1
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Yu Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Wang N, Wei B, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS, Zhang F, Wang H. Quality control, safety assessment and preparation approaches of low molecular weight heparin. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122216. [PMID: 38823901 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) are well-established for use in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases, and as a substitute for unfractionated heparin (UFH) due to their predictable pharmacokinetics and subcutaneous bioavailability. LMWHs are produced by various depolymerization methods from UFH, resulting in heterogeneous compounds with similar biochemical and pharmacological properties. However, the delicate supply chain of UFH and potential contamination from animal sources require new manufacturing approaches for LMWHs. Various LMWH preparation methods are emerging, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic or chemical depolymerization and chemoenzymatic synthesis. To establish the sameness of active ingredients in both innovator and generic LMWH products, the Food and Drug Administration has implemented a stringent scientific method of equivalence based on physicochemical properties, heparin source material and depolymerization techniques, disaccharide composition and oligosaccharide mapping, biological and biochemical properties, and in vivo pharmacodynamic profiles. In this review, we discuss currently available LMWHs, potential manufacturing methods, and recent progress for manufacturing quality control of these LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China; Binjiang Cyberspace Security Institute of ZJUT, Hangzhou 310056, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center for Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, China; Binjiang Cyberspace Security Institute of ZJUT, Hangzhou 310056, China.
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2
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Oliveira SNMCG, Bezerra FF, Piquet AA, Sales RA, Valle GCT, Capillé NV, Tovar AMF, Mourão PAS. A Unique Enoxaparin Derived from Bovine Intestinal Heparin: A Single Purification Step of the Starting Material Assures a Bovine Enoxaparin Like the Standard from Porcine Origin. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23111-23120. [PMID: 38826523 PMCID: PMC11137703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparin represent a significant advancement in anticoagulant therapy with enoxaparin being a prominent example obtained exclusively through the fragmentation of porcine intestinal heparin. However, escalating demand and limited resources have raised concerns about enoxaparin supplementation. The current challenge involves exploring alternative heparin sources for large-scale enoxaparin production with bovine intestinal heparin emerging as a promising option. Our study demonstrates that enoxaparin derived from the available bovine heparin preparation differs significantly from the reference compound. Yet, the implementation of a straightforward purification step yields a preparation termed "high-anticoagulant bovine heparin". Fragmentation of this purified product through β-elimination produces enoxaparin akin to the standard from a porcine origin. To ensure physicochemical similarity, we employed various spectroscopic, enzymatic, and chromatographic tests to compare the new bovine-derived enoxaparin with the original porcine compound. Biological activity was confirmed through in vitro coagulation assays and assessments using an animal model of venous thrombosis. Our study affirms that the β-elimination reaction cleaves the bovine heparin chain without preferential breaks in regions with different sulfation patterns. Additionally, we scrutinized decasaccharides purified from enoxaparin preparations, providing a comprehensive demonstration of the similarity between products obtained from porcine and bovine heparin. In summary, our findings indicate that an enoxaparin equivalent to the original porcine-derived product can be derived from bovine heparin, given that the starting material undergoes a simple purification step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana A. Piquet
- Laboratório de Tecido
Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and
Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Sales
- Laboratório de Tecido
Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and
Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly C. T. Valle
- Laboratório de Tecido
Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and
Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Nina V. Capillé
- Laboratório de Tecido
Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and
Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Ana M. F. Tovar
- Laboratório de Tecido
Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and
Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. S. Mourão
- Laboratório de Tecido
Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and
Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
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3
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Douaisi M, Paskaleva EE, Fu L, Grover N, McManaman CL, Varghese S, Brodfuehrer PR, Gibson JM, de Joode I, Xia K, Brier MI, Simmons TJ, Datta P, Zhang F, Onishi A, Hirakane M, Mori D, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS. Synthesis of bioengineered heparin chemically and biologically similar to porcine-derived products and convertible to low MW heparin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315586121. [PMID: 38498726 PMCID: PMC10998570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315586121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparins have been invaluable therapeutic anticoagulant polysaccharides for over a century, whether used as unfractionated heparin or as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) derivatives. However, heparin production by extraction from animal tissues presents multiple challenges, including the risk of adulteration, contamination, prion and viral impurities, limited supply, insecure supply chain, and significant batch-to-batch variability. The use of animal-derived heparin also raises ethical and religious concerns, as well as carries the risk of transmitting zoonotic diseases. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of animal-free heparin products would offer several advantages, including reliable and scalable production processes, improved purity and consistency, and the ability to produce heparin polysaccharides with molecular weight, structural, and functional properties equivalent to those of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) heparin, currently only sourced from porcine intestinal mucosa. We report a scalable process for the production of bioengineered heparin that is biologically and compositionally similar to USP heparin. This process relies on enzymes from the heparin biosynthetic pathway, immobilized on an inert support and requires a tailored N-sulfoheparosan with N-sulfo levels similar to those of porcine heparins. We also report the conversion of our bioengineered heparin into a LMWH that is biologically and compositionally similar to USP enoxaparin. Ultimately, we demonstrate major advances to a process to provide a potential clinical and sustainable alternative to porcine-derived heparin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Douaisi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Elena E. Paskaleva
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Li Fu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Navdeep Grover
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Charity L. McManaman
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Sony Varghese
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Paul R. Brodfuehrer
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - James M. Gibson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Ian de Joode
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Matthew I. Brier
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Trevor J. Simmons
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Payel Datta
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Akihiro Onishi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Makoto Hirakane
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
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Pamplona R, González-Lana S, Romero P, Ochoa I, Martín-Rapún R, Sánchez-Somolinos C. The Mechanical and Biological Performance of Photopolymerized Gelatin-Based Hydrogels as a Function of the Reaction Media. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300227. [PMID: 37572331 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
From the first experiments with biomaterials to mimic tissue properties, the mechanical and biochemical characterization has evolved extensively. Several properties can be described, however, what should be essential is to conduct a proper and physiologically relevant characterization. Herein, the influence of the reaction media (RM) and swelling media (SM)-phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with two different glucose concentrations-is described in gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) hydrogel mechanics and in the biological behavior of two tumoral cell lines (Caco-2 and HCT-116). All scaffolds are UV-photocrosslinked under identical conditions and evaluated for mass swelling ratio and stiffness. The results indicate that stiffness is highly susceptible to the RM, but not to the SM. Additionally, PBS-prepared hydrogels exhibited a higher photopolymerization degree according to high resolution magic-angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. These findings correlate with the biological response of Caco-2 and HCT-116 cells seeded on the substrates, which demonstrated flatter morphologies on stiffer hydrogels. Overall, cell viability and proliferation are excellent for both cell lines, and Caco-2 cells displayed a characteristic apical-basal polarization based on F-actin/Nuclei fluorescence images. These characterization experiments highlight the importance of conducting mechanical testing of biomaterials in the same medium as cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Pamplona
- Aragón Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, Department of Organic Chemistry, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Sandra González-Lana
- BEONCHIP S.L., CEMINEM, Campus Río Ebro. C/ Mariano Esquillor Gómez s/n, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza, 500018, Spain
| | - Pilar Romero
- Aragón Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, Department of Organic Chemistry, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment (TME) Lab, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, C/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza, 500018, Spain
- CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Paseo de Isabel La Católica 1-3, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Rapún
- Aragón Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, Department of Organic Chemistry, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Somolinos
- CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- Aragón Institute of Nanoscience and Materials (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, Department of Condensed Matter Physics (Faculty of Science), C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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5
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Gardini C, Boccardi G, Guerrini M, Kellenbach E, Lunenburg M, van der Meer JY, Naggi A, Urso E. Quantitative 2D 1H, 13C HSQC NMR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Content in Danaparoid Sodium. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:856-866. [PMID: 37094794 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Danaparoid sodium is a biopolymeric complex drug composed of the most abundant heparan sulfate (HS) followed in descending order by dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). This composite nature explains its peculiar antithrombotic and anticoagulant properties and make it particularly advantageous when the risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurs. A specific control of the danaparoid composition is required by the Ph. Eur. The monograph includes the CS and DS limit contents and describes the method for their quantification through selective enzymatic degradations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a quantitative two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is proposed as a new method suitable for CS and DS quantification. Statistical comparison of the results provided by the analysis of a series of danaparoid samples with both NMR and enzymatic methods highlights a small systematic difference, likely derived from lyase-resistant sequences bearing oxidized terminals. Some modified structures, whose survival to the enzymatic action was confirmed by mass spectrometry, can be detected and quantified by NMR. CONCLUSION AND RESULTS The proposed NMR method can serve for the determination of DS and CS contents, is an easy-to-apply method with no dependence from enzymes and standards, and provides extensive structural information on the overall glycosaminoglycans mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardini
- C.A.T. Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" S.r.l., Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Boccardi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milano, Italy
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Guo C, Dong J, Deng L, Cheng K, Xu Y, Zhu H, Deng A, Zhou X, Qin H, Wang Y. Application of Band-Selective HSQC NMR in Species Discrimination and Adulteration Identification of Panax Linn. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114332. [PMID: 37298809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of Panax Linn products available in the market is threatened by adulteration with different Panax species, such as Panax quinquefolium (PQ), Panax ginseng (PG), and Panax notoginseng (PN). In this paper, we established a 2D band-selective heteronuclear single quantum coherence (bs-HSQC) NMR method to discriminate species and detect adulteration of Panax Linn. The method involves selective excitation of the anomeric carbon resonance region of saponins and non-uniform sampling (NUS) to obtain high-resolution spectra in less than 10 min. The combined strategy overcomes the signal overlap limitation in 1H NMR and the long acquisition time in traditional HSQC. The present results showed that twelve well-separated resonance peaks can be assigned in the bs-HSQC spectra, which are of high resolution, good repeatability, and precision. Notably, the identification accuracy of species was found to be 100% for all tests conducted in the present study. Furthermore, in combination with multivariate statistical methods, the proposed method can effectively determine the composition proportion of adulterants (from 10% to 90%). Based on the PLS-DA models, the identification accuracy was greater than 80% when composition proportion of adulterants was 10%. Thus, the proposed method may provide a fast, practical, and effective analysis technique for food quality control or authenticity identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Guo
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiyang Dong
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingli Deng
- Department of Information Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Kiankai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haowen Zhu
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Anjun Deng
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hailin Qin
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Institute of Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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7
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Monitoring the stability of heparin: NMR evidence for the rearrangement of sulfated iduronate in phosphate buffer. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 308:120649. [PMID: 36813341 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, a major anticoagulant drug, comprises a complex mixture of motifs. Heparin is isolated from natural sources while being subjected to a variety of conditions but the detailed effects of these on heparin structure have not been studied in depth. Therefore, the result of exposing heparin to a range of buffered environments, ranging pH values from 7 to 12, and temperatures of 40, 60 and 80 °C were examined. There was no evidence of significant N-desulfation or 6-O-desulfation in glucosamine residues, nor of chain scission, however, stereochemical re-arrangement of α-L-iduronate 2-O-sulfate to α-L-galacturonate residues occurred in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 12/80 °C. The results confirm the relative stability of heparin in environments like those during extraction and purification processes; on the other hand, the sensitivity of heparin to pH 12 in buffered solution at high temperature is highlighted, providing an important insight for heparin manufacturers.
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8
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Bezerra FF, Oliveira SN, Sales RA, Piquet AA, Capillé NV, Vilanova E, Tovar AM, Mourão PA. Approaches to Assure Similarity between Pharmaceutical Heparins from Two Different Manufacturers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041115. [PMID: 37111602 PMCID: PMC10142696 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical heparins from different manufacturers may present heterogeneities due to particular extraction and purification procedures or even variations in the raw material manipulation. Heparins obtained from different tissues also differ in their structure and activity. Nevertheless, there is an increased demand for more accurate assessments to ensure the similarities of pharmaceutical heparins. We propose an approach to accurately assess the similarity of these pharmaceutical preparations based on well-defined criteria, which are verified with a variety of refined analytical methods. We evaluate six commercial batches from two different manufacturers which were formulated with Brazilian or Chinese active pharmaceutical ingredients. Biochemical and spectroscopic methods and analysis based on digestion with heparinases were employed to evaluate the purity and structure of the heparins. Specific assays were employed to evaluate the biological activity. We observed minor but significant differences between the constitutive units of the heparins from these two manufacturers, such as the content of N-acetylated α-glucosamine. They also have minor differences in their molecular masses. These physicochemical differences have no impact on the anticoagulant activity but can indicate particularities on their manufacturing processes. The protocol we propose here for analyzing the similarity of unfractionated heparins is analogous to those successfully employed to compare low-molecular-weight heparins.
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9
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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10
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Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Properties of Two Heparinoid Compounds Prepared from Shrimp Waste. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010066. [PMID: 36613282 PMCID: PMC9818578 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparinoid, a type of compound that has structures similar to heparin, has been found in marine organisms such as shrimp head. This shrimp waste products were used to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the antithrombotic effect of heparinoid. Two heparinoid compounds were obtained from shrimp head, and the main fraction F1 was →4)-GlcA-(1→3)-GalNAc-(1→ with Ara, while the minor fraction F2 composed mainly of the backbone as →4)-β-D-GlcA (or IdoA)-(1→4)-β-D-GlcN (or GlcNAc)-(1→. Both F1 and F2 could extend activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time concentration-dependently, and F2 has stronger activity than F1 at the same concentration. The potential anticoagulant mechanism of F1 and F2 may relate to their combination with more antithrombin III, which binds to and potentiates the action of antithrombin as well as inhibiting coagulation factors Xa and IIa, preventing blood clot formation. Furthermore, heparinoid F1 and F2 were found to have high fibrinolytic capability in vitro and in vivo via activating the self-fibrinolytic system. In conclusion, heparinoids (F1 and F2) derived from shrimp head wastes could be used as candidate compounds to prevent thrombosis while posing a lower hemorrhagic risk.
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11
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BWK. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as an elegant tool for a complete quality control of crude heparin material. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114915. [PMID: 35777175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometric methods for the quantitative analysis of pure heparin in crude heparin is proposed. For quantification, a two-step routine was developed using a USP heparin reference sample for calibration and benzoic acid as an internal standard. The method was successfully validated for its accuracy, reproducibility, and precision. The methodology was used to analyze 20 authentic porcine heparinoid samples having heparin content between 4.25 w/w % and 64.4 w/w %. The characterization of crude heparin products was further extended to a simultaneous analysis of these common ions: sodium, calcium, acetate and chloride. A significant, linear dependence was found between anticoagulant activity and assayed heparin content for thirteen heparinoids samples, for which reference data were available. A Diffused-ordered NMR experiment (DOSY) can be used for qualitative analysis of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in heparinoid matrices and, potentially, for quantitative prediction of molecular weight of GAGs. NMR spectrometry therefore represents a unique analytical method suitable for the simultaneous quantitative control of organic and inorganic composition of crude heparin samples (especially heparin content) as well as an estimation of other physical and quality parameters (molecular weight, animal origin and activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany; FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Mußmann-Straße 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Köln, Germany
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12
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Bertini S, Alekseeva A, Elli S, Pagani I, Zanzoni S, Eisele G, Krishnan R, Maag KP, Reiter C, Lenhart D, Gruber R, Yates E, Vicenzi E, Naggi A, Bisio A, Guerrini M. Pentosan polysulfate inhibits attachment and infection by SARS-CoV-2 in vitro: insights into structural requirements for binding. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:984-997. [PMID: 35322395 PMCID: PMC9252607 DOI: 10.1055/a-1807-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Two years since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic, there remain few clinically effective drugs to complement vaccines. One is the anticoagulant, heparin, which in 2004 was found able to inhibit invasion of SARS-CoV (CoV-1) and which has been employed during the current pandemic to prevent thromboembolic complications and moderate potentially damaging inflammation. Heparin has also been shown experimentally to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 attachment and infection in susceptible cells. At high therapeutic doses however, heparin increases the risk of bleeding and prolonged use can cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, a serious side effect. One alternative, with structural similarities to heparin, is the plant-derived, semi-synthetic polysaccharide, pentosan polysulfate (PPS). PPS is an established drug for the oral treatment of interstitial cystitis, is well-tolerated, and exhibits weaker anticoagulant effects than heparin. In an established Vero cell model, PPS and its fractions of varying molecular weights inhibited invasion by SARS-CoV-2. Intact PPS and its size-defined fractions were characterized by molecular weight distribution and chemical structure using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, then employed to explore the structural basis of interactions with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (S1 RBD) and the inhibition of Vero cell invasion. PPS was as effective as unfractionated heparin, but more effective in inhibiting cell infection than low-molecular-weight heparin (on a weight/volume basis). Isothermal titration calorimetry and viral plaque-forming assays demonstrated size-dependent binding to S1 RBD and inhibition of Vero cell invasion, suggesting the potential application of PPS as a novel inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bertini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Alekseeva
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Pagani
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Centro Piattaforme Tecnologiche, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Eisele
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Ravi Krishnan
- Paradigm Biopharmaceuticals Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Klaus P Maag
- bene pharmaChem GmbH & Co.KG, Geretsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Edwin Yates
- Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, Milan, Italy
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13
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Colombo E, Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Rudd TR, Yates EA, Ballabio D, Guerrini M. NMR spectroscopy and chemometric models to detect a specific non-porcine ruminant contaminant in pharmaceutical heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114724. [PMID: 35303646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has been used successfully as a clinical antithrombotic for almost one century. Its isolation from animal sources (mostly porcine intestinal mucosa) involves multistep purification processes starting from the slaughterhouse (as mucosa) to the pharmaceutical plant (as the API). This complex supply chain increases the risk of contamination and adulteration, mainly with non-porcine ruminant material. The structural similarity of heparins from different origins, the natural variability of the heparin within samples from each source as well as the structural changes induced by manufacturing processes, require increasingly sophisticated methods capable of detecting low levels of contamination. The application of suitable multivariate classification approaches on API 1H NMRspectra serve as rapid and reliable tools for product authentication and the detection of contaminants. Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogies (SIMCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and local classification methods (kNN, BNN and N3) were tested on about one hundred certified heparin samples produced by 14 different manufacturers revealing that Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) provided the best discrimination of contaminated batches, with a balanced accuracy of 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Colombo
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Mauri
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Marinozzi
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Davide Ballabio
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Structural variation in the linkage region of pharmaceutical heparin arising from oxidative treatments during manufacture. Carbohydr Res 2022; 514:108540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Speciale I, Notaro A, Garcia-Vello P, Di Lorenzo F, Armiento S, Molinaro A, Marchetti R, Silipo A, De Castro C. Liquid-state NMR spectroscopy for complex carbohydrate structural analysis: A hitchhiker's guide. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118885. [PMID: 34893288 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural determination of carbohydrates is mostly performed by liquid-state NMR, and it is a demanding task because the NMR signals of these biomolecules explore a rather narrow range of chemical shifts, with the result that the resonances of each monosaccharide unit heavily overlap with those of others, thus muddling their punctual identification. However, the full attribution of the NMR chemical shifts brings great advantages: it discloses the nature of the constituents, the way they are interconnected, in some cases their absolute configuration, and it paves the way to other and more sophisticated analyses. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical guide into this challenging subject. It will drive through the strategy used to assign the NMR data, pinpointing the core information disclosed from each NMR experiment, and suggesting useful tricks for their interpretation, along with other resources pivotal during the study of these biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Pilar Garcia-Vello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Samantha Armiento
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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16
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Gardini C, Bisio A, Mazzini G, Guerrini M, Naggi A, Alekseeva A. Saturated tetrasaccharide profile of enoxaparin. An additional piece to the heparin biosynthesis puzzle. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118554. [PMID: 34560966 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enoxaparin, widely used antithrombotic drug, is a polydisperse glycosaminoglycan with highly microheterogeneous structure dictated by both parent heparin heterogeneity and depolymerization conditions. While the process-related modifications of internal and terminal sequences of enoxaparin have been extensively studied, very little is known about the authentic non-reducing ends (NRE). In the present study a multi-step isolation and thorough structural elucidation by NMR and LC/MS allowed to identify 16 saturated tetramers along with 23 unsaturated ones in the complex enoxaparin tetrasaccharide fraction. Altogether the elucidated structures represent a unique enoxaparin signature, whereas the composition of saturated tetramers provides a structural readout strictly related to the biosynthesis of parent heparin NRE. In particular, both glucuronic and iduronic acids were detected at the NRE of macromolecular heparin. The tetrasaccharides bearing glucosamine at the NRE are most likely associated with the heparanase hydrolytic action. High sulfation degree and 3-O-sulfation are characteristic for both types of NRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardini
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mazzini
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy; Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Alekseeva
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Jiang H, Li X, Ma M, Shi X, Wu X. Quality control and product differentiation of LMWHs marketed in China using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114472. [PMID: 34864594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous mixtures of glycosaminoglycan chains composed of mixture of different lengths and substitution patterns. Structural characterization and quality control of LMWHs have always been challenging. The Chinese drug regulatory authorities have been committed to improve the supervision standards of LMWHs to better regulate the quality and safety of LMWHs in current Chinese market. In the present paper, 80 batches of three types LMWHs (dalteparin, enoxaparin and naldroparin) marketed in China from different manufacturers were studied by 1H NMR experiments and chemometric analysis. The method can be used not only to monitor impurities and contaminants, but also to check the batch-to-batch consistency of each manufacture. Moreover, for the biosimilar LMWHs from different manufactures, they can be differentiated and clustered according to their slightly different structural compositions originated from production process. By using this method, the quality and safety of LMWHs marketed in China were initially assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Jiang
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China.
| | - Xinbai Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Minglan Ma
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Xianfu Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control of China, Beijing 102629, PR China.
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18
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Long YY, Lv J, Li BX, Liu YG. Speedy quantitative microstructure determination of Poly(ethylene-co-1-hexene) at triads by 1H–13C two-dimensional NMR. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Baytas SN, Varghese SS, Jin W, Yu Y, He P, Douaisi M, Zhang F, Brodfuehrer P, Xia K, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Preparation of Low Molecular Weight Heparin from a Remodeled Bovine Intestinal Heparin. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2242-2253. [PMID: 33586962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine intestinal heparins are structurally distinct from porcine intestinal heparins and exhibit lower specific anticoagulant activity (units/mg). The reduced content of N-sulfo, 3-O-sulfo glucosamine, the central and critical residue in heparin's antithrombin III binding site, is responsible for bovine intestinal heparin's reduced activity. Previous studies demonstrate that treatment of bovine intestinal heparin with 3-O-sulfotransferase in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate afforded remodeled bovine heparin with an enhanced activity reaching the United States Pharmacopeia's requirements. Starting from this remodeled bovine intestinal heparin, we report the preparation of a bovine intestinal low molecular weight heparin having the same structural properties and anti-factor IIa and anti-factor Xa activities of Enoxaparin. Moreover, this bovine intestinal heparin-derived "Enoxaparin" showed comparable platelet factor-4 binding affinity, suggesting that it should exhibit similarly low levels of heparin induced thrombocytopeneia, HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan N Baytas
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, 06330, Turkey
| | - Sony S Varghese
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Weihua Jin
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Marc Douaisi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Paul Brodfuehrer
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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20
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Zhuo Y, Keire DA, Chen K. Minor N-Glycan Mapping of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Using Middle-Down NMR Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:441-450. [PMID: 33305950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The N-glycosylation pattern of Asn-297 may have impacts on monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug plasma clearance, antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Notably, the changes in the relative abundance of certain minor glycans, like the afucosylation, high-mannose, or galactosylation are known to change mAb properties and functions. Here, a middle-down NMR spectroscopy based analytical procedure was applied to assess the composition and structure of glycans on adalimumab and trastuzumab without glycan cleavage from the mAbs. The anomeric 2D 1H-13C spectra showed distinct patterns that could be used to profile and differentiate mAb glycan compositions. Specifically, the anomeric C1/H1 resonances from N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc2 and -5) and mannose (Man4) were identified as characteristic peaks for key glycan anomeric linkages and branching states. They were also utilized for measuring the relative abundance of minor glycans of total afucosylation (aFuc%), high mannose (HM%), and branch specific galactosylation (Gal1-3% and Gal1-6%). The obtained total aFuc% value of 11-12% was similar between the two mAbs; however, trastuzumab had significantly lower level of high mannose and a higher level of galactosylation than adalimumab. Overall, the 2D-NMR measurements provided functionally relevant mAb glycan composition and structure information. The method was deemed fit-for-purpose for assessment of these mAb quality attributes and involved fewer chemical preparation steps than the classical approaches that cleave glycans prior to making measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhuo
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - David A Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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21
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Denardo A, Elli S, Federici S, Asperti M, Gryzik M, Ruzzenenti P, Carmona F, Bergese P, Naggi A, Arosio P, Poli M. BMP6 binding to heparin and heparan sulfate is mediated by N-terminal and C-terminal clustered basic residues. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129799. [PMID: 33232799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) is a crucial inducer of hepcidin, the peptide hormone that regulates the iron availability in our body. Hepcidin expression is influenced by hepatic heparan sulfate (HS) and by heparin administration, suggesting BMP6 interaction with heparin/HS. The BMP2/4 subfamily has been deeply characterized to have a N-terminal heparin/HS binding domain (HBD), whose basic residues contact the sulfate groups on heparin and HS. Such detailed characterization is still required for other, structurally different BMPs, including BMP6. METHODS BMP6 peptides encompassing potential HBDs were analysed on heparin-functionalized plates and microcantilevers, and on membrane HS expressing CHO-K1 cells. Monomeric wild-type BMP6 and mutants were produced, substituting the basic residues with non-charged ones, and their affinity to the heparin-column was measured. The BMP6-heparin interaction was also predicted at atomic level by in silico molecular dynamics. RESULTS N-terminal and C-terminal BMP6 peptides showed high heparin affinity in solid-phase assays. The mutation of the two sites (R5L, R6S, R7L and K126N, K127N, R129S) abolished the heparin-binding activity of the recombinant monomeric BMP6. Monomeric BMP6 and peptides specifically bound to membrane HS of CHO-K1 cells through the same domains. Molecular dynamic studies supported the role of the two HBDs, suggesting a cooperative behaviour. CONCLUSIONS In BMP6, N-terminal (R5, R6, R7) and C-terminal (K126, K127, R129) domains mediate the interaction with heparin and HS. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides the molecular mechanism supporting the use of heparin to sequester BMP6 and inhibit hepcidin expression, a novel clinical approach for high-hepcidin iron disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Denardo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, Via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Federici
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Asperti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Magdalena Gryzik
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Ruzzenenti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fernando Carmona
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, Via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maura Poli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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22
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Qiao M, Lin L, Xia K, Li J, Zhang X, Linhardt RJ. Recent advances in biotechnology for heparin and heparan sulfate analysis. Talanta 2020; 219:121270. [PMID: 32887160 PMCID: PMC7474733 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a class of linear, sulfated, anionic polysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which present on the mammalian cell surfaces and extracellular matrix. HS GAGs display a wide range of critical biological functions, particularly in cell signaling. HS is composed of repeating units of 1 → 4 glucosidically linked uronic acid and glucosamine residues. Heparin, a pharmacologically important version of HS, having higher sulfation and a higher content of iduronic acid than HS, is a widely used clinical anticoagulant. However, due to their heterogeneity and complex structure, HS and heparin are very challenging to analyze, limiting biological studies and even resulting in safety concerns in their therapeutic application. Therefore, reliable methods of structural analysis of HS and heparin are critically needed. In addition to the structural analysis of heparin, its concentration in blood needs to be closely monitored to avoid complications such as thrombocytopenia or hemorrhage caused by heparin overdose. This review summarizes the progress in biotechnological approaches in the structural characterization of HS and heparin over the past decade and includes the development of the ultrasensitive approaches for detection and measurement in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Lin
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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23
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Alekseeva A, Raman R, Eisele G, Clark T, Fisher A, Lee SL, Jiang X, Torri G, Sasisekharan R, Bertini S. In-depth structural characterization of pentosan polysulfate sodium complex drug using orthogonal analytical tools. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115913. [PMID: 32070534 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances have been made in developing analytical technologies for characterization of highly heterogeneous active ingredients of complex drugs, such as pentosan polysulfate (PPS), active ingredient of the drug Elmiron®, approved by the Food and Drug Administration and marketed in the United States to treat interstitial cystitis. PPS sulfated polysaccharides comprise of a repeat unit of β(1-4)-D-xylopyranoses randomly substituted by 4-O-methyl-glucopyranosyluronic acid. To define the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of such a complex drug, it is critical to develop an approach that integrates data from orthogonal analytical methodologies. Here, we developed an approach integrating diverse analytical tools including gel permeation chromatography, LC/ESI-MS and NMR to measure CQAs of PPS. The proposed mathematical framework integrates the data from these diverse analytical methods as function of PPS chain length and building blocks. Our approach would facilitate in establishing a scientific foundation for comparative characterization of drug products with complex active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alekseeva
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA, 02139, United States
| | - Giorgio Eisele
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Clark
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA, 02139, United States
| | - Adam Fisher
- US Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | | | | | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA, 02139, United States
| | - Sabrina Bertini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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24
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Esposito E, Vlodavsky I, Barash U, Roscilli G, Milazzo FM, Giannini G, Naggi A. Novel N-acetyl-Glycol-split heparin biotin-conjugates endowed with anti-heparanase activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111831. [PMID: 31740052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is regarded as a promising target for anticancer drugs and Ronepastat is one of the most promising heparanase inhibitors insert in clinical study for Multiple Myeloma Therapy. To improve its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile, as well to have an antidote able to neutralize its activity in case of over dosages or intolerance, a new class of its derivatives was obtained inserting non-carbohydrate moieties of different length between the polysaccharide chain and biotin or its derivatives. In vitro these novel derivatives maintain the anti-heparanase activity without induced toxicity. The newly synthesized compounds retained the ability to attenuate the growth of CAG myeloma tumors in mice with potency similar, or in one case even higher than that of the reference compound Roneparstat as well as inhibited metastatic dissemination (lung colonization) of murine B16-F10 melanoma cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Esposito
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo, 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Giannini
- R&D Alfasigma S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,400, Pomezia, I-00071, Roma, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo, 81, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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25
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Rudd TR, Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Stancanelli E, Yates EA, Naggi A, Guerrini M. Multivariate analysis applied to complex biological medicines. Faraday Discuss 2019; 218:303-316. [PMID: 31123736 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biological medicine (or biologicals) is a term for a medicinal compound that is derived from a living organism. By their very nature, they are complex and often heterogeneous in structure, composition and biological activity. Some of the oldest pharmaceutical products are biologicals, for example insulin and heparin. The former is now produced recombinantly, with technology being at a point where this can be considered a defined chemical entity. This is not the case for the latter, however. Heparin is a heterogeneous polysaccharide that is extracted from the intestinal mucosa of animals, primarily porcine, although there is also a significant market for non-porcine heparin due to social and economical reasons. In 2008 heparin was adulterated with another sulfated polysaccharide. Unfortunately this event was disastrous and resulted in a global public health emergency. This was the impetuous to apply modern analytical techniques, principally NMR spectroscopy, and multivariate analyses to monitor heparin. Initially, traditional unsupervised multivariate analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)) was applied to the problem. This was able to distinguish animal heparins from each other, and could also separate adulterated heparin from what was considered bona fide heparin. Taught multivariate analysis functions by training the analysis to look for specific patterns within the dataset of interest. If this approach was to be applied to heparin, or any other biological medicine, it would have to be taught to find every possible alien signal. The opposite approach would be more efficient; defining the complex heterogeneous material by a library of bona fide spectra and then filtering test samples with these spectra to reveal alien features that are not consistent with the reference library. This is the basis of an approach termed spectral filtering, which has been applied to 1D and 2D-NMR spectra, and has been very successful in extracting the spectral features of adulterants in heparin, as well as being able to differentiate supposedly biosimilar products. In essence, the filtered spectrum is determined by subtracting the covariance matrix of the library spectra from the covariance matrix of the library spectra plus the test spectrum. These approaches are universal and could be applied to biological medicines such as vaccine polysaccharides and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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26
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Xiao HH, Lv J, Mok D, Yao XS, Wong MS, Cooper R. NMR Applications for Botanical Mixtures: The Use of HSQC Data to Determine Lignan Content in Sambucus williamsii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1733-1740. [PMID: 31282673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignans found in the botanical extract of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Sambucus williamsii Hance exhibit protective effects on trabecular bone mass and mechanical strength of cortical bone of ovariectomized rats. A novel approach was adapted using HSQC NMR methods to estimate the total amount of these bioactives in a complex mixture. It was determined that lignans possessing the hydroxy- or oxybenzyl carbon signal were bioactive. These compounds were readily identified and assigned in a defined region of the 13C NMR spectrum at 80-90 ppm and calculated as 10-15% of the lignan-rich fraction of S. williamsii. Comparison of the peak heights of the oxybenzyl-substituted carbon resonance signals of the lignans in the botanical extract was made against those of a standard lignan pinoresinol. The application of this simple and reliable NMR method can be used to estimate amounts of related compounds and chemical families in complex mixtures or botanical extracts and offers measurable scientific evidence in quality processes. This is of particular importance for registration requirements of botanical drugs and in complex mixtures of botanical extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) , Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lv
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co. Ltd. 8F , Tower C, Building B-6, No. 66, Xi Xiao Kou Road , Haidian District, Beijing 100192 , People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) , Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) , Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Raymond Cooper
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Phatak N, Karfunkle M, St. Ange K, Guerrini M, Keire DA, Linhardt RJ. 1D and 2D-HSQC NMR: Two Methods to Distinguish and Characterize Heparin From Different Animal and Tissue Sources. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:142. [PMID: 31316989 PMCID: PMC6610300 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration has encouraged the reintroduction of bovine heparin drug product to the US market to mitigate the risks of heparin shortages and potential adulteration or contamination of the primary source which is porcine heparin. Here, a 1D-NMR method was applied to compare heparin sodium of bovine intestinal origin with that of bovine lung, porcine, or ovine intestinal origin. The results showed that a simple 1D test using NMR signal intensity ratios among diagnostic signals of the proton spectra uniquely identified the origin of heparin and concomitantly could be used to assure the correct sample labeling. However, a limitation of the use of only mono-dimensional spectra is that these spectra may not provide sufficiently detailed information on the composition of heparin batches to adequately determine the quality of this complex product. As an alternative, a higher resolution quantitative 2D-HSQC method was used to calculate the percentage of mono- and disaccharides, distinguish the origin of heparin and, simultaneously, assess the heparin composition. The 2D-HSQC method is proposed to provide sufficient information to evaluate the quality of industrial production process used to make the drug substance. Together, the 1D and 2D data produced by these measurements can be used to assure the identity and purity of this widely used drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Mauri
- NMR Center, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni,”Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Marinozzi
- NMR Center, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni,”Milan, Italy
| | - Nisarga Phatak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael Karfunkle
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kalib St. Ange
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Marco Guerrini
- NMR Center, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni,”Milan, Italy
| | - David A. Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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28
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Spelta F, Liverani L, Peluso A, Marinozzi M, Urso E, Guerrini M, Naggi A. SAX-HPLC and HSQC NMR Spectroscopy: Orthogonal Methods for Characterizing Heparin Batches Composition. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:78. [PMID: 31058155 PMCID: PMC6482219 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a complex mixture of heterogeneous sulfated polysaccharidic chains. Its physico-chemical characterization is based on the contribution of several methods, but advantages of the use of complementary techniques have not been fully investigated yet. Strong-Anion-Exchange HPLC after enzymatic digestion and quantitative bidimensional 1H-13C NMR (HSQC) are the most used methods for the determination of heparin structure, providing the composition of its building blocks. The SAX-HPLC method is based on a complete enzymatic digestion of the sample with a mixture of heparinases I, II and III, followed by the separation of the resulting di- and oligo-saccharides by liquid chromatography. The NMR-HSQC analysis is performed on the intact sample and provides the percentage of mono- and di-saccharides by integration of diagnostic peaks. Since, for both methods, accuracy cannot be proved with the standard procedures, it is interesting to compare these techniques, highlighting their capabilities and drawbacks. In the present work, more than 30 batches of porcine mucosa heparin, from 8 manufacturers, have been analyzed with the two methods, and the corresponding results are discussed, based on similarities and differences of the outcomes. The critical comparison of both common and complementary information from the two methods can be used to identify which structural features are best evaluated by each method, and to verify from the concordance of the results the accuracy of the two methods, providing a powerful tool for the regular characterization of single, commercial preparations of Heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Marinozzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
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29
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Ouyang Y, Yu Y, Zhang F, Chen J, Han X, Xia K, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Linhardt RJ. Non-Anticoagulant Low Molecular Weight Heparins for Pharmaceutical Applications. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1067-1073. [PMID: 30608147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a polypharmacological agent with anticoagulant activity. Periodate oxidation of the nonsulfated glucuronic acid residue results in non-anticoagulant heparin derivative (NACH) of reduced molecular weight. Similar treatment of a low molecular weight heparin, dalteparin, also removes its anticoagulant activity, affording a second heparin derivative (D-NACH). A full structural characterization of these two derivatives reveals their structural differences. SPR studies display their ability to bind to several important heparin-binding proteins, suggesting potential new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215021 , China.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Jianle Chen
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Yiming Yao
- Suzhou Ronnsi Pharma Co. Ltd. Suzhou , 215125 , China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215021 , China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , 110 8th Street , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
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30
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Anger P, Martinez C, Mourier P, Viskov C. Oligosaccharide Chromatographic Techniques for Quantitation of Structural Process-Related Impurities in Heparin Resulting From 2-O Desulfation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 5:346. [PMID: 30619858 PMCID: PMC6305297 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a widely-used intravenous anticoagulant comprising a complex mixture of highly-sulfated linear polysaccharides of repeating sequences of uronic acids (either iduronic or glucuronic) 1->4 linked to D-glucosamine with specific sulfation patterns. Preparation of crude heparin from mammalian mucosa involves protease digestion with alcalase under basic conditions (pH ≥ 9) and high temperature (>50°C) and also oxidation. Under such conditions, side reactions including the ubiquitous 2-O desulfation occur on the heparin backbone yielding non-endogenous disaccharides within polysaccharide chains. Whatever the process used for its manufacture, some level of corresponding degradation impurities is therefore expected to be found in heparin and the derived Low Molecular Weight Heparins. These impurities should be monitored to control the quality of the final therapeutic product. Two anion exchange chromatography techniques were used to analyze heparin samples exhaustively or partially depolymerized with heparinases and determine the proportions of non-endogenous disaccharides generated by side reactions during the manufacturing process (epoxides and galacturonic moieties). We also present data from a case study of marketed heparin. Current heparin sodium monographs do not directly address process impurities related to modification of the structure of heparin. Although desulfation reduces the overall biological potency, we found that heparin with an average of one modified disaccharide per chain can still comply with the USP or Ph. Eur. heparin sodium monographs requirements. We have implemented disaccharide analysis to monitor the quality of this product on a risk basis.
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31
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Monakhova YB, Diehl BW, Fareed J. Authentication of animal origin of heparin and low molecular weight heparin including ovine, porcine and bovine species using 1D NMR spectroscopy and chemometric tools. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Fu L, Li K, Mori D, Hirakane M, Lin L, Grover N, Datta P, Yu Y, Zhao J, Zhang F, Yalcin M, Mousa SA, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Enzymatic Generation of Highly Anticoagulant Bovine Intestinal Heparin. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8673-8679. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Murat Yalcin
- The Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
- Department
of Physiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Uludag University, Gorukle 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
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33
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Combining NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics to Monitor Structural Features of Crude Hep-arin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071146. [PMID: 28698456 PMCID: PMC6152302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the complexity and global nature of the heparin supply chain, the control of heparin quality during manufacturing steps is essential to ensure the safety of the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). For this reason, there is a need to develop consistent analytical methods able to assess the quality of heparin early in production (i.e., as the crude heparin before it is purified to API under cGMP conditions). Although a number of analytical techniques have been applied to characterize heparin APIs, few of them have been applied for crude heparin structure and composition analyses. Here, to address this issue, NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics were applied to characterize 88 crude heparin samples. The samples were also analyzed by strong anion exchange HPLC (SAX-HPLC) as an orthogonal check of the purity levels of the crudes analyzed by NMR. The HPLC data showed that the chemometric analysis of the NMR data differentiated the samples based on their purity. These orthogonal approaches differentiated samples according their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition and their mono and disaccharide composition and structure for each GAG family (e.g., heparin/heparan, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate A). Moreover, quantitative HSQC and multivariate analysis (PCA) were used to distinguish between crude heparin of different animal and tissue sources.
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34
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Gardini C, Urso E, Guerrini M, van Herpen R, de Wit P, Naggi A. Characterization of Danaparoid Complex Extractive Drug by an Orthogonal Analytical Approach. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071116. [PMID: 28678201 PMCID: PMC6152146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Danaparoid sodium salt, is the active component of ORGARAN, an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug constituted of three glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) obtained from porcine intestinal mucosa extracts. Heparan sulfate is the major component, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate being the minor ones. Currently dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are quantified by UV detection of their unsaturated disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. Due to the complexity of danaparoid biopolymers and the presence of shared components, an orthogonal approach has been applied using more advanced tools and methods. To integrate the analytical profile, 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy was applied and found effective to identify and quantify GAG component signals as well as those of some process signatures of danaparoid active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) batches. Analyses of components of both API samples and size separated fractions proceeded through the determination and distribution of the molecular weight (Mw) by high performance size exclusion chromatographic triple detector array (HP-SEC-TDA), chain mapping by LC/MS, and mono- (1H and 13C) and bi-dimensional (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. Finally, large scale chromatographic isolation and depolymerization of each GAG followed by LC/MS and 2D-NMR analysis, allowed the sequences to be defined and components to be evaluated of each GAG including oxidized residues of hexosamines and uronic acids at the reducing ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardini
- Centro Alta Tecnologia Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - René van Herpen
- Aspen Oss B.V., Kloosterstraat 6, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline de Wit
- Aspen Oss B.V., Kloosterstraat 6, 5349 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni S.r.l., via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Bisio A, Urso E, Guerrini M, de Wit P, Torri G, Naggi A. Structural Characterization of the Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Dalteparin by Combining Different Analytical Strategies. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071051. [PMID: 28672818 PMCID: PMC6152074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) products are available for clinical use and although all share a similar mechanism of action, they are classified as distinct drugs because of the different depolymerisation processes of the native heparin resulting in substantial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics differences. While enoxaparin has been extensively investigated, little information is available regarding the LMWH dalteparin. The present study is focused on the detailed structural characterization of Fragmin® by LC-MS and NMR applied both to the whole drug and to its enzymatic products. For a more in-depth approach, size homogeneous octasaccharide and decasaccharide components together with their fractions endowed with high or no affinity toward antithrombin were also isolated and their structural profiles characterized. The combination of different analytical strategies here described represents a useful tool for the assessment of batch-to-batch structural variability and for comparative evaluation of structural features of biosimilar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Pauline de Wit
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Cell and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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