1
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Maráková K. Greening Separation and Purification of Proteins and Peptides. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e202400554. [PMID: 39375913 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
The increasing awareness of environmental issues and the transition to green analytical chemistry (GAC) have gained popularity among academia and industry in recent years. One of the principles of GAC is the reduction and replacement of toxic solvents with more sustainable and environmentally friendly ones. This review gives an overview of the advances in applying green solvents as an alternative to the traditional organic solvents for peptide and protein purification and analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. The feasibility of using greener LC and CE methods is demonstrated through several application examples; however, there is still plenty of room for new developments to fully realize their potential and to address existing challenges. Thanks to the tunable properties of designer solvents, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, and almost infinite possible mixtures of components for their production, it is possible that some new designer solvents could potentially surpass the traditional harmful solvents in the future. Therefore, future research should focus mainly on developing new solvent combinations and enhancing analytical instruments to be able to effectively work with green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Maráková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Ewonde Ewonde R, Molenaar SRA, Broeckhoven K, Eeltink S. Advancing HIC method development: Retention-time modeling and tuning selectivity with ternary mobile-phase systems. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465133. [PMID: 38996515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of a ternary mobile-phase system comprising ammonium sulphate, sodium chloride, and phosphate buffer was explored to tune retention and enhance selectivity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The accuracy of the linear solvent-strength model to predict protein retention with the ternary mobile-phase system based on isocratic scouting runs is limited, as the extrapolated retention factor at aqueous buffer conditions (k0) cannot be reliably established. The Jandera retention model utilizing a salt concentration averaged retention factor (k¯0) in aqueous buffer for ternary systems overcomes this bottleneck. Gradient retention factors were derived based on isocratic scouting runs after numerical integration of the isocratic Jandera model, leading to retention-time prediction errors below 11 % for linear gradients. Furthermore, an analytical expression was formulated to predict HIC retention for both linear and segmented linear gradients, considering the linear solvent-strength (LSS) model within ternary salt systems, relying on a fixed k0. The approach involved conducting two gradient scouting runs for each of the two binary salt systems to determine model parameters. Retention-time prediction errors for linear gradients were below 12 % for lysozyme and 3 % for trypsinogen and α-chymotrypsinogen A. Finally, the analytical expression for a ternary mobile-phase system was used in combination with a genetic algorithm to tune the HIC selectivity. With an optimized segmented ternary gradient, a critical-pair separation for a mixture of 7 proteins was achieved within 15 min with retention-time prediction errors ranging between 0.7 and 15.7 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ewonde Ewonde
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stef R A Molenaar
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Tang L, Geng H, Zhang L, Wang X, Fei M, Yang B, Sun H, Zhang Z. In-Depth Characterization for Methionine Oxidization in Complementary Domain Region by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2476-2483. [PMID: 39144558 PMCID: PMC11320724 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The oxidation of the complementarity-determining region (CDR) in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical quality attribute that can affect the clinical efficacy and safety of recombinant mAb therapeutics. In this study, a robust hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method was developed to quantify and characterize CDR oxidation variants in mAb-A by using a Proteomix Butyl-NP5 column. The HIC analysis revealed oxidation variants that eluted earlier than the main species with weaker hydrophobicity. It was found that Met105 in the CDR was more susceptible to oxidation. Additionally, it was noted that the oxidation of Met105 on a single heavy chain resulted in elution at a distinct position compared to the oxidation on two heavy chains. This observation led to the fractionation and enrichment of the oxidized variants for further evaluation of their biofunction. The study also demonstrated that the oxidation of Met105 did not impact the antigen-binding capacity but significantly reduced the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade activity of mAb-A. The HIC method, which was employed to quantify CDR oxidation, underwent validation and was subsequently utilized for stability studies as well as for assessing the similarity between mAb-A and its reference product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Mengdan Fei
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Boyuan Yang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Haijie Sun
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201616, China
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4
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Yang Y, Rao R, Valliere-Douglass J, Tremintin G. Automated high-throughput buffer exchange platform enhances rapid flow analysis of antibody drug conjugates by high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1235:124007. [PMID: 38387340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are an increasingly important therapeutic class of molecules for the treatment of cancer. Average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug-load distribution are critical quality attributes of ADCs with the potential to impact efficacy and toxicity of the molecule and need to be analytically characterized and understood. Several platform methods including hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (nSEC-MS) have been developed for that purpose; however, each presents some limitations. In this work, we assessed a new sample preparation and buffer exchange platform coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry for characterizing the drug-load and distribution of several cysteine-linked ADCs conjugated with a variety of chemotypes. Several criteria were evaluated during the optimization of the buffer exchange-mass spectrometry system performance and the data generated with the system were compared with results from nSEC-MS and HIC. The results indicated that the platform enables automated and high throughput quantitative DAR characterization for antibody-drug conjugates with high reproducibility and offers several key advantages over existing approaches that are used for chemotype-agnostic ADC characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Bruker Scientific, LLC., 101 Daggett Drive, San Jose, CA, USA.
| | - Romesh Rao
- Analytical Sciences, Seagen Inc., 21823 30th Drive S.E., Bothell, WA, USA.
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5
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Losacco GL, Breitbach ZS, Walsh PL, Van Haandel L. Unified chromatography in drug development: Exploiting chaotropic/kosmotropic salts for an accelerated method development. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464392. [PMID: 37742458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) introduced an innovative gradient profile called Unified Chromatography (UC), which pushes the amount of liquid modifier up to 80-100 % of the total mobile phase composition. These new conditions allow the full transition from a supercritical to a liquid state, unifying the benefits of both SFC and liquid chromatography. However, to facilitate the use of UC for industrial drug development, a stronger effort is needed to streamline and simplify its method development and optimization. In this work, a quick and novel method development procedure for UC is introduced, enabled by the first-time use of novel additives in SFC/UC that exploit chaotropic/kosmotropic properties. A comprehensive view on some fundamental properties, such as the amount of liquid modifier blended with supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and the percentage of water added in the mobile phase is given, to clarify the benefits of using either a chaotropic salt (NaClO4), kosmotropic (HCOONa) or salt with mixed properties (NaOMs - sodium methanesulfonate). With this expanded knowledge, challenging separations of nucleosides, nucleotide, indoles, triazoles and related derivates have been accomplished with UC. Finally, we provide an example of UC delivering a faster and better method for an AbbVie pipeline compound under accelerated stability study. The combined use of scCO2-based chromatography and the novel additive NaClO4 ensures the retention and elution of all degradation species generated at different conditions, where RP-HPLC failed to provide satisfactory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, Small Molecule CMC Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Analytical Research and Development, Small Molecule CMC Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Paul L Walsh
- Analytical Research and Development, Small Molecule CMC Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Leon Van Haandel
- Analytical Research and Development, Small Molecule CMC Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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6
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Shi W, Zhang J, Liu L, Li W, Liu Z, Ren A, Wang J, Tang C, Yang Y, Xu D, Huang Q, Wang Y, Luo C, Huang W, Tang F. Hiding Payload Inside the IgG Fc Cavity Significantly Enhances the Therapeutic Index of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1011-1026. [PMID: 36584232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of glycosite-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) hinders its design and development. Herein, we revealed the systemic SAR and structure-toxicity relationship (STR) of gsADCs by constructing 50 gsADC structures bearing three glycan subtypes and diverse linker-drug combinations. According to the results, extra hydrophilic linkers are indispensable for the intact glycan-based gsADCs to achieve better in vivo efficacy. Meanwhile, the gsADCs that conjugate linker-drug complexes onto the terminal sialic acid are more stable and potent than the ones conjugated onto the terminal galactose in vivo. Notably, the LacNAc-based gsADCs, which shortened the spacer and located the linker-drug more inside the immunoglobulin class G (IgG) Fc cavity, showed excellent hydrophilicity, in vivo activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Conclusively, we found that hiding the linker-toxin into the Fc cavity can significantly enhance the therapeutic index of LacNAc-based gsADCs, which will benefit the further design of ADCs with optimal druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liya Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Anni Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Caihong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Caili Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Shanghai GlycanLink Biotech. Co. Ltd. Minhang, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Barrientos RC, Losacco GL, Azizi M, Wang H, Nguyen AN, Shchurik V, Singh A, Richardson D, Mangion I, Guillarme D, Regalado EL, Haidar Ahmad IA. Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Screening Combined with In Silico Optimization as a Framework for Nondenaturing Analysis and Purification of Biopharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17131-17141. [PMID: 36441925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mounting complexity of new modalities in the biopharmaceutical industry entails a commensurate level of analytical innovations to enable the rapid discovery and development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) has become one of the widely preferred separation techniques for the analysis and purification of biopharmaceuticals under nondenaturing conditions. Inarguably, HIC method development remains very challenging and labor-intensive owing to the numerous factors that are typically optimized by a "hit-or-miss" strategy (e.g., the nature of the salt, stationary phase chemistry, temperature, mobile phase additive, and ionic strength). Herein, we introduce a new HIC method development framework composed of a fully automated multicolumn and multieluent platform coupled with in silico multifactorial simulation and integrated fraction collection for streamlined method screening, optimization, and analytical-scale purification of biopharmaceutical targets. The power and versatility of this workflow are showcased by a wide range of applications including trivial proteins, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), oxidation variants, and denatured proteins. We also illustrate convenient and rapid HIC method development outcomes from the effective combination of this screening setup with computer-assisted simulations. HIC retention models were built using readily available LC simulator software outlining less than a 5% difference between experimental and simulated retention times with a correlation coefficient of >0.99 for pharmaceutically relevant multicomponent mixtures. In addition, we demonstrate how this approach paves the path for a straightforward identification of first-dimension HIC conditions that are combined with mass spectrometry (MS)-friendly reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) detection in the second dimension (heart-cutting two-dimensional (2D)-HIC-RPLC-diode array detector (DAD)-MS), enabling the analysis and purification of biopharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mohammadmehdi Azizi
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anh Nguyet Nguyen
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 11 Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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8
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Kreusser J, Ninni L, Jirasek F, Hasse H. Adsorption of conjugates of lysozyme and fluorescein isothiocyanate in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Biotechnol 2022; 360:133-141. [PMID: 36441112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugates, such as antibody-drug conjugates or fluorescent-labeled proteins, are highly interesting for various applications in medicine and biology. In their production, not only the synthesis is challenging but also the downstream processing, for which hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is often used. However, in-depth studies of the adsorption of bioconjugates in HIC are still rare. Therefore, in the present work, three different conjugates of lysozyme and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were synthesized and isolated, and their adsorption on the hydrophobic resin Toyopearl PPG-600 M was systematically studied in batch experiments. The influence of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate with ionic strengths up to 2000 mM on the adsorption isotherms was investigated at pH 7.0 and 25 °C, and the results were compared to those for pure lysozyme. The conjugation leads to an increase of the adsorption in all studied cases. All studied conjugates contain only a single FITC and differ only in the position of the conjugation on the lysozyme. Despite this, strong differences in the adsorption behavior were observed. Moreover, a mathematical model was developed, which enables the prediction of the adsorption isotherms in the studied systems for varying ionic strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannette Kreusser
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Luciana Ninni
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Fabian Jirasek
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Hans Hasse
- Laboratory of Engineering Thermodynamics (LTD), TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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9
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Liu T, Tao Y, Xia X, Zhang Y, Deng R, Wang Y. Analytical tools for antibody–drug conjugates: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Zagst H, Elgert C, Behrends S, Wätzig H. Combination of strong anion exchange liquid chromatography with microchip capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate for rapid two-dimensional separations of complex protein mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1699-1712. [PMID: 34870722 PMCID: PMC8761713 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional separations provide a simple way to increase the resolution and peak capacity of complex protein separations. The feasibility of a recently developed instrumental approach for two-dimensional separations of proteins was evaluated. The approach is based on the general principle of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In the first dimension, semi-preparative strong anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography is utilized and fractions are collected by means of a fraction collector. They are subsequently analyzed in the second dimension with microchip capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate. Microchip capillary electrophoresis provides the necessary speed (approximately 1 min/fraction) for short analysis. In this study, three different samples were investigated. Different constructs of soluble guanylyl cyclase were expressed in Sf9-cells using the baculovirus expression system. Cell lysates were analyzed and the resulting separations were compared. In our experimental setup, the soluble guanylyl cyclase was identified among hundreds of other proteins in these cell lysates, indicating its potential for screening, process control, or analysis. The results were validated by immunoblotting. Samples from Chinese hamster ovary cell culture before and after a purification step were investigated and approximately 9% less impurities could be observed. The separation patterns obtained for human plasma are closely similar to patterns obtained with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and a total of 218 peaks could be observed. Overall, the approach was well applicable to all samples and, based on these results, further directions for improvements were identified. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Zagst
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christin Elgert
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sönke Behrends
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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11
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Jones J, Pack L, Hunter JH, Valliere-Douglass JF. Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry: suitability for antibody-drug conjugate drug-to-antibody ratio quantitation across a range of chemotypes and drug-loading levels. MAbs 2021; 12:1682895. [PMID: 31769727 PMCID: PMC6927766 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Native size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (nSEC-MS) is an analytical methodology that is appropriate for accurately quantitating the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) on a wide variety of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), irrespective of chemotype. In the current preclinical environment, novel ADCs conjugated with unique drug-linkers need to progress toward the clinic as quickly as possible. Platform analytical approaches can reduce time-to-clinic because key process development and optimization activities can be decoupled from the development of bespoke, molecule-specific analytical methods. In this work, we assessed the potential of nSEC-MS as a platformable, quantitative DAR method. The nSEC-MS method was evaluated according to performance characteristics and parameters described in the ICH guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). In order to comprehensively assess the accuracy and bias of nSEC-MS DAR quantitation, ADCs were generated using three different drug-linker chemotypes with DARs ranging from 2 to 8. These molecules were tested by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and nSEC-MS, and DARs obtained from both methods were compared to assess the degree to which nSEC-MS quantitation aligned with the HIC release assay. Our results indicated that there is no bias introduced by nSEC-MS quantitation of DAR and that SEC-MS data can be bridged to HIC data without the need for a correction factor or offset. nSEC-MS was also found to be suitable for unbiased DAR quantitation in the other ADC chemotypes that were evaluated. Based on the totality of our work, we conclude that, used as intended, nSEC-MS is well suited for quantitating DAR on a variety of interchain cysteine-linked ADCs in an accurate, unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Jones
- Analytical Sciences, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Laura Pack
- Quality, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Joshua H Hunter
- Conjugation Process Development, Seattle Genetics Inc., Bothell, WA, USA
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12
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Rathore AS, Bhambure R. High-Throughput Process Development: I-Process Chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2178:11-20. [PMID: 33128739 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0775-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation serves as "a workhorse" for downstream process development and plays a key role in the removal of product-related, host-cell-related, and process-related impurities. Complex and poorly characterized raw materials and feed material, low feed concentration, product instability, and poor mechanistic understanding of the processes are some of the critical challenges that are faced during the development of a chromatographic step. Traditional process development is performed as a trial-and-error-based evaluation and often leads to a suboptimal process. A high-throughput process development (HTPD) platform involves the integration of miniaturization, automation, and parallelization and provides a systematic approach for time- and resource-efficient chromatographic process development. Creation of such platforms requires the integration of mechanistic knowledge of the process with various statistical tools for data analysis. The relevance of such a platform is high in view of the constraints with respect to time and resources that the biopharma industry faces today.This protocol describes the steps involved in performing the HTPD of chromatography steps. It describes the operation of a commercially available device (PreDictor™ plates from GE Healthcare). This device is available in 96-well format with 2 or 6 μL well size. We also discuss the challenges that one faces when performing such experiments as well as possible solutions to alleviate them. Besides describing the operation of the device, the protocol also presents an approach for statistical analysis of the data that are gathered from such a platform. A case study involving the use of the protocol for examining ion exchange chromatography of the Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF), a therapeutic product, is briefly discussed. This is intended to demonstrate the usefulness of this protocol in generating data that are representative of the data obtained at the traditional lab scale. The agreement in the data is indeed very significant (regression coefficient 0.93). We think that this protocol will be of significant value to those involved in performing the high-throughput process development of the chromatography process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
| | - R Bhambure
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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13
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Yan Y, Xing T, Wang S, Daly TJ, Li N. Online coupling of analytical hydrophobic interaction chromatography with native mass spectrometry for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Müller E, Sevilla M, Endres P. Evaluation of hydrophobic-interaction chromatography resins for purification of antibody-drug conjugates using a mimetic model with adjustable hydrophobicity. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2255-2263. [PMID: 32160397 PMCID: PMC7318155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates are cytotoxic pharmaceuticals, designed to destroy malignant cells. A cytotoxic molecule is attached to an antibody that binds specific to a cancer‐cell surface. Given the high toxicity of the drugs, strict safety standards have to be kept. For this reason, an antibody drug conjugates model was developed with fluorescein 5‐isothiocyanate as the nontoxic payload surrogate. Due to the similar hydrophobicity, this model is used to establish a suitable purification process and characterization method for antibody drug conjugates. Because of the pH dependent solubility of fluorescein, the hydrophobicity of conjugates can be modulated by the pH value. Based on the complex heterogeneity and hydrophobicity of the conjugates a chromatographic purification is challenging. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is used for analytical as well as for preparative separation. Because of the increased hydrophobicity of the conjugates compared to native antibody, hydrophobic interaction chromatography often suffer from resolution and recovery problems. Conjugates were separated differing on the number of payloads attached to the antibody. For this matter, the drug–antibody ratio is determined and used as a quantitative term. The conjugates are purified at high recoveries and resolution by step gradients using suitable resins, allowing the separation of the target drug–antibody ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Müller
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
| | - Manuela Sevilla
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
| | - Patrick Endres
- Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Im Leuschnerpark 4, Griesheim, 64347, Germany
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15
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Srikoti M, Bolgar MS, Kazakevich Y. Hybrid mode of hydrophobic interaction chromatography of monoclonal antibodies and related biomolecules: Influence of elution conditions on chromatographic performance using poly (alkyl aspartamide) silica columns. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1140:121984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is a traditional technique used for the separation, purification, and characterization of proteins. As the number of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) continues to increase in clinical trials, HIC and other orthogonal methods utilizing changes in hydrophobicity are being used for ADC characterization and analysis. Unlike other techniques, HIC uniquely allows for protein analysis under mild nondenaturing conditions that preserve the native structure and activity of the molecules. Analysis of the ADC in its native form is advantageous. Herein, we describe a generic HIC protocol for the screening, analysis, and characterization of ADCs using an ammonium sulfate buffer and a high-pressure liquid chromatography system. Parameters affecting data quality and interpretation are addressed. In addition, several recommendations are included for method optimization and troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Fleming
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Biologic Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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17
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Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method development and characterization of resolved drug-load variants in site-specifically conjugated pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer-based antibody drug conjugates (PBD-ADCs). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:113027. [PMID: 31830625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are heterogeneous biopharmaceutical products that demand extensive characterization to ensure batch consistency, safety, and efficacy. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is the state-of-the-art analytical tool to monitor conjugation-related critical quality attributes (CQAs) e.g. drug-load distribution and Drug-to-Antibody Ratio (DAR). For the next generation site-specific PBD-ADCs (PBD: pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer), denaturing RP-HPLC (reverse-phase high-performance chromatography) is the current method to determine average DAR. In this manuscript, we have utilized native HIC for the first time to understand conjugation related CQAs in PBD-ADCs. In terms of the method development, the type of stationary phase and salt, coupled with reduction of the reactive imine in the PBD drug-linker to an amine form in the sample preparation, have played a key role in achieving the best HIC resolution for the drug-load variants. The established HIC conditions resolved DAR 0, DAR 1, and two DAR 2 peaks for PBD-ADCs. Extended characterization of the DAR 2 peaks confirmed that they have retained characteristically distinct antibody Fc N-glycan distributions (Fc = Fragment crystallization region). Therefore, the results support that the HIC conditions established for PBD-ADCs is valuable in not only determining DAR values but also other important attributes including native drug-load distribution and unique DAR 2 conformations existed as a result of the N-glycan heterogeneity.
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18
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Matsuda Y, Robles V, Malinao MC, Song J, Mendelsohn BA. Comparison of Analytical Methods for Antibody–Drug Conjugates Produced by Chemical Site-Specific Conjugation: First-Generation AJICAP. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12724-12732. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Veronica Robles
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - James Song
- Phenomenex, Inc., 411 Madrid Avenue, Torrance, California 90501, United States
| | - Brian A. Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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19
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Is hydrophobic interaction chromatography the most suitable technique to characterize site-specific antibody-drug conjugates? J Chromatogr A 2019; 1586:149-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W. J. Pirok
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Wang L, Marcus RK. Evaluation of protein separations based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography using polyethylene terephthalate capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber phases. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1585:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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24
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Wang C, Vemulapalli B, Cao M, Gadre D, Wang J, Hunter A, Wang X, Liu D. A systematic approach for analysis and characterization of mispairing in bispecific antibodies with asymmetric architecture. MAbs 2018; 10:1226-1235. [PMID: 30153083 PMCID: PMC6284573 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1511198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G–like bispecific antibodies with asymmetric architecture are among the most widely used bispecific antibody formats for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The primary technical challenge for this format is how to achieve correctly paired assembly of four unique polypeptide chains. Advances in protein engineering and process development are being used to overcome these challenges and are driving a corresponding demand for sensitive analytical tools to monitor and control mispaired species. Here, we report a systematic approach for analysis and characterization of mispairing in asymmetric bispecific antibodies. This approach consists of three orthogonal components, the first of which is a liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)–based method to measure the mass of intact antibodies. This method is used for fast analysis of mispairing and requires minimal method development, which makes it an ideal choice for early-stage development. The second component is a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)–based mispairing method that is suitable for lot release testing. The HIC method is robust and quality control friendly, and offers great linearity, precision, and accuracy. The third component is a two-dimensional LC-MS method for on-line chromatographic peak identification, which not only expedites this task but also reduces the risk of undesirable modifications during conventional fraction collection. These three methods dovetail to form the foundation of a complementary toolbox for analysis and characterization of mispairing in asymmetric bispecific antibodies and provide guidance and support for process development throughout the drug development life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Bhargavi Vemulapalli
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Mingyan Cao
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Dhanesh Gadre
- b Department of Purification Process Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Jihong Wang
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Alan Hunter
- b Department of Purification Process Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- a Department of Analytical Sciences , MedImmune, One Medimmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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25
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Development and validation of a (RP)UHPLC-UV-(HESI/Orbitrap)MS method for the identification and quantification of mixtures of intact therapeutical monoclonal antibodies using a monolithic column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:437-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Ehkirch A, D’Atri V, Rouviere F, Hernandez-Alba O, Goyon A, Colas O, Sarrut M, Beck A, Guillarme D, Heinisch S, Cianferani S. An Online Four-Dimensional HIC×SEC-IM×MS Methodology for Proof-of-Concept Characterization of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1578-1586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7178, IPHC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florent Rouviere
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR5280, Université de Lyon, ENS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7178, IPHC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Morgan Sarrut
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR5280, Université de Lyon, ENS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR5280, Université de Lyon, ENS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7178, IPHC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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27
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Tyteca E, De Vos J, Tassi M, Cook K, Liu X, Kaal E, Eeltink S. Generic approach to the method development of intact protein separations using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:1017-1024. [PMID: 29178450 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe a liquid chromatography method development approach for the separation of intact proteins using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. First, protein retention was determined as function of the salt concentration by isocratic measurements and modeled using linear regression. The error between measured and predicted retention factors was studied while varying gradient time (between 15 and 120 min) and gradient starting conditions, and ranged between 2 and 15%. To reduce the time needed to develop optimized gradient methods for hydrophobic interaction chromatography separations, retention-time estimations were also assessed based on two gradient scouting runs, resulting in significantly improved retention-time predictions (average error < 2.5%) when varying gradient time. When starting the scouting gradient at lower salt concentrations (stronger eluent), retention time prediction became inaccurate in contrast to predictions based on isocratic runs. Application of three scouting runs and a nonlinear model, incorporating the effects of gradient duration and mobile-phase composition at the start of the gradient, provides accurate results (improved fitting compared to the linear solvent-strength model) with an average error of 1.0% and maximum deviation of -8.3%. Finally, gradient scouting runs and retention-time modeling have been applied for the optimization of a critical-pair protein isoform separation encountered in a biotechnological sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tyteca
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium.,University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-BioTech, Department of Agronomy, Bio-engineering and Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Tassi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erwin Kaal
- DSM Biotechnology Center, part of DSM Food Specialties B.V., Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Neupane R, Bergquist J. Analytical techniques for the characterization of Antibody Drug Conjugates: Challenges and prospects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2017; 23:417-426. [PMID: 29183195 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717733919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates are increasingly being researched for the treatment of cancer. Accurate and reliable characterization of ADCs is inevitable for their development as potential therapeutic agent. Different analytical techniques have been used in order to decipher heterogeneous nature of antibody drug conjugates, enabling successful characterization. This review will summarize specially three major analytical tools i.e. UV-Vis spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry used in characterization of antibody drug conjugates. In this review, major challenges during analysis due to the inherent features of analytical techniques and antibody drug conjugates are summarized along with the modifications intended to address each challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Arakawa T, Tokunaga M, Maruyama T, Shiraki K. Two Elution Mechanisms of MEP Chromatography. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2017; 20:28-33. [PMID: 29150920 DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666171117105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MEP (mercapto-ethyl-pyridine) HyperCel is one of the hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC) resins. Under normal operation, proteins are bound to the MEP resin at neutral pH, at which MEP is not charged, mostly via hydrophobic interaction. MEP has a pyridine group, whose pK is 4.8, and hence is positively charged at acidic pH range. Based on the binding mechanism (i.e., hydrophobic interaction) and the induced positive charge at acidic pH, there may be two ways to elute the bound proteins. One way is to bring the pH down to protonate both MEP resin and the bound protein, leading to charge repulsion and thereby elution. Another way is to use hydrophobic interaction modifiers, which are often used in hydrophobic interaction chromatography, to reduce hydrophobic interaction. Here, we summarize such two possible elution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, A Division of KBI Biopharma, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takuya Maruyama
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 8573, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 8573, Japan
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30
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Tassi M, De Vos J, Chatterjee S, Sobott F, Bones J, Eeltink S. Advances in native high-performance liquid chromatography and intact mass spectrometry for the characterization of biopharmaceutical products. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:125-144. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sneha Chatterjee
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry; Antwerp University; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Frank Sobott
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry; Antwerp University; Antwerp Belgium
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - Jonathan Bones
- The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT); Dublin Ireland
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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31
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Bobály B, D’Atri V, Beck A, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Analysis of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: A generic method development approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bobály B, Fleury-Souverain S, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Current possibilities of liquid chromatography for the characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:493-505. [PMID: 28688616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are innovative biopharmaceuticals gaining increasing attention over the last two decades. The concept of ADCs lead to new therapy approaches in numerous oncological indications as well in infectious diseases. Currently, around 60 CECs are in clinical trials indicating the expanding importance of this class of protein therapeutics. ADCs show unprecedented intrinsic heterogeneity and address new quality attributes which have to be assessed. Liquid chromatography is one of the most frequently used analytical method for the characterization of ADCs. This review summarizes recent results in the chromatographic characterization of ADCs and supposed to provide a general overview on the possibilities and limitations of current approaches for the evaluation of drug load distribution, determination of average drug to antibody ratio (DARav), and for the analysis of process/storage related impurities. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and multidimensional separations are discussed focusing on the analysis of marketed ADCs. Fundamentals and aspects of method development are illustrated with applications for each technique. Future perspectives in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), HIC, SEC and ion exchange chromatography (IEX) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Bobály
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Beck
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Beck A, Goetsch L, Dumontet C, Corvaïa N. Strategies and challenges for the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:315-337. [PMID: 28303026 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1404] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the fastest growing classes of oncology therapeutics. After half a century of research, the approvals of brentuximab vedotin (in 2011) and trastuzumab emtansine (in 2013) have paved the way for ongoing clinical trials that are evaluating more than 60 further ADC candidates. The limited success of first-generation ADCs (developed in the early 2000s) informed strategies to bring second-generation ADCs to the market, which have higher levels of cytotoxic drug conjugation, lower levels of naked antibodies and more-stable linkers between the drug and the antibody. Furthermore, lessons learned during the past decade are now being used in the development of third-generation ADCs. In this Review, we discuss strategies to select the best target antigens as well as suitable cytotoxic drugs; the design of optimized linkers; the discovery of bioorthogonal conjugation chemistries; and toxicity issues. The selection and engineering of antibodies for site-specific drug conjugation, which will result in higher homogeneity and increased stability, as well as the quest for new conjugation chemistries and mechanisms of action, are priorities in ADC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Liliane Goetsch
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, 1052/CNRS, 69000 Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Corvaïa
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
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Kormány R, Molnár I, Fekete J. Renewal of an old European Pharmacopoeia method for Terazosin using modeling with mass spectrometric peak tracking. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 135:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Optimization of non-linear gradient in hydrophobic interaction chromatography for the analytical characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Baca M, De Vos J, Bruylants G, Bartik K, Liu X, Cook K, Eeltink S. A comprehensive study to protein retention in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:182-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bobály B, Sipkó E, Fekete J. Challenges in liquid chromatographic characterization of proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:3-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hydrophobic interaction chromatography for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:3-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bobaly B, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Impact of organic modifier and temperature on protein denaturation in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:124-132. [PMID: 27589029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to better understand the chromatographic conditions in which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of broad hydrophobicity scale and a cysteine conjugated antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs), namely brentuximab-vedotin, could denaturate. For this purpose, some experiments were carried out in HIC conditions using various organic modifier in natures and proportions, different mobile phase temperatures and also different pHs. Indeed, improper analytical conditions in hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) may create reversed-phase (RP) like harsh conditions and therefore protein denaturation. In terms of organic solvents, acetonitrile (ACN) and isopropanol (IPA) were tested with proportions ranging from 0 to 40%. It appeared that IPA was a less denaturating solvent than ACN, but should be used in a reasonable range (10-15%). Temperature should also be kept reasonable (below 40°C), to limit denaturation under HIC conditions. However, the combined increase of temperature and organic content induced denaturation of protein biopharmaceuticals in all cases. Indeed, above 30-40°C and 10-15% organic modifier in mobile phase B, heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) fragments dissociated. Mobile phase pH was also particularly critical and denaturation was significant even under moderately acidic conditions (pH of 5.4). Today, HIC is widely used for measuring drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of ADCs, which is a critical quality attribute of such samples. Here, we demonstrated that the estimation of average DAR can be dependent on the amount of organic modifier in the mobile phase under HIC conditions, due to the better recovery of the most hydrophobic proteins in presence of organic solvent (IPA). So, special care should be taken when measuring the average DAR of ADCs in HIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Bobaly
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France(1)
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Xu Y, Jiang G, Tran C, Li X, Heibeck TH, Masikat MR, Cai Q, Steiner AR, Sato AK, Hallam TJ, Yin G. RP-HPLC DAR Characterization of Site-Specific Antibody Drug Conjugates Produced in a Cell-Free Expression System. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xu
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guifeng Jiang
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cuong Tran
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tyler H. Heibeck
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Rose Masikat
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qi Cai
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexander R. Steiner
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron K. Sato
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Trevor J. Hallam
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gang Yin
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Stoll D, Danforth J, Zhang K, Beck A. Characterization of therapeutic antibodies and related products by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with UV absorbance and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:51-60. [PMID: 27267072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of analytical tools for the characterization of large biomolecules is an emerging and rapidly evolving area. This development activity is motivated largely by the current trend involving the increase in development and use of large biomolecules for therapeutic uses. Given the inherent complexity of these biomolecules, which arises from their sheer size and possibilities for chemical modification as well as changes over time (e.g., through modification in solution, aggregation), two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has attracted considerable interest as an analytical tool to address the challenges faced in characterizing these materials. The immediate potential benefits of 2D-LC over conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography in this context include: (1) higher overall resolving power; (2) complementary information gained from two dimensions of separation in a single analysis; and (3) enabling indirect coupling of separation modes that are inherently incompatible with mass spectrometric (MS) detection (e.g., ion-exchange, because of high-salt eluents) to MS through a more compatible second dimension separation such as reversed-phase LC. In this review we summarize the work in this area, most of which has occurred in the past five years. Although the future is bright for further development in this area, some challenges have already been addressed through new 2D-LC methods. These include: (1) deep characterization of monoclonal antibodies to understand charge heterogeneity, glycosylation patterns, and other modifications; (2) characterization of antibody-drug conjugates to understand the extent and localization of small molecule conjugation; (3) detailed study of excipients in protein drug formulations; and (4) detection of host-cell proteins on biotherapeutic molecule preparations. We fully expect that in the near future we will see this list expanded, and that continued development will lead to methods with further improved performance metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA.
| | - John Danforth
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
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Cusumano A, Guillarme D, Beck A, Fekete S. Practical method development for the separation of monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug-conjugate species in hydrophobic interaction chromatoraphy, part 2: Optimization of the phase system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:161-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tyteca E, Veuthey JL, Desmet G, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Computer assisted liquid chromatographic method development for the separation of therapeutic proteins. Analyst 2016; 141:5488-501. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01520d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the use of computer assisted liquid chromatographic method development for the analytical characterization of protein biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tyteca
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- B-1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- B-1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
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