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Bhattacharya K, Khanal P, Patil VS, Dwivedi PSR, Chanu NR, Chaudhary RK, Deka S, Chakraborty A. Computational pharmacology profiling of borapetoside C against melanoma. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3233-3248. [PMID: 37203884 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2213333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma,also known as a 'black tumor', begins in the melanocytes when cells (that produce pigment) grows out of control. Immunological dysregulation, which raises the risk for multiple illnesses, including melanoma, may be influenced by stress tiggered through viral infection, long term effects of ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollutants etc. Borapetoside C is one of the phytoconstituents from Tinospora crispa, and its biological source has been reported for its antistress property. Network pharmacology and KEGG pathway analysis of borapetoside C-regulated proteins were conducted to identify the hub genes involved in melanoma development. Further, a molecular docking was performed between borapetoside C and targets involved in melanoma. Further, the top 3 complexes were selected based on the binding energy to conduct molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the stability of ligand-protein complex followed by principal component analysis and dynamic cross-correlation matrix. In addition, borapetoside C was also screened for its pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile. Network Pharmacology studies and KEGG pathway analysis revealed 8 targets involved in melanoma. Molecular docking between borapetoside C and targets involved in melanoma identified 3 complexes with minimum binding i.e. borapetoside C- MAP2K1, MMP9, and EGFR. Further, molecular dynamics simulations showed a stable complex of borapetoside C with MMP9 and EGFR. The present study suggested that borapetoside C may target MMP9 and EGFR to possess an anti-melanoma property. This finding can be useful in developing a novel therapeutic agent against melanoma from a natural source.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Bhattacharya
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Royal School of Pharmacy, The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Vishal S Patil
- KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, India
| | - Prarambh S R Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Nongmaithem Randhoni Chanu
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam Downtown University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Raushan Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arup Chakraborty
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Zhu YL, Deng L, Dai XY, Song JQ, Zhu Y, Liu T, Kong XQ, Zhang LJ, Liao HB. Tinopanoids K-T, clerodane diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Tinospora crispa. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106812. [PMID: 37651894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 17 structurally diverse clerodane diterpenoids, including ten undescribed clerodane diterpenoids (tinopanoids K-T, 1-10) and seven known compounds (11-17), were isolated from the vines and leaves of Tinospora crispa. Compound 3 has not only bear the dominant substituents of γ-hydroxy-α, β-unsaturated-γ-lactone with anti-inflammatory activity, but also a ternary epoxy structure at C-3/C-4. The planar structures and relative configurations of the clerodane diterpenoids were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. The absolute configurations of compounds 1, 4, 8 and 13 were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallographic, while that of compound 3 was determined using computed ECD data and single crystal X-ray diffraction of related p-bromobenzoate ester (3a). Subsequently, all compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production of LPS-activated BV-2 cells, and compounds 3 and 8 exhibited better NO inhibitory potency, with IC50 values of 5.6 and 13.8 μM than the positive control minocycline (Mino, IC50 = 22.9 μM). The corresponding results of western blot analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that compound 3 can significantly inhibit the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein expressions, mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokins of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). The underlying mechanism by which compound 3 exerted anti-neuroinflammatory effects was investigated by western blot and immunofluorescence assay, which suggested compound 3 inhibited LPS induced neuroinflammation via the suppression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) dependent Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and the activation of Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mediated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Li Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xin-Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jia-Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Kong
- GuangZhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hai-Bing Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Huang F, Gongpan P, Ji K, Zhou L, Song Q, Fan Q. One novel alkaloid from the stems of Tinospora crispa. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37865970 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2272023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The 6-methoxy-cannabisin I (1), a new alkaloid, together with five known compounds oleraisoindole A (2), cannabisin F (3), apigenin (4), syringin (5) and ethyl-syringin (6) were isolated from Tinospora crispa stems. Their structures were identified by the analysis of spectroscopic data. Compound 2 was isolated from T. crispa for the first time. Anti-inflammatory activity of compound 1 was detected against NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, no activity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pianchou Gongpan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Kailong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qishi Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingfei Fan
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Nagral A, Rudra OS, Menezes S, Menon S, Shailajan S, Mallakmir S, Reddy R. Herb-induced Liver Injury-A Guide to Approach. Lessons from the Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) Case Series Story. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:360-371. [PMID: 36950495 PMCID: PMC10025683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is being increasingly consumed in India for its health and suggested immune-enhancing benefits in preventing and countering COVID-19. We previously published our experience of hepatotoxicity with self-medication of TC in six individuals. Since herb-induced liver injury (HILI) has been described with Tinospora crispa (TCR) consumption, it was contested that our patients may have mistakenly self-medicated with TCR which is similar in appearance to TC. Methods We collected the four plant samples and two commercial preparations that were consumed by our patients for further analysis. The six samples underwent high performance thin layer chromatography phytochemical analysis and DNA barcoding studies for the confirmation of the genus and species. The four plant part samples which included stems and leaves were also analysed by a botanist for the characteristic morphological and microscopic features. Results Based on morphological, microscopic, phytochemical and DNA studies, the four plant part samples were identified as TC. The two commercial preparations could not be analysed on phytochemical analysis or DNA barcoding studies due to other ingredients that most likely interfered with the analysis. The herb consumed by our study subjects was confirmed to be Tinospora cordifolia. Conclusion We have highlighted the key morphological and phytochemical differences between these two species. We propose an algorithmic approach to accurately identify the implicated herb in cases of HILI. Future studies on causality need to focus on the serological/histopathological identification of active herb/metabolites in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Peddar Road, Mumbai, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Apollo Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Omkar S. Rudra
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Peddar Road, Mumbai, India
| | - Sherna Menezes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre, Peddar Road, Mumbai, India
| | - Sasikumar Menon
- Pharma Analytical Sciences, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Sunita Shailajan
- Department of Botany, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Snehal Mallakmir
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Apollo Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rajender Reddy
- Division of Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400, Spruce Street, 2 Dulles, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kaur M, Prasher D, Sharma A, Ghosh D, Sharma R. Natural sunlight driven photocatalytic dye degradation by biogenically synthesized tin oxide (SnO 2) nanostructures using Tinospora crispa stem extract and its anticancer and antibacterial applications. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:38869-38885. [PMID: 36585593 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, tin oxide (SnO2) was synthesized by advocating the principles of green chemistry for the photo-mediated degradation of pollutants, antimicrobial, and as an antitumor agent. Bioactive SnO2 (nanorods & nanospheres) were fabricated using Tinospora crispa stem extract (TCSE) via sol-gel technique and characterized extensively. XRD, UV-VIS, FTIR, and XPS studies confirmed the formation of crystalline and well stoichiometric pure phase of SnO2 nanostructures with optical bandgap 3.2 to 3.5 eV. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrated the effect of secondary phytoconstituents on the shape of SnO2 in a concentration dependent manner. The morphological variations in the obtained nanostructures attributed to the nucleation density and coalescence effect leading to the formation of nanorods with an average diameter 23-25 nm whereas the average particle size of the nanospheres obtained was found to be 23-30 nm. The zeta potential value of SnO2 nanorods was high (- 58.9 mV) indicating the higher stability compared to nanospheres (- 15.6 mV). The SnO2 nanostructures were investigated for the simultaneous degradation of methylene blue with degradation efficiency of 92.3% and 47.3% for rhodamine B in mono system and 72.3%, 47.7% respectively for binary dye system. The anticancer activity of SnO2 nanorods explored against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells revealed a concentration dependent cytotoxic effect reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced cell death. Additionally, efficient antibacterial activity of SnO2 was established using E.coli. Multifaceted applications of Tinospora crispa stem extract mediated SnO2 nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet Kaur
- Department of Physics, MM Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana- Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Dixit Prasher
- Department of Physics, MM Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana- Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ranjana Sharma
- Department of Physics, MM Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana- Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
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Haque E, Bari MS, Khandokar L, Anjum J, Jantan I, Seidel V, Haque MA. An updated and comprehensive review on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological profile of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson. Phytochem Rev 2022; 22:211-273. [PMID: 36345416 PMCID: PMC9630822 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Menispermaceae) is a plant indigenous to Africa and South-East Asia. It is widely used in ethnomedicine to alleviate various diseases including hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism, jaundice, inflammation, fever, fractures, scabies, and urinary disorders. A total of 167 phytoconstituents, belonging to 12 different chemical categories, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds have thus far been isolated from various parts of T. crispa. Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have already established the antidiabetic, anticancer, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antihyperuricemic, and pesticidal activity of this plant, as well as its effects on the cardiac and the central nervous system. Most pharmacological investigations to date have been carried out on plant extracts and fractions. The exact identity of the phytoconstituents responsible for the observed biological effects and their mode of action at the molecular level are yet to be ascertained. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that T. crispa is relatively safe, although dose-dependent hepatotoxicity is a concern at high doses. This review presents a comprehensive update and analysis on studies related to the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological profile of T. crispa. It provides some critical insights into the current scientific knowledge on this plant and its future potential in pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehfazul Haque
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Md. Sazzadul Bari
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Labony Khandokar
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Md. Areeful Haque
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318 Bangladesh
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Osman Mahmud S, Hamad Shareef S, Jabbar AAJ, Hassan RR, Jalal HK, Abdulla MA. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Aqueous Extract of Tinospora crispa Stems Accelerate Wound Healing in Rats. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2022:15347346221133627. [PMID: 36325727 DOI: 10.1177/15347346221133627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokhan Osman Mahmud
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, 357115Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, 125618Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Suhayla Hamad Shareef
- Department of Biology, College of Education, 275716Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ahmed A J Jabbar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Technical Health and Medical College, 566876Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Rawaz Rizgar Hassan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, 594155Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hardy Khalid Jalal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, 125618Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, 357115Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
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Ahmad W, Jantan I, Haque MA, Arsyad L. Magnoflorine from Tinospora crispa upregulates innate and adaptive immune responses in Balb/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109081. [PMID: 35907339 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Magnoflorine shows a diverse range of pharmacological actions, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant and neuropharmacological activities. However, its effects on the immune responses in animal studies have not been reported. In this study, magnoflorine isolated from Tinospora crispa, at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg was administered to male Balb/c mice daily for 14 days to evaluate its effect on innate immune responses, while for evaluation of adaptive immune responses, on day 0 the mice were injected intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) and treated orally with the various doses of magnoflorine for the same duration. The effects of magnoflorine on phagocytosis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, lysozyme serum level, nitric oxide (NO) production, CD4+ and CD8+ cells population, T and B lymphocytes proliferation, activated T cells cytokines production, antibodies levels and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) were determined. Magnoflorine dose-dependently stimulated NO production, E. coli engulfment by neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages, MPO activity and lysozyme serum level in treated mice. Magnoflorine at 100 mg/kg exhibited comparable stimulation of B cell production compared to levamisole at 2.5 mg/kg. It also significantly increased CD4+ and CD8+ cells population, upregulated the Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-6) cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. At similar concentrations, magnoflorine also exhibited a strong dose-dependent stimulation on DTH reaction and upregulation of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) production in mice immunized with sRBC. The strong upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses indicates that magnoflorine has potential to be developed into an effective immunostimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11800 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Md Areeful Haque
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laiba Arsyad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
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Parveen A, Alhusban M, Fantoukh OI, Ali Z, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Khan SI. Probing PXR activation and modulation of CYP3A4 by Tinospora crispa and Tinospora sinensis. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 291:115159. [PMID: 35245632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The two Tinospora species, T. crispa and T. sinensis, native to Southeast Asia, are integral components of various traditional preparations with structure-function claims to treat various disorders, including diabetes and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY To assure the safety of the botanicals finished products, herb-drug interaction potential of T. crispa and T. sinensis was investigated by testing their extracts and compounds for in vitro activation of the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and the modulation of CYP3A4 isozyme, selectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of sixteen fully characterized phytochemicals from T. crispa and T. sinensis were evaluated for PXR activation by luciferase reporter gene assay. CYP3A4 inhibition studies were carried out for eleven compounds. In addition, docking studies were performed to elucidate the possible binding modes to the PXR by the compounds using computational methods. RESULTS Significant activation of PXR (2-fold) was observed for both extracts and non-polar fractions of T. crispa. Among the pure compounds, columbin showed highest activation of PXR (3-fold), which was comparable with the positive control, rifampicin. Vital interactions were predicted with docking simulation of PXR-columbin complex with critical amino acid residues (Trp-299) that are known for the activation of PXR. The methanolic extracts of T. crispa and T. sinensis also showed considerable CYP3A4 inhibition. CONCLUSION T. crispa and T. sinensis, both demonstrated the potential to mediate herb-drug interaction through PXR activation and inhibition of CYP3A4 isozyme. Moreover, the elucidation of the potential to induce herb-drug interaction, by the phytochemicals of these Tinospora plants, thereby supports the need for further investigation to establish the clinical relevancy of these constituents for possible adverse interactions with pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidah Parveen
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Havelian, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Manal Alhusban
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Omer I Fantoukh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
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Rangelov Kozhuharov V, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Higenamine in Plants as a Source of Unintentional Doping. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:354. [PMID: 35161335 PMCID: PMC8838985 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higenamine is a β2 agonist of plant origin. The compound has been included in WADA's prohibited list since 2017. Higenamine may be detected in different plants and many food supplements of natural origin. METHODS Our literature search was conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science studies investigating the presence of higenamine in plants that are used in traditional folk medicine or included in food supplements. Our study aimed to assess the risk of adverse analytical findings caused by higenamine-containing plants. RESULTS Based on our literature search, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum parvifolium, Asarum siebodii,Asarum heterotropoides, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Aristolochia brasiliensis are higenamine-containing plants. Based on data from Eastern folk medicine, these plants can provide numerous health benefits. Professional athletes likely ingest these plants without knowing that they contain higenamine; these herbs are used in treatments for different conditions and various foods/food supplements in addition to folk medicine. CONCLUSION Athletes and their teams must be aware of the issues associated with the use of plant-based products. They should avoid consuming higenamine-containing plants during and outside of competition periods.
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Rakib A, Paul A, Chy MNU, Sami SA, Baral SK, Majumder M, Tareq AM, Amin MN, Shahriar A, Uddin MZ, Dutta M, Tallei TE, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Biochemical and Computational Approach of Selected Phytocompounds from Tinospora crispa in the Management of COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25:E3936. [PMID: 32872217 PMCID: PMC7504753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and the number of newly reported cases continues to increase. More than 19.7 million cases have been reported globally and about 728,000 have died as of this writing (10 August 2020). Recently, it has been confirmed that the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) enzyme is responsible not only for viral reproduction but also impedes host immune responses. The Mpro provides a highly favorable pharmacological target for the discovery and design of inhibitors. Currently, no specific therapies are available, and investigations into the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking. Therefore, herein, we analyzed the bioactive phytocompounds isolated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) from Tinospora crispa as potential COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors, using molecular docking study. Our analyses unveiled that the top nine hits might serve as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules, with three of them exerting biological activity and warranting further optimization and drug development to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Nazim Uddin Chy
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sumit Kumar Baral
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohuya Majumder
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh; (A.P.); (M.N.U.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
| | - Asif Shahriar
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51 Siddeswari Road, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Zia Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mycal Dutta
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; (M.Z.U.); (M.D.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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Haque MA, Jantan I, Harikrishnan H, Ahmad W. Standardized ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa upregulates pro-inflammatory mediators release in LPS-primed U937 human macrophages through stimulation of MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K-Akt signaling networks. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:245. [PMID: 32762741 PMCID: PMC7409646 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunomodulatory effects of Tinospora crispa have been investigated due to its traditional use to treat several inflammatory disorders associated to the immune system. The present study reports the underlying mechanisms involved in the stimulation of 80% ethanol extract of T. crispa stems on pro-inflammatory mediators release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed U937 human macrophages via MyD88-dependent pathways. METHODS Release of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunoblot technique was executed to determine the activation of MAPKs molecules, NF-κB, PI3K-Akt and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. Determination of pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 relative gene expression levels was by performing the real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated to standardize the T. crispa extract and chemical profiling of its secondary metabolites was performed by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Qualitative and quantitative analyses of chromatographic data indicated that syringin and magnoflorine were found as the major components of the extract. T. crispa-treatment prompted activation of NF-κB by enhancing IKKα/β and NF-κB (p65) phosphorylation, and degradation of IκBα. The extract upregulated COX-2 protein expression, release of pro-inflammatory mediators and MAPKs (ERK, p38 and JNK) phosphorylation as well as Akt dose-dependently. T. crispa extract also upregulated the upstream signaling adaptor molecules, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MyD88. T. crispa-treatment also upregulated the pro-inflammatory markers mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The results suggested that T. crispa extract stimulated the MyD88-dependent signaling pathways by upregulating the various immune inflammatory related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Areeful Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hemavathy Harikrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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Phumthum M, Balslev H. Anti-Infectious Plants of The Thai Karen: A Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060298. [PMID: 32498413 PMCID: PMC7345792 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacology has developed many drugs to treat infections, but many people, especially in developing countries, cannot afford to purchase them, and still depend on traditional knowledge and local medicinal plants to fight off infections. In addition, numerous microbes have developed resistance to the pharmaceutical drugs developed to fight them, and for many, such as Covid-19, effective drugs remain to be found. Ethnomedicinal knowledge is useful, not only for local people as a source of medicine for primary health care, but also for new pharmacological discoveries. This study aimed to identify the plants that the Karen, the largest hill-tribe ethnic minority in northern and western Thailand, use for treatments of infectious diseases. We present a meta-analysis of data from 16 ethnobotanical studies of 25 Karen villages with the aim of understanding traditional knowledge and treatments and point to potential plants for further pharmacological development. The Karen used 127 plant species from 59 plant families to treat infections and infectious diseases. The Cultural Important Index (CI) showed that the Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Lauraceae, Apocynaceae, Menispermaceae, and Lamiaceae were the most commonly used families. As for species, Cleidion javanicum, Tinospora crispa, Litsea cubeba, Aesculus assamica, Tadehagi triquetrum, Senna alata, Tithonia diversifolia, Embelia sessiliflora, and Combretum indicum were the most commonly used in treatments of infectious diseases. We suggest that these plant species should be the first to be pharmacologically tested for possible development of medicines, and the remaining species registered should subsequently undergo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methee Phumthum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Sireeruckhacharti Nature Learning Park, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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Rakib A, Ahmed S, Islam MA, Uddin MMN, Paul A, Chy MNU, Emran TB, Seidel V. Pharmacological studies on the antinociceptive, anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of Tinospora crispa. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2978-2984. [PMID: 32430999 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies were performed in mice on the methanol extract of Tinospora crispa (TC), and of its hexane (HF) and chloroform (CF) fractions. Significant antinociceptive activity was observed for TC, HF, and CF in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking tests. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities were assessed using the open field, hole board, and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. TC, HF, and CF demonstrated a significant decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity. They also showed an increase in the number of head-dippings in the hole-board test, suggesting decreased fearfulness. TC, and most of its fractions, showed a significant increase of the time spent in the opened arm of the EPM, indicating reduced anxiety. This study provides some support to explain the traditional use of T. crispa as a remedy for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Muhammad Nasir Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazim Uddin Chy
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Laboratories, Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Drug Discovery, GUSTO A Research Group, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Rakib A, Ahmed S, Islam MA, Haye A, Uddin SMN, Uddin MMN, Hossain MK, Paul A, Emran TB. Antipyretic and hepatoprotective potential of Tinospora crispa and investigation of possible lead compounds through in silico approaches. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:547-556. [PMID: 31993178 PMCID: PMC6977484 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This research describes an investigation of the antipyretic and hepatoprotective properties of both a crude organic extract and various subfractions of the ethnomedicinal plant Tinospora crispa, using appropriate animal models. In an attempt to identify potential lead hepatoprotective compounds, in silico experiments were utilized. Antipyretic activity was assessed via the Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia method, while hepatoprotective effects were evaluated in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced animal model. A computer-aided prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) model was applied to a selection of documented phytoconstituents, with the aim of identifying those compounds with most promising hepatoprotective effects. Results were analyzed using Molinspiration software. Our results showed that both the methanol extract (METC) and various subfractions (pet ether, PEFTC; n-hexane, NHFTC; and chloroform, CFTC) significantly (p < .05) reduced pyrexia in a dose-dependent manner. In CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity studies, METC ameliorated elevated hepatic markers including serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly reduced, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly increased. Among a selection of metabolites of T. crispa, genkwanin was found to be the most potent hepatoprotective constituent using PASS predictive models. These results demonstrate that both the methanolic extract of T. crispa and those fractions containing genkwanin may offer promise in reducing pyrexia and as a source of potential hepatoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rakib
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChittagongBangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChittagongBangladesh
| | - Md. Ashiqul Islam
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChittagongBangladesh
| | - Abdul Haye
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology ChittagongChittagongBangladesh
| | - S. M. Naim Uddin
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChittagongBangladesh
| | | | - Mohammed Kamrul Hossain
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChittagongBangladesh
| | - Arkajyoti Paul
- Drug DiscoveryGUSTO A Research GroupChittagongBangladesh
- Department of MicrobiologyJagannath UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Drug DiscoveryGUSTO A Research GroupChittagongBangladesh
- Department of PharmacyBGC Trust University BangladeshChittagongBangladesh
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Abstract
A new rearranged clerodane diterpenoid, tinocrispide was isolated from the stems of Tinospora crispa along with thirteen known compounds including eight clerodane diterpenoids. Among the known compounds baenzigeride A, (6S, 9 R)-vomifoliol and steponine are being reported for the first time from T. crispa. Their structures were elucidated by 1 D and 2 D NMR and confirmed by HRESIMS. The 13C NMR data of borapetol A has been revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidah Parveen
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,University of Science & Technology, Havelian, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ying Huang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Omer Fantoukh
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Alhusban
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Vijayasankar Raman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Huang WT, Tu CY, Wang FY, Huang ST. Literature review of liver injury induced by Tinospora crispa associated with two cases of acute fulminant hepatitis. Complement Ther Med 2018; 42:286-291. [PMID: 30670256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Species of Tinospora are used as herbal remedies for the treatment of various diseases with very few toxic effects having been reported. Tinospora cordifolia (TCF) has been reported to effectively prevent hepatotoxicity. However, there are an increasing number of cases revealing that Tinospora crispa (TCP) might have the negative effect of inducing hepatotoxicity. Because of the similar leaves, people may mistake TCP for TCF, and consume it with the purpose of protecting liver function. OBJECTIVE Find out the misusing level of TCP and TCF and which chemical compound in TCP might induce hepatotoxicity. METHODS We report two cases of acute fulminant hepatitis associated with chronic use of TCP. Given that the two herbs were misidentified in these two reports, we investigated the frequency of erroneous identification by using three keywords ("Guduchi", "Tinospora cordifolia", "Tinospora crispa") to search images from the Google Images database. To further clarify the influence of liver function between TCP and TCF, we searched PubMed (up to 29 July 2018) for relevant publications on clinical trials or case reports. RESULTS Based on web review, over 35 percent of websites failed to accurately identify these two herbs. The different effects on liver function between TCP and TCF were compared through literature review. It indicated that TCF exerted liver protection, TCP had a contrary effect, suggesting its cis-Clerodane-type furano-diterpenoids might be an important factor of inducing hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that people might cause hepatic injury or even death without correctly identifying these two Tinospora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Te Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yeh Tu
- Department of Chinese Medicine pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fen-Yu Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ounjaijean S, Chachiyo S, Somsak V. Hypoglycemia induced by Plasmodium berghei infection is prevented by treatment with Tinospora crispa stem extract. Parasitol Int 2019; 68:57-9. [PMID: 30343056 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During Plasmodium malaria parasite infection in a human, the intraerythrocytic stages lead to the clinical manifestations of the disease, especially hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is a recognized feature of severe malaria and linked with a high risk of mortality for children. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of T. crispa stem extract on hypoglycemia induced by P. berghei infection tested with a mouse model. ICR mice were inoculated with 1 × 107 parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA) by intraperitoneal injection and given 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of ethanolic extract for 4-consecutive days. The results showed that T. crispa stem extract exerted a protective effect (100%) on hypoglycemia induced by PbANKA infection at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. A significantly (p < .05) prolonged mean survival time (28.0 ± 1.9 days) of the extract treated mice was also observed. Additionally, no effect on blood glucose levels was seen in normal mice treated with all doses of extract. It can be concluded that T. crispa stem extract may have beneficial properties in protecting against hypoglycemia, and in increasing survival time during malaria infection.
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Charoonratana T, Puntarat J, Vinyoocharoenkul S, Sudsai T, Bunluepuech K. Innocuousness of a polyherbal formulation: A case study using a traditional Thai antihypertensive herbal recipe in rodents. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:458-65. [PMID: 28757462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a traditional Thai antihypertensive herbal recipe has reportedly been used in Thailand. Its ingredients have long featured in traditional Thai medicine preparations; however, research indicates that the presence of one of them - Tinospora crispa - may have negative effects on the liver and kidneys. Thus, the safety data of this recipe must be proved in animal models prior to conducting any studies in humans. The present case study aims to evaluate the safety of this recipe in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats through acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies, respectively. The quality control of this recipe was also achieved to guarantee the chemical consistency throughout the entire experiment. Results showed that this recipe did not cause death or any toxic signs in mice or rats. The oral LD50 value in mice was more than 5.0 g/kg. Some hematological and serum biochemical values of treated rats, such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelet, monocytes, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, and creatinine, were found to be statistically different from the control group; however, all values were within the ranges of normal rats. Considering the histological study, no damage on liver and kidney tissues was observed in the treatment.
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20
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Abstract
Background: Tinospora crispa (L.) is used to alleviate the symptoms of diabetes mellitus in folk medicine. It is also used for hypertension and to treat malaria, remedy for diarrhea, and as vermifuge. Materials and Methods: Stems of T. crispa were collected, sun dried for several days followed by oven dried for 24 h at a considerably low temperature and then ground into coarse powder. The powdered stems were soaked in methanol at room temperature for 14 days with occasional shaking. The extract was collected by filtration, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator to obtain a solid residue which was then subjected to fractionation using the modified Kupchan partitioning method into n-hexane, CCl4, CHCl3 and aqueous soluble fractions. The n-hexane soluble fraction was chromatographed over sephadex (LH-20) and the column was eluted with n-hexane: CH2Cl2:MeOH (2:5:1) followed by CH2Cl2:MeOH (9:1) and MeOH (100%) in order to increase the polarities. The column fractions were then concentrated and subjected to thin layer chromatography screening and the fractions with a satisfactory resolution of compounds were rechromatographed over silica gel to isolate the pure compounds. Results: Four new furanoid diterpenes of clerodane types, Crispene A, B, C, and D (1–4), including one known furanoid diterpene glucoside, borapetoside E (5), were isolated from the stems of T. crispa. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their spectral data with closely related compounds. Conclusion: We have reported four new furanoid diterpenes of clerodane types, including one known furanoid diterpene glucoside. This is the first report of any clerodane diterpene having olefinic bond between C-6 and C-7. SUMMARY Crispene A, B, C, and D, four new furanoid diterpenes of clerodane types from Tinospora crispa Crispene C, an unusual furanoid diterpene with olifinic bond between C-6 and C-7 First report of Crispene D as a free aglycone, though it was earlier reported as an enzymatic hydrolysis product.
Abbreviation used: TLC: Thin layer chromatography, NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance, COSY: Correlation spectroscopy, NOE: Nuclear overhauser effect, HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography, ESI-MS: Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Hossen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rubaida Ahasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rashedul Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Bilkis Begum
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Choudhury Mahmood Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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21
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Ahmad W, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson: A Review of Its Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:59. [PMID: 27047378 PMCID: PMC4800188 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Menispermaceae), found in the rainforests or mixed deciduous forests in Asia and Africa, is used in traditional medicines to treat numerous health conditions. This review summarizes the up-to-date reports about the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and clinical trials of the plant. It also provides critical assessment about the present knowledge of the plant which could contribute toward improving its prospect as a source of lead molecules for drug discovery. The plant has been used traditionally in the treatment of jaundice, rheumatism, urinary disorders, fever, malaria, diabetes, internal inflammation, fracture, scabies, hypertension, reducing thirst, increasing appetite, cooling down the body temperature, and maintaining good health. Phytochemical analyses of T. crispa revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and flavone glycosides, triterpenes, diterpenes and diterpene glycosides, cis clerodane-type furanoditerpenoids, lactones, sterols, lignans, and nucleosides. Studies showed that the crude extracts and isolated compounds of T. crispa possessed a broad range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, antimalarial, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic activities. Most pharmacological studies were based on crude extracts of the plant and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. Further investigations are required to transform the experience-based claims on the use of T. crispa in traditional medicine practices into evidence-based information. The plant extract used in pharmacological and biological studies should be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed based on its biomarkers. There should be detail in vitro and in vivo studies on the mechanisms of action of the pure bioactive compounds and more elaborate toxicity study to ensure safety of the plant for human use. More clinical trials are encouraged to be carried out if there are sufficient preclinical and safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed N A Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Langrand J, Regnault H, Cachet X, Bouzidi C, Villa AF, Serfaty L, Garnier R, Michel S. Toxic hepatitis induced by a herbal medicine: Tinospora crispa. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:1120-1123. [PMID: 24867504 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbal remedies are becoming increasingly popular in many countries. Tinospora species (Menispermaceae) is commonly used as a herbal medicine in South Asia, but very few toxic effects have been described. We report a case of acute hepatitis associated with chronic use of high doses of Tinospora crispa. A 49-year-old male with chronic low back pain bought a herbal medicine at a market in Vietnam that was supposed to be Tinospora crispa, and started to take 10 pellets per day. He had no medical history and did not take any other drugs or toxins. Four weeks later; he developed dark urine and pale stools, associated with asthenia and right hypochondrial pain. Two months after starting treatment, he was referred to the hepatology department with jaundice. Blood tests showed aspartate aminotransferase: 1.169 IU/l, alanine aminotransferase: 2.029 IU/l, total bilirubin: 20.47 mg/dl, direct bilirubin: 13.29 mg/dl, and γ-glutamyltransferase: 243 IU/l. Viral and autoimmune hepatitis were eliminated. Upper abdominal ultrasound was normal. Histopathological findings were consistent with a toxic reaction. The herbal medicine was stopped on admission and the patient fully recovered without treatment, with normal liver function 2 months after the acute episode. Tinospora crispa was clearly identified in the pellets by microscopic analysis of the botanical characters combined with chromatographic fingerprints. The use of herbal medicines containing Tinospora crispa can induce toxic hepatitis. Recovery can be complete after discontinuation. This case highlights the risk associated with traditional herbal remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Langrand
- Centre Antipoison de Paris, AP-HP Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
| | - H Regnault
- Service d'hépatologie, AP-HP Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - X Cachet
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR 8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Bouzidi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR 8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A F Villa
- Centre Antipoison de Paris, AP-HP Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - L Serfaty
- Service d'hépatologie, AP-HP Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - R Garnier
- Centre Antipoison de Paris, AP-HP Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - S Michel
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR 8638 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Praman S, Mulvany MJ, Williams DE, Andersen RJ, Jansakul C. Crude extract and purified components isolated from the stems of Tinospora crispa exhibit positive inotropic effects on the isolated left atrium of rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149:123-132. [PMID: 23778316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tinospora crispa has been used in folkloric medicine for the control of blood pressure. We previously found that an extract of Tinospora crispa and its constituents effect the heart rate and blood pressure in anesthetized rats. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the Tinospora crispa extract and bioactive components on the rat isolated left atria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Air-dried stems of Tinospora crispa were extracted with water, followed by partitioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and finally by n-butanol. The n-butanol soluble material was concentrated and dried under reduced pressure and lyophilized to obtain a crude powder (Tinospora crispa extract). The active components of Tinospora crispa extract were separated by column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The effects and mechanisms of the n-butanol extract and the bioactive purified components (adenine, uridine, adenosine, salsolinol, tyramine, higenamine, syringin, (-)-litcubinine, borapetoside A, borapetoside B, borapetoside D and borapetoside E) were studied in isolated left atria from normal and reserpinized rats. RESULTS Tinospora crispa extract caused an increase in the force of contraction of the electrical field stimulated left atrium. This effect was inhibited by propranolol, atenolol, ICI-118,551, phentolamine and atropine. The positive inotropic effect on the reserpenized isolated left atrium of the Tinospora crispa extract was significantly inhibited by propranolol, atenolol and ICI-118,551. Phentolamine, on the other hand, caused potentiation and the effect was inhibited when propranolol was also added. Higenamine caused an increase in the force of contraction of the electrical field stimulated left atrium and this effect was significantly inhibited by ICI-118,551 and atenolol but not by phentolamine. Reserpine did not significantly shift the concentration-response curve (C-R curve) of the inotropic effect of the higenamine. ICI-118,551 and atenolol caused a parallel shift of the C-R curve to the right of about 8 and 33 fold, respectively. At low concentrations salsolinol caused a slight increase in the force of contraction of the left atrium, but at higher concentrations a decrease was observed. The negative inotropic effect of salsolinol was significantly inhibited by propranolol and atropine. In the reserpinized isolated left atrium, the negative inotropic effect of salsolinol was potentiated and again this effect was significantly inhibited by propranolol and atropine. Tyramine caused a positive inotropic effect, and this effect was inhibited by propranolol or by pretreatment of the rat with reserpine. Adenosine caused a negative inotropic effect, while uridine caused a slight positive inotropic effect on the left atrium. This effect was significantly inhibited by DPCPX. CONCLUSIONS Crude extract of Tinospora crispa exert a positive inotropic effect on the electrical field stimulated isolated left atria that results from the concerted action of 5 bioactive compounds: higenamine, salsolinol, tyramine, adenosine and uridine. Higenamine, salsolinol (at low concentration) and tyramine acted via the adrenergic receptors to increase the force of the atrial contraction, whereas a high concentration of salsolinol acted indirectly by stimulating the release of acetylcholine. Adenosine and uridine acted via the purinergic pathways to cause negative inotropic effects on the isolated left atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwaporn Praman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Kadir FA, Othman F, Abdulla MA, Hussan F, Hassandarvish P. Effect of Tinospora crispa on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 43:64-8. [PMID: 21455425 PMCID: PMC3062125 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.75673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to determine the effect of ethanolic extract of the dried stems of Tinospora crispa in a male rat model of hepatic fibrosis caused by the hepatotoxin, thioacetamide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract was gavaged daily to the rats, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg along with thioacetamide at a dose of 200 mg/kg twice weekly. To assess the effectivity of extract, against thioacetamide, the activity of aminotransferases (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), alkaline phosphatase (AP); and bilirubin were measured, together with morphological and histopathological indices in the liver of healthy and thioacetamide-treated rats. RESULTS A significant increase in the activity of liver enzymes, bilirubin and G-glutamyl transferase and gross and histopathological changes were determined. Although previous in vitro study established that this extract had strong antioxidant activity, this in vivo study establishes that this extract contains hepatotoxins whose identity may be quite different from those compounds with antioxidant properties. CONCLUSION The study confirms that complete reliance on data obtained using in vitro methodologies may lead to erroneous conclusions pertaining to the safety of phytopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkaad A Kadir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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