Application of on-line and off-line heart-cutting LC in determination of secondary metabolites from the flowers of Lonicera caerulea cultivar varieties

The metabolic profile elucidation of Lonicera japonica flos water extract and the metabolic characteristics evaluation of bioactive compounds in human gastrointestinal tract in vitro

Lonicera japonica Flos (LJF) is taken orally as a health food and medicinal plant in China for a long time. The gastrointestinal metabolism of LJF was investigated in vitro by three independent models (gastric juice, intestinal juice, and human intestinal bacteria), qualitative analyzed by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSⁿ and quantified by HPLC-DAD. 72 prototype compounds were detected in LJF water extraction (LJF-WE), including 14 organic acids, 43 iridoids, 14 flavonoids and one other compound. The prototype and metabolic components of LJF-WE bio-transformed by simulated gastric fluid (70 and 12), intestinal fluid (69 and 12) and human fecal bacteria (29 and 70) were characterized, respectively. The metabolites were formed through desaccharization, isomerization, hydrogenation, methylation, dehydration, and then cyclization, glucuronization and dimethylation followed. 8 bioactive compounds including neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, sweroside, secoxyloganin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C were much stable in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid, compared with human fecal bacteria. Especially, sweroside and secoxyloganin with glucoside bonds degradated extraordinarily fast, because of the abundant β-glucosidases in human fecal bacteria.

Lonicera caerulea (Haskap berries): a review of development traceability, functional value, product development status, future opportunities, and challenges

Lonicera caerulea is a honeysuckle plant with a long development history. It is defined as a "homology of medicine and food" fruit because it is rich in bioactive substances. By-products (such as pomace, leaves, stems, and flowers), which also have beneficial values, will be produced during processing. Nevertheless, the reuse of derivatives and the further development of new products of Lonicera caerulea are still a challenge. Firstly, this paper traced the development history of Lonicera caerulea and summarized its primary nutrients and bioactive substances, subsequently discussed the research progress and underlying molecular mechanisms of its functional properties, and introduced the application and potential of Lonicera caerulea in the fields of food, health products, cosmetics, medicine, and materials. Finally, this paper put forward the future research direction to promote the development of the Lonicera caerulea industry. To sum up, Lonicera caerulea, as a potential raw material, can be used to produce more functional products. Besides, more in-depth clinical trials are needed to clarify the specific molecular mechanism of the practical components of Lonicera caerulea and improve the rate of development and utilization.HighlightsThe original species of Lonicera caerulea subgroup had appeared on the earth as early as the end of the third century.Lonicera caerulea has been introduced into North America since the 18th century, but the introduction process has not ended until now.Lonicera caerulea widely exists in Eurasia and North America and it has excellent cold tolerance, early maturity and ornamental.The fruits, stems, leaves and flowers of Lonicera caerulea all have bioactive value, but the specific molecular mechanism and utilization need to be improved.Lonicera caerulea has been widely used in food, medicine, health products, cosmetics and materials, but there are still great challenges.