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Sun W, Xu JD, Zhang W, Guo MF, Kong M, Zhu H, Zhou SS, Wu CY, Li SL, Mao Q. Holistic quality evaluation of Callicarpae Formosanae Folium by multi-chromatography-based qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides and small molecules. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115282. [PMID: 36791651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Callicarpae Formosanae Folium (CFF), derived from the leaves of Callicarpa formosana Rolfe, is a common Chinese medicinal herb used for the treatment of hematemesis. Phytochemical studies found that phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids and polysaccharides were the main ingredients of CFF. However, there is limited scientific information concerning holistic quality method and quality consistency evaluation of CFF. In this study, a strategy integrating HPGPC-ELSD, HPLC-PDA, UV-VIS and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was firstly developed to simultaneously qualify and quantify polysaccharides, as well as representative small molecules in CFF. HPGPC-ELSD was applied to characterize the molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, HPLC-PDA was developed to qualitatively and quantitatively determine monosaccharides. UV-VIS was used to determine the total polysaccharides content, and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was established to characterize the small molecules. The quality consistency of commercial CFF (CM-CFF) was also evaluated. It was shown that the relative molecular weights, the compositional monosaccharides and small molecules composition in CM-CFF and self-collected CFF (SC-CFF) samples were similar. A total of 32 small molecules including 6 phenylpropanoids, 7 flavonoids and 19 terpenoids were characterized in CFF. However, the variation was observed in the content of polysaccharides, luteolin, ursolic acid, as well as total contents of terponoids in CM-CFF samples, which implied that the holistic quality of CM-CFF was inconsistent. The results suggested that the proposed evaluation strategy could be applied as a potential approach for the quality control of CFF. And the quality of CM-CFF should be improved by Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) base and standard processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Jin-Di Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Meng-Fei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Ming Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Cheng-Yin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China.
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China.
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Bailly C. Forsythosides as essential components of Forsythia-based traditional chinese medicines used to treat inflammatory diseases and COVID-19. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_36_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Bailly C. Forsythosides as Essential Components of Forsythia-based Traditional Chinese Medicines Used to Treat Inflammatory Diseases and COVID-19. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2311-8571.326077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Yang L, Zhai Y, Chen X, Zhang Z, Gong X, Zhou D, Kong J, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Niu C, Wang Z, Sun Z. Rapid identification of chemical compositions in callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2487-2494. [PMID: 32294314 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun is a traditional Chinese medicine that has various therapeutic effects. Despite its wide use in Chinese medicine, the study is still quite limited, especially its chemical compositions. In this research, an ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry method was utilized to analyze its chemical compositions for the first time. As a result, a total of 124 compounds, including 20 phenylethanoid glycosides, 31 flavonoids, 36 organic acids, 26 terpenoids and 11 phenols, were identified or tentatively characterized in 30 min. Among them, 49 compounds, including 5 phenylethanoid glycosides, 12 flavonoids, 16 organic acids, 12 terpenoids, and 4 phenols, were identified in Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun for the first time. Besides, the fragmentation pathways were also discussed. This research established a rapid and reliable method to analyze the chemical compositions of complicated herb without the process of isolation, and provide abundant information on the chemical material basis for further bioactivity and quality control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanping Yang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Xingying Chen
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Xueyun Gong
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Dejun Zhou
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Jichuan Kong
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Wenkui Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Qingling Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Chao Niu
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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Zhou W, Yang Z, Huang S, Fang Z, Chen B, Ma M. Rapid quantitative analysis of ginkgo flavonoids using paper spray mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 171:158-163. [PMID: 30999226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a method for the rapid and reliable analysis of ginkgo flavonoids was developed by using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) assisted by microwave-assisted hydrolysis (MAH). Kaempferol-D4, quercetin-D5, and isorhamnetin-D3 were used as internal standards (IS). Samples analyses were completed by simply treating with extraction, MAH, dilution, and quantitative analysis by PS-MS. Because of the absence of HPLC separation, the PS-MS analysis time was less than 20 s. The linear ranges of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin were 1.7-86, 1.7-86, and 1.3-68 mg/L, respectively, with linear coefficients (R2) of 0.9993-0.9998. The detection limits (LODs) were 0.1, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L. Limits of quantifications (LOQs) were all less than 0.6 mg/L. Compared with HPLC results, there are no obvious differences. It can be concluded that the PS-MS method with isotope IS is accurate for the rapid analysis of ginkgo flavonoids in extracts and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Zihui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Si Huang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Zhengfa Fang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
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Freund DM, Sammons KA, Makunga NP, Cohen JD, Hegeman AD. Leaf Spray Mass Spectrometry: A Rapid Ambient Ionization Technique to Directly Assess Metabolites from Plant Tissues. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985332 DOI: 10.3791/57949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce thousands of small molecules that are diverse in their chemical properties. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique for analyzing plant metabolites because it provides molecular weights with high sensitivity and specificity. Leaf spray MS is an ambient ionization technique where plant tissue is used for direct chemical analysis via electrospray, eliminating chromatography from the process. This approach to sampling metabolites allows for a wide range of chemical classes to be detected simultaneously from intact plant tissues, minimizing the amount of sample preparation needed. When used with a high-resolution, accurate mass MS, leaf spray MS facilitates the rapid detection of metabolites of interest. It is also possible to collect tandem mass fragmentation data with this technique to facilitate a compound identification. The combination of accurate mass measurements and fragmentation is beneficial in confirming compound identities. The leaf spray MS technique requires only minor modifications to a nanospray ionization source and is a useful tool to further expand the capabilities of a mass spectrometer. Here, fresh leaf tissue from Sceletium tortuosum (Aizoaceae), a traditional medicinal plant from South Africa, is analyzed; numerous mesembrine alkaloids are detected with leaf spray MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Freund
- Department of Horticultural Science, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota;
| | - Katherine A Sammons
- Department of Horticultural Science, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Jerry D Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota
| | - Adrian D Hegeman
- Department of Horticultural Science, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota
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Freund DM, Martin AC, Cohen JD, Hegeman AD. Direct detection of surface localized specialized metabolites from Glycyrrhiza lepidota (American licorice) by leaf spray mass spectrometry. PLANTA 2018; 247:267-275. [PMID: 28956161 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf spray-MS minimizes tissue manipulation by effectively and quickly assessing in vivo specialized metabolites from intact plant tissue surfaces, including trichome metabolites. Intact leaves of Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. (American licorice) were analyzed by direct electrospray leaf spray-MS, an ambient ionization technique. Comparison of metabolites detected by leaf spray-MS to those from LC-MS of bulk tissue and trichome enriched extracts showed dramatic differences. Leaf spray-MS results suggest that in specific situations this approach could complement traditional LC-MS analysis of bulk extracts. Leaf spray-MS as a metabolomics technique eliminates sample pretreatment and preparation allowing for rapid sampling in real time of living intact tissues. Specialized metabolites on the surface of tissues such as glandular trichomes metabolites are detected by leaf spray-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Freund
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
- Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Amanda C Martin
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jerry D Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Adrian D Hegeman
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Liu J, Deng W, Yu M, Wen R, Yao S, Chen B. Rapid analysis of benzalkonium chloride using paper spray mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:151-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chen ML, Chang WQ, Zhou JL, Yin YH, Xia WR, Liu JQ, Liu LF, Xin GZ. Comparison of three officinal species of Callicarpa based on a biochemome profiling strategy with UHPLC-IT-MS and chemometrics analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:666-674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Guo Y, Gu Z, Liu X, Liu J, Ma M, Chen B, Wang L. Rapid Analysis of Corni fructus Using Paper Spray-Mass Spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:344-350. [PMID: 28239915 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is a kind of ambient MS technique for the rapid analysis of samples. Corni fructus has been widely used in traditional Chinese compound preparations and healthy food. However, a number of counterfeits of Corni fructus, such as Crataegi fructus, Lycii fructus, and grape skin are illegally sold in crude herb markets. Therefore, the development of a rapid and high-throughput quality evaluation method is important for ensuring the effectiveness and safety of the crude materials of Corni fructus. OBJECTIVE To develop PS-MS chemical profiles and a semi-quantitative method of Corni fructus for quality assessment and control, and species distinction of Corni fructus. METHODOLOGY Both positive and negative ion PS-MS chemical profiles were constructed for species distinction. The statistical analysis of the chemical profiles was accomplished by principal component analysis (PCA). Rapid semi-quantitative analysis of loganin and morroniside in the extracts of Corni fructus were accomplished by PS-MS. RESULTS The profiles of the Corni fructus and Crataegi fructus samples were clearly clustered into two categories. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in the semi-quantitative analysis was 6 μg/mL and 5.6 μg/mL for loganin and morroniside, respectively. CONCLUSION PS-MS is a simple, rapid, and high-throughput method for the quality control and species distinction of Corni fructus. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- Hunan Analysis and Testing Centre, Changsha, 410004, P. R. China
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Qi L, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zuo Z, Wang YZ, Jin H. Characterization of Gentiana rigescens by Ultraviolet–Visible and Infrared Spectroscopies with Chemometrics. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1225751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- LuMing Qi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Kunming, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Kunming, China
| | - YanLi Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Kunming, China
| | - ZhiTian Zuo
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Kunming, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plants, Kunming, China
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New urea-modified paper substrate for enhanced analytical performance of negative ion mode paper spray mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 166:306-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rapid analysis of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Zhishi) using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Byliński H, Gębicki J, Dymerski T, Namieśnik J. Direct Analysis of Samples of Various Origin and Composition Using Specific Types of Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:340-358. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1298986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Byliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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