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Goryński K, Sobczak Ł. Quantification of prohibited substances and endogenous corticosteroids in saliva using traditional, alternative microextraction-based, and novel 3D printed sample-preparation methods coupled with LC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1291:342236. [PMID: 38280791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Oral fluid has gained significant interest as an alternative matrix for drug testing due to its easy and non-invasive collection. Despite these advantages, achieving suitably low limits of detection remains a clear challenge in the use of oral fluids for drug screening. In this study, we demonstrate that the application of commercially available SPME fibers followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry can enable the comprehensive detection and confirmation of drugs in oral fluid samples. To this end, we develop and test a sample-preparation protocol for a panel of 46 drugs covering the most popular drugs of abuse and doping agents available worldwide. Human saliva samples were collected using a Salivette® device (CE IVD certified) and sampled using SPME devices coated with a C18 extraction phase. The proposed protocol was validated with respect to its lower limits of quantification (LLOQ), linearity, matrix effects, precision, and extraction recovery. Linearity was confirmed for all compounds (R2 > 0.97), except for testosterone (R2 = 0.953) and metandrostenolon (R2 = 0.958). Furthermore, 4 compounds suffered from matrix effects, with less than 10 % deviation from acceptance criteria. After analytical validation, saliva samples from volunteers were analyzed to determine free concentrations of cortisol at different times after awaking. Finally, a 3D-printed prototype device was designed and successfully applied to extract small molecules, thus demonstrating a new modern low-cost approach for bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Goryński
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Goryński K, Sobczak Ł, Kołodziej D. Developing and Evaluating the Greenness of a Reliable, All-in-One Thin-Film Microextraction Protocol for Determining Fentanyl, Methadone, and Zolpidem in Plasma, Urine, and Oral Fluid. Molecules 2024; 29:335. [PMID: 38257248 PMCID: PMC10818652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes an all-in-one microextraction-based protocol capable of determining and quantifying fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem in plasma, urine, and saliva at concentrations below those required by international regulatory organizations. A homemade thin-film microextraction device featuring an octyl-cyanopropyl stationary phase was coupled with LC-MS/MS. The proposed method was developed and validated according to FDA criteria, providing extraction efficiency values ranging from 26.7% to 76.2% with no significant matrix effects (2.6% to 15.5% signal suppression). The developed protocol provided low limits of quantification (mostly equal to 1 ng mL-1) and good reproducibility (intra- and inter-day RSDs of less than 9.6% and 12.0%, respectively) and accuracy (89% to 104% of the test concentration). An assessment of the protocol's environmental impact indicated that attention must be devoted to eliminating the use of toxic reagents and developing its capability for in situ sampling and in-field analysis using portable instruments. The proposed TFME-based protocol provides clinical laboratories with a versatile, one-step tool that enables the simultaneous monitoring of fentanyl, methadone, and zolpidem using the most popular biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Goryński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dominika Kołodziej
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Kołodziej D, Sobczak Ł, Łączkowski KZ. New opportunities for treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases with PTP1B inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1443-1447. [PMID: 37610866 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kołodziej
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, 85-089, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Hospital Pharmacy, Municipal Hospital in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, 85-826, Poland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, 85-067, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Z Łączkowski
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, 85-089, Poland
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Kołodziej D, Sobczak Ł, Goryński K. Innovative, simple, and green: A sample preparation method based on 3D printed polymers. Talanta 2023; 257:124380. [PMID: 36821965 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the capability of fifteen 3D printed thermoplastic polymers as novel stationary phases for the extraction of forty-three physicochemically diverse analytes from fortified human oral fluid samples. Prototype extraction devices were prepared in 96-well plate-compatible format using fused deposition modeling 3D printer. The sample preparation was performed with 5-step protocol utilizing 96-well plates and semiautomated benchtop shaker. All resulting extracts were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (operated in reversed-phase gradient elution mode) and tandem mass spectrometry (with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometer). Exceptionally favorable results were observed for three polymer types: polyamide 6 (reinforced with 15% carbon fiber), LAYFOMM-60 (polyurethane with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol), and S-FLEX 90A (thermoplastic polyurethane). Furthermore, this study also introduces an automated and repeatable 3D printing method for the fast fabrication of high-throughput, and highly selective sample preparation devices, most of which are ready-to-use without any additional processing or chemical functionalization. As such, the proposed printing method represents a significant step towards the introduction of novel polymeric stationary phases for analytical sample preparation, thus providing laboratory personnel with a method that is safer and more convenient, while minimizing negative environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kołodziej
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Goryński
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Sobczak Ł, Filus K, Domańska J, Domański A. Finding the best hardware configuration for 2D SLAM in indoor environments via simulation based on Google Cartographer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18815. [PMID: 36335221 PMCID: PMC9637188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most challenging topics in robotics is simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in the indoor environments. Due to the fact that Global Navigation Satellite Systems cannot be successfully used in such environments, different data sources are used for this purpose, among others light detection and ranging (LiDARs ), which have advanced from numerous other technologies. Other embedded sensors can be used along with LiDARs to improve SLAM accuracy, e.g. the ones available in the Inertial Measurement Units and wheel odometry sensors. Evaluation of different SLAM algorithms and possible hardware configurations in real environments is time consuming and expensive. In our study, we evaluate the accuracy of mapping and localization (based on Absolute Trajectory Error and Relative Pose Error). Our use case is a robot used for room decontamination. The results for a small room show that for our robot the best hardware configuration consists of three LiDARs 2D, IMU and wheel odometry sensors. On the other hand, for long hallways, a configuration with one LiDAR 3D sensor and IMU works better and more stable. We also described a general approach together with tools and procedures that can be used to find the best sensor setup in simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Sobczak
- grid.460563.2Simulation Departement, OBRUM Sp. z o.o., 44-117 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Filus
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Domańska
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adam Domański
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Distributed Systems and Informatic Devices, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Sobczak Ł, Filus K, Domańska J, Domański A. Building a Real-Time Testing Platform for Unmanned Ground Vehicles with UDP Bridge. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8493. [PMID: 36366191 PMCID: PMC9654903 DOI: 10.3390/s22218493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perception and vehicle control remain major challenges in the autonomous driving domain. To find a proper system configuration, thorough testing is needed. Recent advances in graphics and physics simulation allow researchers to build highly realistic simulations that can be used for testing in safety-critical domains and inaccessible environments. Despite the high complexity of urban environments, it is the non-urban areas that are more challenging. Nevertheless, the existing simulators focus mainly on urban driving. Therefore, in this work, we describe our approach to building a flexible real-time testing platform for unmanned ground vehicles for indoor and off-road environments. Our platform consists of our original simulator, robotic operating system (ROS), and a bridge between them. To enable compatibility and real-time communication with ROS, we generate data interchangeable with real-life readings and propose our original communication solution, UDP Bridge, that enables up to 9.5 times faster communication than the existing solution, ROS#. As a result, all of the autonomy algorithms can be run in real-time directly in ROS, which is how we obtained our experimental results. We provide detailed descriptions of the components used to build our integrated platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Sobczak
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Filus
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Domańska
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adam Domański
- Department of Distributed Systems and Informatic Devices, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Kołodziej D, Sobczak Ł, Goryński K. Polyamide Noncoated Device for Adsorption-Based Microextraction and Novel 3D Printed Thin-Film Microextraction Supports. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2764-2771. [PMID: 35113529 PMCID: PMC8851416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Polyamide noncoated
device for adsorption-based microextraction
(PANDA microextraction) is a brand new, easy to prepare, environmentally
friendly, inexpensive, and efficient sample preparation method created
entirely with the use of 3D printing. The proposed method is based
on the extractive proprieties of the unmodified polyamide and carbon
fiber blends and is compared with the highly selective thin-film microextraction
(TFME). In addition, 3D printing was used to simplify the process
of TFME. Prototype sample preparation devices were evaluated by the
extraction of oral fluid spiked with 38 small molecules with diverse
chemical natures, such as lipophilicity in the log P range of 0.2–7.2. The samples were analyzed by high-performance
liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The results
indicate that chemically and thermally resistant 3D printed supports
can be successfully used as a cost-saving, environmentally friendly
solution for the preparation of TFME devices, alternative to the conventional
metal supports, with only marginal differences in the extraction yield
(mean = 4.0%, median = 1.8%, range = 0.0–22.3%, n = 38). Even more remarkably, in some cases, the newly proposed PANDA
microextraction method exceeded the reference TFME in terms of the
extraction efficacy and offered excellent sample cleanup as favorable
matrix effects were observed (mean = −8.5%, median = 7.5%,
range = −34.7–20.0%, n = 20). This
innovative approach paves the road to the simplified sample preparation
with the use of emerging extractive 3D printing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kołodziej
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczak
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Goryński
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Sobczak Ł, Kołodziej D, Goryński K. Modifying current thin-film microextraction (TFME) solutions for analyzing prohibited substances: Evaluating new coatings using liquid chromatography. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:470-480. [PMID: 35811627 PMCID: PMC9257446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
For identifying and quantifying prohibited substances, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) continues to arouse interest as a sample preparation method. However, the practical implementation of this method in routine laboratory testing is currently hindered by the limited number of coatings compatible with the ubiquitous high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. Only octadecyl (C18) and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene ligands are currently marketed for this purpose. To address this situation, the present study evaluated 12 HPLC-compatible coatings, including several chemistries not currently used in this application. The stationary phases of SPME devices in the geometry of thin film-coated blades were prepared by applying silica particles bonded with various functional ligands (C18, octyl, phenyl-hexyl, 3-cyanopropyl, benzenesulfonic acid, and selected combinations of these), as well as unbonded silica, to a metal support. Most of these chemistries have not been previously used as microextraction coatings. The 48 most commonly misused substances were selected to assess the extraction efficacy of each coating, and eight desorption solvent compositions were used to optimize the desorption conditions. All samples were analyzed using an HPLC system coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. This evaluation enables selection of the best-performing coatings for quantifying prohibited substances and investigates the relationship between extraction efficacy and the physicochemical characteristics of the analytes. Ultimately, using the most suitable coatings is essential for trace-level analysis of chemically diverse prohibited substances. 12 HPLC-compatible TFME coatings were evaluated for extraction of small molecules. 8 desorption solvent compositions were used to optimize the desorption conditions. 48 prohibited substances (drugs of abuse and doping agents) were used as analytes. A mixed coating comprising octyl/3-cyanopropyl (50/50) provided the best results.
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Sobczak Ł, Goryński K. Evaluation of swabs from 15 commercially available oral fluid sample collection devices for the analysis of commonly abused substances: doping agents and drugs of abuse. Analyst 2021; 145:7279-7288. [PMID: 33063793 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01379j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid testing is steadily building its position as a valuable complement or alternative to plasma and urine analyses in everyday laboratory practice. However, the great significance of the sample collection process in the attainment of representative results is not always paralleled by the attention given to its informed selection. Few evaluations of commercially available sample collection devices have been published until now, and the current work intends to fill this gap by presenting an evaluation of swabs from 15 different devices for the analysis of 49 popular drugs. Swabs, derived from sample collection devices, were used to collect a drug-fortified mixture. Then, swab-retrieved samples were subjected to instrumental analysis with the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method. Results within the 80-120% range were considered to have no significant impact on analyte concentration (thus satisfactory) and were observed in 44.1% of all results. Out of the 15 evaluated swabs, 7 provided results in the aforementioned range for more than half of the substances under study. The possibility of matrix effects originating from swab materials was also investigated. The selection of an appropriate oral fluid sample collection method plays a critical role in the success of the analytical procedure, a fact that is well-illustrated by the tremendous differences between analyte concentrations observed in this research. Perhaps, the tedious labour of improving sample preparation and analysis methods already in-use could be spared if only greater emphasis were to be put on the improvement and better selection of suitable solutions for oral fluid collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Sobczak
- Bioanalysis Scientific Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, dr. Antoniego Jurasza 2 street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Sobczak Ł, Filus K, Domański A, Domańska J. LiDAR Point Cloud Generation for SLAM Algorithm Evaluation. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21103313. [PMID: 34064712 PMCID: PMC8150868 DOI: 10.3390/s21103313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the emerging interest in the autonomous driving level at 4 and 5 comes a necessity to provide accurate and versatile frameworks to evaluate the algorithms used in autonomous vehicles. There is a clear gap in the field of autonomous driving simulators. It covers testing and parameter tuning of a key component of autonomous driving systems, SLAM, frameworks targeting off-road and safety-critical environments. It also includes taking into consideration the non-idealistic nature of the real-life sensors, associated phenomena and measurement errors. We created a LiDAR simulator that delivers accurate 3D point clouds in real time. The point clouds are generated based on the sensor placement and the LiDAR type that can be set using configurable parameters. We evaluate our solution based on comparison of the results using an actual device, Velodyne VLP-16, on real-life tracks and the corresponding simulations. We measure the error values obtained using Google Cartographer SLAM algorithm and the distance between the simulated and real point clouds to verify their accuracy. The results show that our simulation (which incorporates measurement errors and the rolling shutter effect) produces data that can successfully imitate the real-life point clouds. Due to dedicated mechanisms, it is compatible with the Robotic Operating System (ROS) and can be used interchangeably with data from actual sensors, which enables easy testing, SLAM algorithm parameter tuning and deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Sobczak
- OBRUM Sp. z o.o., R&D Centre of Mechanical Appliances, Toszecka 102, 44-117 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Distributed Systems and Informatic Devices, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Katarzyna Filus
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.F.); (J.D.)
| | - Adam Domański
- Department of Distributed Systems and Informatic Devices, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Joanna Domańska
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.F.); (J.D.)
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