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Dos Santos BP, Birk L, Schwarz P, Sebben VC, Sgaravatti ÂM, de Gouveia GC, Silva Petry AU, de Menezes FP, Gonzaga AP, Schlickmann PF, Arbo MD, de Oliveira TF, Eller S. A validated dilute-and-shoot LC-MS-MS urine screening for the analysis of 95 illicit drugs and medicines: Insights from clinical and forensic Brazilian cases. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:314-331. [PMID: 38334744 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Urine toxicological analysis is a relevant tool in both clinical and forensic scenarios, enabling the diagnosis of acute poisonings, elucidation of deaths, verification of substance use in the workplace and identification of drug-facilitated crimes. For these analyses, the dilute-and-shoot technique associated with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) is a promising alternative since it has demonstrated satisfactory results and broad applicability. This study developed and validated a comprehensive LC-MS-MS screening method to analyze 95 illicit drugs and medicines in urine samples and application to clinical and forensic Brazilian cases. The dilute-and-shoot protocol was defined through multivariate optimization studies and was set using 100 µL of sample and 300 µL of solvent. The total chromatographic run time was 7.5 min. The method was validated following the recommendations of the ANSI/ASB Standard 036 Guideline. The lower limits of quantification varied from 20 to 100 ng/mL. Within-run and between-run precision coefficient of variations% were <20%, and bias was within ± 20%. Only 4 of the 95 analytes presented significant ionization suppression or enhancement (>25%). As proof of applicability, 839 urine samples from in vivo and postmortem cases were analyzed. In total, 90.9% of the analyzed samples were positive for at least one substance, and 78 of the 95 analytes were detected. The most prevalent substances were lidocaine (40.2%), acetaminophen (38.0%) and benzoylecgonine (31.5%). The developed method proved to be an efficient and simplified alternative for analyzing 95 therapeutic and illicit drugs in urine samples. Additionally, the results obtained from sample analysis are essential for understanding the profile of Brazilian substance use, serving as a valuable database for the promotion of health and safety public policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pereira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Letícia Birk
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Schwarz
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | | | - Ângela Malysz Sgaravatti
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
- General Institute of Expertise of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90230-010, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Cristiano de Gouveia
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ubirajara Silva Petry
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
- Division of Postmortem Inspection, Associação Hospitalar Vila Nova, Porto Alegre, RS 91750-040, Brazil
| | - Francisco Paz de Menezes
- Division of Postmortem Inspection, Associação Hospitalar Vila Nova, Porto Alegre, RS 91750-040, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Pinto Gonzaga
- Division of Postmortem Inspection, Associação Hospitalar Vila Nova, Porto Alegre, RS 91750-040, Brazil
| | - Paula Flores Schlickmann
- Division of Postmortem Inspection, Associação Hospitalar Vila Nova, Porto Alegre, RS 91750-040, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
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Salido-Fortuna S, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML. Rapid enantiomeric separation of indacaterol by electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464696. [PMID: 38310699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The first chiral methodology enabling the separation of indacaterol enantiomers was developed in this work by cyclodextrin-electrokinetic chromatography. Indacaterol (IND) is a chiral drug marketed as a pure enantiomer. Then, the separation and quantification of each enantiomer is of great importance for the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations. After selecting the most suitable chiral selector and background electrolyte, two Box-Behnken designs were achieved to optimize the electrophoretic conditions using two different approaches to shorten analysis times: i) decreasing the capillary length, or ii) performing a short-end injection. Indacaterol enantiomers were separated in less than 5 min with a resolution value of 3.6 under the optimal separation conditions: 0.7% (m/v) carboxymethyl-α-cyclodextrin in 50 mM sodium formate buffer (pH 4.0) and using a short-end injection. Then, the analytical characteristics of the method were evaluated and LODs of 0.05 mg/L for S-IND and 0.04 mg/L for R-IND were achieved. Also, the method allowed the detection of a 0.1% enantiomeric impurity (S-IND) in the R-IND-based pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method was applied to the analysis of two pharmaceutical formulations. Percentages of 97 ± 3% and 103 ± 6% of R-IND with respect to the labeled amounts were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salido-Fortuna
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá. Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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Yola ML, Atar N. Simultaneous determination of β-agonists on hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:669-676. [PMID: 30606580 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Agonists are illegally consumed in various products such as food and animal and effect the nutrition distribution owing to change of body fat. In addition, they result in acute poisoning and several symptoms such as muscular tremors and nervousness. A new electrochemical approach based on two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) nanosheets decorated functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) was presented for simultaneous determination of β-agonists such as phenylethanolamine A (PEA), clenbuterol (CLE), ractopamine (RAC) and salbutamol (SAL) in urine samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used characterizations of nanomaterials. After that, 2D-hBN/f-MWCNTs nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared for simultaneous determination of β-agonists. 1.0 × 10-12-1.0 × 10-8 M and 1.0 × 10-13 M were founded as the linearity range and the detection limit (LOD) for PEA, CLE, RAC and SAL. Finally, the prepared electrochemical sensor was used for urine sample analysis in presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Lütfi Yola
- Iskenderun Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Necip Atar
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Denizli, Turkey.
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Karamolegou F, Dasenaki M, Belessi V, Georgakilas V, Thomaidis N. Multi-Residue Determination of 7 β-Agonists in Liver and Meat Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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