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Gjerde H, Oyono Y, Jamt REG, Tayimetha CY, Asongalem EA, Akum EA, Øiestad EL. Drug analysis: Comparison between dried plasma spots and liquid plasma samples of trauma patients from Cameroon-A feasibility study. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:303-308. [PMID: 37464568 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hallvard Gjerde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yannick Oyono
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Meikopoulos T, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Begou O. Detection of 26 Drugs of Abuse and Metabolites in Quantitative Dried Blood Spots by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:975. [PMID: 38474487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of 26 drugs of abuse from different classes, including illicit drugs in quantitative dried blood spots (qDBSs), with the aim to provide a convenient method for drug testing by using only 10 μL of capillary blood. A satisfactory limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.5 ng/mL for 9 of the compounds and 5 ng/mL for 17 of the compounds and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.75 ng/mL for 9 of the compounds and 1.5 ng/mL for 17 of the compounds were achieved for all analytes. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was applied on a C18 column coupled to MS, providing selective detections with both +ESI and -ESI modes. Extraction from the qDBS was performed using AcN-MeOH, 1:1 (v/v), with recovery ranging from 84.6% to 106%, while no significant effect of the hematocrit was observed. The studied drugs of abuse were found to be stable over five days under three different storage conditions (at ambient temperature 21 °C, at -20 °C, and at 35 °C), thus offering a highly attractive approach for drug screening by minimally invasive sampling for individuals that could find application in forensic toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meikopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- ThetaBiomarkers, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd., P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Begou
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- ThetaBiomarkers, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd., P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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3
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Goryński K, Sobczak Ł, Kołodziej D. Developing and Evaluating the Greenness of a Reliable, All-in-One Thin-Film Microextraction Protocol for Determining Fentanyl, Methadone, and Zolpidem in Plasma, Urine, and Oral Fluid. Molecules 2024; 29:335. [PMID: 38257248 PMCID: PMC10818652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes an all-in-one microextraction-based protocol capable of determining and quantifying fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem in plasma, urine, and saliva at concentrations below those required by international regulatory organizations. A homemade thin-film microextraction device featuring an octyl-cyanopropyl stationary phase was coupled with LC-MS/MS. The proposed method was developed and validated according to FDA criteria, providing extraction efficiency values ranging from 26.7% to 76.2% with no significant matrix effects (2.6% to 15.5% signal suppression). The developed protocol provided low limits of quantification (mostly equal to 1 ng mL-1) and good reproducibility (intra- and inter-day RSDs of less than 9.6% and 12.0%, respectively) and accuracy (89% to 104% of the test concentration). An assessment of the protocol's environmental impact indicated that attention must be devoted to eliminating the use of toxic reagents and developing its capability for in situ sampling and in-field analysis using portable instruments. The proposed TFME-based protocol provides clinical laboratories with a versatile, one-step tool that enables the simultaneous monitoring of fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem using the most popular biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Goryński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dominika Kołodziej
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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4
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Evaluation of hemaPEN ® sampling device for measurement of cocaine and metabolites in capillary blood by LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1295-1303. [PMID: 36468628 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dried blood spot sampling has been reported for on-site collection of specimens, but measurements are affected by blood hematocrit, and special handling is required, especially for forensic applications. The hemaPEN® blood collection device was developed to produce spots with constant volume. Results: Linearity between 1 and 500 ng/ml was shown for cocaine and the metabolites benzoylecgonine and cocaethylene. The assay demonstrated acceptable precision and accuracy, and analytes were stable for 7 days when kept inside hemaPEN devices. Accuracy of the assay was affected by hematocrit but was within acceptable limits. Conclusion: Use of the hemaPEN, which retains dried blood within the device, could be advantageous for the quantification of illicit drugs in capillary blood compared with conventional dried blood spot collection.
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5
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Scanferla DTP, Sano Lini R, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Djilali E, Pappalardo L, Posadino AM, Giordo R, Pintus G. Effects of the Storage Conditions on the Stability of Natural and Synthetic Cannabis in Biological Matrices for Forensic Toxicology Analysis: An Update from the Literature. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090801. [PMID: 36144208 PMCID: PMC9501240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use and abuse of cannabis, be it for medicinal or recreational purposes, is widely spread among the population. Consequently, a market for more potent and consequently more toxic synthetic cannabinoids has flourished, and with it, the need for accurate testing of these substances in intoxicated people. In this regard, one of the critical factors in forensic toxicology is the stability of these drugs in different biological matrices due to different storage conditions. This review aims to present the most updated and relevant literature of studies performed on the effects of different storage conditions on the stability of cannabis compounds present in various biological matrices, such as blood and plasma, urine, and oral fluids, as well as in alternative matrices, such as breath, bile fluid, hair, sweat, cerumen, and dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Djilali
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Dried matrix spots: an evolving trend in the toxicological field. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:86-102. [PMID: 35171452 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-021-00434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dried matrix spot (DMS) is a sampling technique, primarily used to analyze blood to diagnose metabolic diseases in newborns. As this technique has several advantages, DMS has started to be employed for other purposes using other biological matrices and increasingly in toxicology over the last decade. The aim of this work was to review the analytical methods using DMS which can be applied to drugs of abuse and which have been published since 2010. Three different databases were searched, using dried, spots, and drugs of abuse as the descriptors and using a snowball search. After applying the exclusion criteria, 39 papers remained. The most common publications were related to the use of blood, which corresponded to 77% of the papers, followed by urine and oral fluid, which corresponded to 13 and 10% of the papers, respectively. The selected studies covered different illicit drugs, sample sizes of 5 to 250 µL and spot sizes ranging from 3 to 18 mm in diameter. This review also examined the extraction techniques and the methods employed to analyze various biological matrices and drugs of abuse, mostly by liquid-extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The benefits of DMS include: a simple sample pretreatment, better stability than liquid matrices, a simple extraction procedure, lower costs, and environmental benefits. DMS appears to be a promising technique in the field of toxicology and provides new perspectives for use in forensic laboratories.
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8
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A comparative review on detection of Cocaine using hyphenated techniques. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Optimized and Validated DBS/MAE/LC–MS Method for Rapid Determination of Date-Rape Drugs and Cocaine in Human Blood Samples—A New Tool in Forensic Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a new method for the determination of selected substances from the date-rape drugs group: ketamine, benzodiazepines and cocaine. The method is based on the dried blood spot method which seems to be a suitable tool in the analysis of tested substances. The extraction process based on microwave-assisted extraction was optimized to enable optimal conditions for the isolation of a wide range of analytes from blood samples collected on DBS cards. The extraction with ethyl acetate with a buffer of pH = 9 carried out at a temperature of 50 °C for 15 min ensured high extraction efficiency of the tested analytes. The optimized method was validated. Limits of detection (LOD = 4.38–21.1 ng/mL) and quantification (LOQ = 14.6–70.4 ng/mL), inter- and intra-day precision (CV = 1.37–13.4% and 3.39–14.8%, respectively), recovery (RE = 93.0–112.4%) and matrix effect (ME = 98.4–101.6%) were determined. The validation results indicate the possibility of using the proposed method in the analysis of real blood samples collected from victims of sexual assault.
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10
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Fabris AL, Yonamine M. Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1441-1458. [PMID: 34551580 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried matrix spots (DMS) has gained the attention of different professionals in different fields, including toxicology. Investigations have been carried out in order to assess the potential of using DMS for the analysis of illicit substances, the main interest of forensic toxicologists. This technique uses minimal volumes of samples and solvents, resulting in simple and rapid extraction procedures. Furthermore, it has proved to increase analyte stability, improving storage and transportation. However, DMS presents some limitations: the hematocrit influencing accuracy and inconsistencies regarding the means of spotting samples and adding internal standard on paper. Thus, we provide an overview of analytical methodologies with forensic applications focusing on drugs of abuse and discussing the main particularities, limitations and achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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11
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Shan X, Zhang L, Yang B. Review of LC techniques for determination of methadone and its metabolite in the biological samples. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 51:953-960. [PMID: 34365899 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1952598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Methadone (MTD) is a synthetic analgesic drug used for treating opioid dependence and effectively used clinically for patients with severe pain. The abuse of MTD may lead to poisoning, disorder in the central nervous system and even death. The regular monitoring of MTD in biological matrices including serum, plasma and urine samples is an effective way to control abuse of MTD. In this manner, the selection of analytical monitoring of MTD in biological matrices is of paramount importance. This study was conducted to review high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques carried out on MTD and its main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in the biological samples during 2015-June 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Shan
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingsheng Yang
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Gorziza R, Cox J, Limberger RP, Arroyo-Mora LE. Study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) extraction FROM dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) and LC-MS/MS detection. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:30. [PMID: 34253256 PMCID: PMC8276387 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral fluid is a widely studied matrix able to isolate the primary Cannabis constituent THC, facilitating its detection via mass spectrometry, and in most cases link these findings to recent drug use. As an alternative to liquid oral fluid, dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) is a simple and a low-cost sampling technique. It has shown improved stability compared to liquid samples, allowing for the possibility to preserve the specimens under various temperature and humidity conditions. The sampling strategy is straightforward and involves the application of a small quantity of oral fluid aliquot to a paper substrate that is set to air dry allowing for on-site collection at a large-scale demand. The goal of this study is to study THC and CBD extraction from DOFS, applying a previous established protocol for a LC–MS/MS qualitative method validation. Although other drugs of abuse have been included in DOFS methods, this is the first method validation including cannabinoids. An alternative oral fluid extraction method (WAX-S tips) is demonstrated to improve the recovery of the analytes. Methods A pool of blank oral fluid was used to prepare THC and CBD spiked DOFS samples for method validation and application. Spiked oral fluid was used to demonstrate WAX-S tips THC and CBD extraction. All samples were analyzed on a LC–MS/MS instrument. Results The qualitative method validation for THC and CBD confirmation in DOFS included method selectivity, matrix effects (< 20%), recovery (average of 25%), process efficiency (average of 21%), LOD (2 ng/mL for THC and 4 ng/mL for CBD), absence of carryover, and DOFS stability (70% in 35 days) as figures of merit. The method application in blindly prepared samples demonstrated the method capability to identify THC and CBD. WAX-S tips extraction showed an average of 91% recovery of THC and CBD from liquid oral fluid. Conclusions THC and CBD extraction from DOFS showed low recoveries. However, the LC–MS/MS qualitative confirmation of THC and CBD in DOFS could improve cannabinoids screening in oral fluid, as it shows adequate LOD and stability over time. This method has potential for assisting the screening of drivers under possible drug influence by facilitating sample transportation and temporary storage in dried spot form. Additional research is suggested for WAX-S tips extraction and quantitative method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gorziza
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Joseph Cox
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, 302 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, 302 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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13
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Roadside Drug Testing Approaches. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113291. [PMID: 34072538 PMCID: PMC8199318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present an overview of roadside drug testing, driving enforcement, and drunk/drug driving detection around the world. Drunk and drug driving is a severe problem, not only in the UAE, but also around the world. This has important implications for road safety as drunk or drug driving may increase the chances of a driver’s involvement in a road crash when compared to a drug-free driver. Recently, due to increases in drug-impaired drivers’ crash involvement, many mobile roadside drug testing devices have been introduced to the market. These devices use oral fluid, urine or blood matrices. These are on-the-spot tests, which are easy to use and are applied by law enforcement agencies and the public. Law enforcement agencies most commonly use oral fluid to detect the presence of illicit drugs in drivers. This review discusses all the available devices in the market used by the authorities. It also describes the type of drugs widely abused by drivers along with behavioral testing methods. The different types of matrices used for roadside drug testing are also evaluated. Sample collection, storage, and pre-treatment methods are discussed, followed by the confirmatory analysis of positive samples. This article will significantly help law enforcement agencies compare and evaluate all the reliable roadside testing devices and new emerging confirmatory devices available to them in the market. This will help them make an informed decision on which device to adapt to their individual needs.
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A review of recent advances in microsampling techniques of biological fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461731. [PMID: 33285415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conventional sampling of biological fluids often involves a bulk quantity of samples that are tedious to collect, deliver and process. Miniaturized sampling approaches have emerged as promising tools for sample collection due to numerous advantages such as minute sample size, patient friendliness and ease of shipment. This article reviews the applications and advances of microsampling techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), covering the period January 2015 - August 2020. As whole blood is the gold standard sampling matrix for TDM, this article comprehensively highlights the most historical microsampling technique, the dried blood spot (DBS), and its development. Advanced developments of DBS, ranging from various automation DBS, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), 3D dried blood spheroids and volumetric absorptive paper disc (VAPD) and mini-disc (VAPDmini) are discussed. The volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) approach, which overcomes the hematocrit effect associated with the DBS sample, has been employed in recent TDM. The sample collection and sample preparation details in DBS and VAMS are outlined and summarized. This review also delineates the involvement of other biological fluids (plasma, urine, breast milk and saliva) and their miniaturized dried matrix forms in TDM. Specific features and challenges of each microsampling technique are identified and comparison studies are reviewed.
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15
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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16
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Ferreira PCL, Thiesen FV, Pereira AG, Zimmer AR, Fröehlich PE. A short overview on mycophenolic acid pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e13997. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Valladao Thiesen
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Andrea Garcia Pereira
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Aline Rigon Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Fröehlich
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
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17
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Extraction of dried oral fluid spots (DOFS) for the identification of drugs of abuse using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Kacargil CU, Daglioglu N, Goren IE. Determination of Illicit Drugs in Dried Blood Spots by LC–MS/MS Method: Validation and Application to Real Samples. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Moretti M, Freni F, Valentini B, Vignali C, Groppi A, Visonà SD, Osculati AMM, Morini L. Determination of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in Dried Blood Spots (DBSs) Collected from Post-Mortem Samples and Evaluation of the Stability over a Three-Month Period. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203636. [PMID: 31600953 PMCID: PMC6832719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method for the identification and quantification of antidepressants and antipsychotics was developed on dried blood spots (DBSs). Moreover, analyte stability on DBSs within a 3-month period was monitored. Aliquots of 85 µL of blood from autopsy cases were pipetted onto DBS cards, which were dried and stored at room temperature. DBSs were analyzed in triplicate immediately, within the following 3 weeks, and after 3 months. For each analysis, a whole blood stain was extracted in phosphate buffer and purified using Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges in order to avoid matrix effects and injected in the LC-MS/MS system. Thirty-nine molecules were screened. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.1 and 3.2 ng/mL (g) and 0.1 and 5.2 ng/mL (g) for antidepressants and antipsychotics, respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQs) varied from 5 to 10.0 ng/mL for both. Sixteen cases among the 60 analyzed resulted positive for 17 different analytes; for 14 of these the method was fully validated. A general good agreement between the concentrations on DBSs and those measured in conventional blood samples (collected concurrently and stored at -20 °C) was observed. The degradation/enhancement percentage for most of the substances was lower than 20% within the 3-month period. Our results, obtained from real post-mortem cases, suggest that DBSs can be used for routine sample storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Valentini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Vignali
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Angelo Groppi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Damiana Visonà
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Marco Maria Osculati
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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A Sensitive LC-MS/MS Assay for the Quantification of Methadone and its Metabolites in Dried Blood Spots: Comparison With Plasma. Ther Drug Monit 2019; 42:118-128. [PMID: 31318842 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methadone, a synthetic narcotic, is widely used both in adults and children for pain control and as a replacement drug in opioid use disorder to prevent craving and withdrawal. To support clinical pharmacokinetic trials in neonates, infants, and children, the authors developed and validated a novel, automated, highly sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantification of methadone and its metabolites, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenylpyraline (EMDP), in samples collected as dried blood spots. METHODS Blood was spiked with different concentrations of methadone, EDDP, and EMDP, and blood drops were applied to filter paper cards. Punches of 6.4 mm were removed from the cards, and 600 µL of protein precipitation solution (methanol/0.2M ZnSO4, 7:3, vol/vol) containing the internal standards (methadone-d9 and EDDP-d5) at a concentration of 1 mcg/L was added. The extracts were analyzed using LC-ESI-MS/MS in combination with online extraction. The mass spectrometer was run in the positive multiple reaction monitoring mode, and the total run time was 3.2 minutes. RESULTS For the dried blood spots, the assay has a lower limit of quantification of 0.1 mcg/L for methadone, EDDP, and EMDP. The range of reliable response for methadone for the ion transition m/z = 310.2→265.1 was 0.1-100 mcg/L and for the ion transition m/z = 310.2→223.1 5-1000 mcg/L. For EDDP, on the range of reliable response for the ion transition, m/z = 278.2→234.3 was 0.1-100 mcg/L and for the ion transition m/z = 278.2→186.1 5-1000 mcg/L. The calibration range for EMDP was 0.1-100 mcg/L. Accuracy (85%-115%) and imprecision (<15%) met predefined acceptance criteria. DISCUSSION This assay allows for the measurement of small volume blood samples without the need for an intravenous blood draw, and thus, it is suitable for pharmacokinetics studies and therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric patients.
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Moretti M, Freni F, Tomaciello I, Vignali C, Groppi A, Visonà SD, Tajana L, Osculati AMM, Morini L. Determination of benzodiazepines in blood and in dried blood spots collected from post-mortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a three-month period. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1403-1411. [PMID: 31125516 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We successfully developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method for the identification of 27 and quantification of 9 benzodiazepines and metabolites in whole blood and DBSs. The results provided a good qualitative and quantitative correlation between DBSs stored at room temperature and whole blood stored at -20°C. A good stability for a three-month period was observed for most of the compounds detected in real post-mortem samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tomaciello
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Vignali
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Groppi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Damiana Visonà
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Tajana
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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de Lima Feltraco Lizot L, da Silva ACC, Bastiani MF, Hahn RZ, Bulcão R, Perassolo MS, Antunes MV, Linden R. Simultaneous determination of cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene and norcocaine in dried blood spots by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:408-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
The sample preparation is the most critical step involved in the bioanalytical process. When dealing with green analytical chemistry, sample preparation can be even more challenging. To fit the green analytical chemistry principles, efforts should be made toward the elimination or reduction of the use of toxic reagents and solvents, minimization of energy consumption and increased operator safety. The simplest sample preparations are more appropriate for liquid biological matrices with little interfering compounds such as urine, plasma and oral fluid. The same does not usually occur with complex matrices that require more laborious procedures. The present review discusses green analytical approaches for the analyses of drugs of abuse in complex biological matrices, such as whole blood, breast milk, meconium and hair.
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Moretti M, Visonà SD, Freni F, Tomaciello I, Vignali C, Groppi A, Tajana L, Osculati AMM, Morini L. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of cocaine and metabolites in blood and in dried blood spots collected from postmortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a 3-month period. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1430-1437. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Silvia Damiana Visonà
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Ilaria Tomaciello
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Claudia Vignali
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Angelo Groppi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Luca Tajana
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Antonio Marco Maria Osculati
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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