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Dietary Supplements as Source of Unintentional Doping. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8387271. [PMID: 35496041 PMCID: PMC9054437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8387271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The substances used in sport could be divided into two major groups: those banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and those which are not. The prohibited list is extremely detailed and includes a wide variety of both medicinal and nonmedicinal substances. Professional athletes are exposed to intense physical overload every day. They follow a relevant food regime and take specific dietary supplements, which is essential for the better recovery between trainings and competitions. However, the use of “nonprohibited” dietary supplements (DS) is not always completely safe. One of the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements is the risk of unintended doping—originating from contaminated products. The presence of undeclared compounds in the composition of DS is a serious concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of unintentional doping. Materials and Methods Literature search was done through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies investigating the presence of undeclared compounds, in dietary supplements, banned by WADA met the inclusion criteria. The last search was conducted in June 2021. The present review is based on a total of 50 studies, which investigated the presence of undeclared compounds in DS. Results The total number of analyzed DS is 3132, 875 of which were found to contain undeclared substances. Most frequently found undeclared substances are sibutramine and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Conclusion More than 28% of the analyzed dietary supplements pose a potential risk of unintentional doping. Athletes and their teams need to be aware of the issues associated with the use of DS. They should take great care before inclusion of DS in the supplementation regime.
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Rangelov Kozhuharov V, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Higenamine in Plants as a Source of Unintentional Doping. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:354. [PMID: 35161335 PMCID: PMC8838985 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higenamine is a β2 agonist of plant origin. The compound has been included in WADA's prohibited list since 2017. Higenamine may be detected in different plants and many food supplements of natural origin. METHODS Our literature search was conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science studies investigating the presence of higenamine in plants that are used in traditional folk medicine or included in food supplements. Our study aimed to assess the risk of adverse analytical findings caused by higenamine-containing plants. RESULTS Based on our literature search, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum parvifolium, Asarum siebodii,Asarum heterotropoides, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Aristolochia brasiliensis are higenamine-containing plants. Based on data from Eastern folk medicine, these plants can provide numerous health benefits. Professional athletes likely ingest these plants without knowing that they contain higenamine; these herbs are used in treatments for different conditions and various foods/food supplements in addition to folk medicine. CONCLUSION Athletes and their teams must be aware of the issues associated with the use of plant-based products. They should avoid consuming higenamine-containing plants during and outside of competition periods.
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Dezani TM, Dezani AB, Serra CHDR. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine in perfusate samples: Application to the Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion (SPIP) studies. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000419073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mohammad MAA, Elkady EF, Fouad MA, Salem WA. Analysis of Aspirin, Prasugrel and Clopidogrel in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical and Herbal Products: Plackett–Burman Screening and Box–Behnken Optimization. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 59:730-747. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of aspirin, prasugrel HCl and clopidogrel bisulfate in the presence of clopidogrel-related compound (impurity-A) in focus on counterfeit. This method was used to determine counterfeited antiplatelet drugs in two substandard Indian pharmaceutical products sold on the market in Yemen and two traditional herbal medicines sold on the market in China. Thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry of counterfeit herbal medicines have additionally been carried out to verify the identification of adulterants. Chromatographic separation was performed on Inertsil ® ODS-3 C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic mobile phase elution containing a mixture of acetonitrile: (25 mM) potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 2.7 adjusted with 0.1 M o-phosphoric acid (79: 21, v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 220 nm. Designs of experiment methodology, Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs were used for the screening and optimization of the mobile phase composition. The method validation was also performed in accordance with the International Council on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method developed for routine analysis was found to be sensitive, simple, accurate and highly robust. The results were statistically compared to reference methods using Student’s t-test and variance ratio F-test at P < 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul-Azim Mohammad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ehab Farouk Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ahmed Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Wadhah Atef Salem
- Supreme Board of Drugs and Medical Appliances, Ministry of Health and Population, Aden 6022, Yemen
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Li J, Cui Y, Liu D, Li M, Gao J, Ye J. Development of a sample pretreatment device integrating ultrasonication, centrifugation and ultrafiltration, its application on rapid on-site screening of illegally added chemical components in heat-clearing, detoxicating Chinese patent medicines followed by electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113767. [PMID: 33279301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and rapid sample pretreatment device integrating ultrasonication, centrifugation and ultrafiltration (UCU) was reported for preparation of trace analytes in complex matrices. The UCU device was composed of two parts, A and B. The sample and extraction solvent were put into Part B for ultrasonic extraction. Subsequently, Part A and Part B were integrated and sealed for centrifugation and ultrafiltration. Finally, the ultrafiltrate in Part A was taken out for subsequent detection. After optimization, the device was applied to rapid on-site screening of five illegally added chemical components in heat-clearing and detoxicating Chinese patent medicines by combining with electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS). The method showed good performance in terms of linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) above 0.9976 and limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.049-0.391 μg mL-1. The recoveries were from 96.5 % to 100.8 %. The whole analysis process was within 11 min. The proposed method was further compared with other methods reported in the literature and the advantages and considerations were also explored. The results demonstrated that it was a simple, fast and accurate technique. The establishment of this method not only greatly improved the experimental efficiency but also avoided potential sample pollution brought by multiple sample transfer, and could provide a powerful means for rapid on-site analysis of trace analytes in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yixuan Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Jinglin Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Lee JH, Park HN, Kim NS, Park S, Bogonda G, Oh K, Kang H. Application of screening methods for weight-loss compounds and identification of new impurities in counterfeit drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 303:109932. [PMID: 31473560 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of obesity, the use of counterfeit drugs for weight loss is widespread owing to their easy and rapid availability. Since counterfeit weight-loss drugs are not prepared under the rigorous standard of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), they pose a risk to public health and cause significant side effects. To counteract the risk posed by counterfeit drugs, we investigated counterfeit weight-loss drugs seized by the Incheon Customs Services using UHPLC-PDA. Five of 23 confiscated samples with distinctive pink-coloured coating contained levothyroxine, sennoside A and B, and phenolphthalein in amounts ranging from 0.03-132.40 mg/g. In addition, three unknown compounds in one of the adulterated samples containing phenolphthalein were structurally elucidated by several analytical techniques. Their accurate masses corresponded to molecular formula of C34H22O7, C34H20O6, and C20H12O3, respectively. These compounds were identified as impurities, possibly produced during the synthesis of phenolphthalein or by improper removal during purification. These impurities were detected for the first time in counterfeit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Park
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kim
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Park
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganganna Bogonda
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hoil Kang
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea.
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Lawson G, Ogwu J, Tanna S. Quantitative screening of the pharmaceutical ingredient for the rapid identification of substandard and falsified medicines using reflectance infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202059. [PMID: 30096202 PMCID: PMC6086453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization suggests that approximately 10% of medicines worldwide are either falsified or substandard with higher figures in low and middle income countries. Such poor quality medicines can seriously harm patients and pose a threat to the economy worldwide. This study investigates attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a simple and rapid method for determination of drug content in tablet dosage forms. Paracetamol was used as the model pharmaceutical ingredient. Spectra of standard mixtures of paracetamol with different excipients formed the basis for multivariate PLS based quantitative analysis of simulated tablet content using different selected infrared absorbance bands. Calibration methods using ATR-FTIR were compared with the ATR-FTIR and conventional ultraviolet spectroscopic analyses of real tablet samples and showed that the paracetamol/microcrystalline cellulose mixtures gave optimum results for all spectral bands tested. The quantitative data for band 1524-1493cm-1 was linear (R2 ˃ 0.98; LOQ ≥ 10%w/w tablet). Global examples of paracetamol tablets were tested using this protocol and 12% of the tablet samples examined was identified as substandard. Each sample analysis was completed in just a few minutes. ATR-FTIR can therefore be used in the rapid screening of tablet formulations. The simplicity of the proposed method makes it appropriate for use in low and middle income countries where analytical facilities are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lawson
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John Ogwu
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sangeeta Tanna
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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