
- b HIV-NAT , Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- b HIV-NAT , Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre , Bangkok , Thailand.,c The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,d Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- e Radbound University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- b HIV-NAT , Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre , Bangkok , Thailand.,f Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
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De Nicolò A, Abdi AM, Boglione L, Baiett L, Allegra S, Di Perri G, D'Avolio A. UPLC-MS/MS method with automated on-line SPE for the isomer-specific quantification of the first-generation anti-HCV protease inhibitors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:443-9. [PMID: 26291788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HCV infection affects over 170 million people worldwide. The current standard for treatment of genotype 1 infection is the association of the first generation protease inhibitors boceprevir or telaprevir to ribavirin and peginterferon α. Although the response rate has been improved with these new drugs, some pharmacokinetic/pharmacodinamic issues emerged in the past years. To date, some analytical methods are available for the quantification of these drugs in plasma; however, the real active concentrations of the two drugs are those in hepatocytes. Being the withdrawal of hepatocytes too invasive, in this work we aimed to develop and validate a chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry capable of quantifying boceprevir and telaprevir isomers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, used as an "in-vivo" cellular model of compartmentalization. The method used an on-line solid phase extraction protocol based on the new OSM(®) platform and was fully validated following FDA guidelines. This method showed mean intra- and inter-day inaccuracy and imprecision both lower than 15%, high and stable recovery and contained matrix effect, with a run time of 6min, comprehensive of SPE extraction. The method was then applied on 35 real samples from patients treated with boceprevir or telaprevir, with good analytical performances, thus assessing its eligibility for a possible future routine use. Peculiar pharmacokinetic data have been observed, suggesting the usefulness of investigating intracellular pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Further studies will be required to test the correlation of intracellular concentrations with effectiveness and toxicity of triple therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo De Nicolò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Adnan Mohamed Abdi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Lucio Boglione
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Baiett
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Sarah Allegra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Baietto L, Calcagno A, Motta I, Baruffi K, Poretti V, Di Perri G, Bonora S, D'Avolio A. A UPLC-MS-MS method for the simultaneous quantification of first-line antituberculars in plasma and in PBMCs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2572-5. [PMID: 26066583 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES TB is currently the second cause of death among patients affected with infectious diseases. Quantification of drug levels in plasma and in cells where Mycobacterium tuberculosis persists and grows may be useful in understanding the appropriateness of dosage regimens. We report a new and fully validated chromatographic method to quantify first-line antituberculars in plasma and PBMCs. The method was used for plasma and cell quantification of antituberculars in patients undergoing treatment with standard oral therapy. METHODS Ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin were extracted from plasma and PBMCs using two separate and optimized procedures; analysis was performed using UPLC coupled with a mass-mass detector system (UPLC-MS-MS). Antitubercular levels in patients were assayed at the end of the dosing interval (C trough) and 2 h post-dose (C max). RESULTS The method was accurate and precise. Recovery and the matrix effect were reproducible. While rifampicin intracellular concentrations were similar to plasma values (median intra-PBMC C max = 7503 ng/mL versus median plasma C max = 6505 ng/mL), isoniazid and pyrazinamide intracellular concentrations were lower than plasma values (median intra-PBMC C max = 12 ng/mL versus median plasma C max = 3258 ng/mL for isoniazid and median intra-PBMC C max = 2364 ng/mL versus median plasma C max = 26 988 ng/mL for pyrazinamide) and ethambutol intracellular concentrations were significantly higher than plasma values (median intra-PBMC C max = 73 334 ng/mL versus median plasma C max = 2244 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS The method was suitable for both therapeutic drug monitoring and for pharmacokinetic analysis. Should the clinical usefulness of measuring antitubercular drug intracellular concentrations be confirmed, this method could be useful to enhance the clinical application of intra-PBMC evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Baietto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Motta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Katia Baruffi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Viviana Poretti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Antigen presenting cell-selective drug delivery by glycan-decorated nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:13-7. [PMID: 25701806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery systems hold promise for selective provision of active compounds to distinct tissues or cell subsets. Thus, locally enhanced drug concentrations are obtained that would confer improved efficacy. As a consequence adverse effects should be diminished, as innocent bystander cells are less affected. Currently, several controlled drug delivery systems based on diverse materials are being developed. Some systems exhibit material-associated toxic effects and/or show low drug loading capacity. In contrast, liposomal nanocarriers are particularly favorable because they are well tolerated, poorly immunogenic, can be produced in defined sizes, and offer a reasonable payload capacity. Compared with other immune cells, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) demonstrate enhanced liposome uptake mediated by macropinocytosis, phagocytosis and presumably also by clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. In order to further enhance the targeting efficacy toward APCs, receptor-mediated uptake appears advisable. Since APC subsets generally do not express single linage-specific receptors, members of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family are compelling targets. Examples of CLR expressed by APCs include DEC-205 (CD205) expressed by myeloid dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes, the mannose receptor C type 1 (MR, CD206) expressed by DC, monocytes and macrophages, DC-SIGN (CD209) expressed by DC, and several others. These receptors bind glycans, which are typically displayed by pathogens and thus support pathogen uptake and endocytosis. Further research will elucidate whether glycan-decorated liposomes will not only enhance APCs targeting but also enable preferential delivery of their payload to discrete subcellular compartments.
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An UPLC-MS/MS method coupled with automated on-line SPE for quantification of tacrolimus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:512-7. [PMID: 25698619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressor used to treat patients undergoing liver transplantation. TDM of hematic tacrolimus by liquid chromatography became standard practice, but it does not necessarily reflect its concentration at its active site. Our aim was to validate a new method for tacrolimus quantification into target cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) and testing it on 100 real samples from 37 pediatric patients. METHODS PBMCs were collected using cell-preparation-tubes; cells number and MCV were evaluated. Tacrolimus was quantified using UPLC-MS/MS coupled with a new automated on-line SPE platform. Chromatographic run was performed on an Acquity UPLC(®) BEH C18 1.7 μm (2.1 mm × 50 mm) column for 5 min, with a gradient of water and methanol (both with 2 mM/L ammonium acetate and 1 mL/L formic acid). XBridge(®) C8 10 μm (1 mm × 10 mm) SPE cartridges were used. The internal standard was 6,7-dimethyl-2,3-di(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline. RESULTS Full validation following FDA guidelines was performed: the method showed high sensitivity and specificity (LLOQ of 0.010 ng; LLOD of 0.005 ng). Intra- and inter-day imprecision and inaccuracy were <15%. A positive and stable matrix effect was observed, with a good recovery for tacrolimus. All drug amounts in real samples resulted within the calibration range and calibration curves were linear (r(2)=0.998). Concentrations from each patient were standardized using their evaluated MCV: intra-PBMCs concentration was meanly 12.7 times higher than the hematic one. CONCLUSION This method might be eligible and useful for a clinical routine use, giving more reliable data on drug concentration at the active site.
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