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Zokande S, Inamdar K, Gosar A, Kale A. Study of polymer component migrated in medicinal product from transportation packaging component: A systematic assessment beyond regulatory expectations. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00429-5. [PMID: 39343098 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Light Density Polyethylene (LDPE) bottles with a specific resin were chosen as container closure system (CCS) to fill "Latanoprost ophthalmic solution" (a generic drug product). As an alternative packaging component, additional manufacturer of LDPE bottles with the same characteristics as the previously selected LDPE bottles was chosen. The appropriateness of both packaging components was evaluated using an extractables and leachable (E&L) study and a formal stability programme that monitored quality of latanoprost ophthalmic solution. The results of relevant quality attributes in stability samples of latanoprost ophthalmic solution packed in both LDPE bottles were compared. It noticed that an unknown impurity in latanoprost ophthalmic solution packaged in LDPE bottles manufactured by an additional manufacturer. Further study revealed that this unknown impurity is Epsilon-caprolactam, a leachable of plastic used in the transportation of LDPE bottles. The leachability was validated through an extraction analysis of a plastic bag used for transportation. Thus, in certain cases, when the source of leachable is not identifiable by an E&L examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging components, the assessment could be extended to include packaging components utilized throughout the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Zokande
- R & D Center, Indoco Remedies Limited, TTC, MIDC Industrial Area, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400701, India.
| | - Kavita Inamdar
- R & D Center, Indoco Remedies Limited, TTC, MIDC Industrial Area, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Amit Gosar
- R & D Center, Indoco Remedies Limited, TTC, MIDC Industrial Area, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Amit Kale
- R & D Center, Indoco Remedies Limited, TTC, MIDC Industrial Area, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
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Bello W, Pezzatti J, Rudaz S, Sadeghipour F. Study of Leachable Compounds in Hospital Pharmacy-Compounded Prefilled Syringes, Infusion Bags and Vials. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00307-1. [PMID: 39173742 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Hospital pharmacy compoundings are crucial for maintaining patient care. They are time- and cost-effective in hospital pharmacy settings because they prevent waste, preparation errors, dosage errors, microbial contamination and breakage due to handling. Unfortunately, the drawbacks of hospital pharmacy compounding include the selection of inappropriate medical devices (MDs) for long-term storage, which could directly impact patients. In this study, three important hospital pharmaceutical compoundings, vancomycin in prefilled syringes (PFSs) made of polypropylene (PP) material, paediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) bags and diluted insulin in cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) vials, were selected for leachate study and risk assessment. These compounds were studied via a semiquantitative screening approach by means of an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) with postcolumn infusion and an in-house built database. 17 leachable compounds for the PFS, 25 for the PN, and 10 for the vial were identified, and their concentrations were estimated for toxicological assessments. In conclusion, all MDs used in hospital pharmacy compoundings were observed suitable thanks to risk assessments. However, suitable MDs recommended for long-term storage would remain with polymers like COC, for higher safety when exposed to frail and vulnerable patients like neonates and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bello
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology (SCATH), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farshid Sadeghipour
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Le Basle Y, Pinguet J, Bouattour Y, Chennell P, Sautou V, Mailhot-Jensen B. Development and application of a protocol for extractables profiling from central venous catheters in neonates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116215. [PMID: 38759319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC-lines) used in neonatology are made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or silicone. These materials usually contain substances that may leach into drug vehicles or blood. In this extractables study, we determined the optimal extraction conditions using TPU films containing defined amounts of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and then applied them on unused and explanted PICC-lines. Maceration and sonication tests were carried out with hexane, acetone and water as the extraction solvents. The analyses were performed using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detectors, as well as inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy to detect a wide range of extractables. We selected a limited list of substances to be sought from the usual adjuvants and monomers, related to their carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic properties and/or existence in endocrine disruptors lists. The TPU-film experiments showed that acetone was slightly better than hexane, and maceration better than sonication. When applied to PICC-lines, the extraction methods were almost similar but acetone was clearly better than hexane for TPU. From the 48 peaks initially observed in GC-MS, we ended up with 37 peaks to follow in TPU PICC-lines, among which were those of BHT and 4,4'-Methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) isomers. For silicone PICC-lines, out of 41 peaks initially observed in GC-MS, we followed 20 peaks, most of them being identified as cyclosiloxanes. Barium was the main inorganic element extracted for both PICC-lines. For TPU PICC-lines, the inter-batch variability was higher than for intra-batch, but in silicone devices both were similar. When compared to new PICC-lines, explanted TPU PICC-lines extracted peaks had a lower area under the curve (AUC), while the AUCs of the peaks were higher for the majority of silicone PICC-lines extract compounds. No identified substances were detected above their toxicological threshold, but isocyanates and cyclosiloxanes toxicity was mostly studied for other exposition routes than intravenous. The methods defined in this study were efficient in producing extractable profiles from both PICC-lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Le Basle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Jérémy Pinguet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Yassine Bouattour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Philip Chennell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
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Finotti Cordeiro C, Lopardi Franco L, Teixeira Carvalho D, Bonfilio R. Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Drug Products: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39058576 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2384046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleydson Finotti Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lopardi Franco
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rudy Bonfilio
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Luo F, Hao M, Zhang L, Xie Y, Hou W, Wang H, Zhang Z. Identification of nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs) in biopharmaceuticals through non-target analysis and quantification using complexation-precipitation extraction. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464540. [PMID: 38039624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-use systems in biopharmaceutical manufacturing can potentially release chemical constituents (leachables) into drug products. Prior to conducting toxicological risk assessments, it is crucial to establish the qualitative and quantitative methods for these leachables. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive screening and structure elucidation of 23 leachables (nonvolatile organic compounds, NVOCs) in two antibody drugs using multiple (self-built and public) databases and mass spectral simulation. We identified 7 compounds that have not been previously reported in medical or medicinal extractables and leachables. The confidence levels for identified compounds were classified based on analytical standards, literature references, and fragment assignments. Most of the identified leachables were found to be plasticizers, antioxidants, slip agents or polymer degradants. Polysorbate (namely Tween) is commonly used as an excipient for protein stabilization in biopharmaceutical formulations, but its ionization in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry can interfere with compound quantification. To address this, we employed a complexation-precipitation extraction method to reduce polysorbate content and quantify the analytes. The developed quantitative method for target NVOCs demonstrated high sensitivity (limit of quantification: 20 or 50 μg/L), accuracy (recoveries: 77.2 to 109.5 %) and precision (RSD ≤ 8.2 %). Overall, this established method will facilitate the evaluation of NVOC safety in drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Luo
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
| | - Yangguo Xie
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Hongya Wang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
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Bello W, Pezzatti J, Berger-Gryllaki M, Rudaz S, Sadeghipour F. Development of a generic approach for monitoring leachable compounds in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled plastic packaging by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with postcolumn infusion. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115640. [PMID: 37683372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Prefilled plastic packaging is time- and cost-effective in hospital pharmacy because it prevents waste, preparation errors, dosage errors, microbial contamination and accidents. This packaging mostly includes prefilled syringes (PFS), intravenous (IV) bags and vials intended for long-term storage that can be used for immediate treatment. There is a rising availability in the market for prefilled drug products due to their practical approach. Leachable compounds could be evaluated in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled drug solutions. The Pharmacy Department at the Lausanne University Hospital has developed an innovative, highly sensitive, and generic method by postcolumn infusion based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the analysis of plastic additives in hospital pharmacies. The postcolumn infusion solution was developed with 2% ammonium hydroxide in methanol on a representative set of 30 candidate compounds with different physical-chemical properties, such as log P and molecular structure, to represent the most important categories of additives. The LODs obtained for all compounds ranged from 0.03 to 7.91 ng/mL with linearity up to 250 ng/mL. Through this screening method, plastic additives can be rapidly identified due to the combined use of retention time, exact mass (including isotopic pattern) and MS/MS spectra. In addition, the users can screen for vast categories of plastic additives, including plasticizers, epoxy monomers, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, and others. The screening is facilitated by assessments of a complex in-house-built database for extractable and leachable trace assessment (DELTA), containing 205 compounds for unambiguous identification. Relative response factors were established for all analytes to obtain a semiquantitation of compounds. Moreover, the database also contains valuable estimative toxicology information, which was obtained through calculating their permissible dose exposure threshold; thus, estimative toxicology assessment can be performed for identified compounds in prefilled drug products. This method and the database were applied to a hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled vancomycin syringe for paediatric use. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) was used to prepare the samples for leachable analysis. As a result, 17 plastic additives were formally identified, and their concentrations were estimated. A toxicology assessment was performed by comparing their concentrations with their theoretical PDE thresholds. In conclusion, the prefilled drug solution released a negligible amount of known leachables that appeared to be safe for use in neonates and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bello
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farshid Sadeghipour
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Kalweit C, Berger S, Kämpfe A, Rapp T. Quantification and stability assessment of 7,9-di‑tert‑butyl‑1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8‑dione leaching from cross-linked polyethylene pipes using gas and liquid chromatography. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120306. [PMID: 37566957 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the formation and stability of the water contaminant 7,9-di‑tert‑butyl‑1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8‑dione ([1]) which repeatedly occurs in the migration waters of cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) pipes. In aqueous solution [1] is partially transformed to 3-(3,5-di‑tert‑butyl‑1‑hydroxy-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)propionic acid ([2]). For a better understanding of the formation of [1] and its transformation into [2] an analytical method was established to allow the analysis of both species separately. Because of thermal instability [2] cannot be detected with GC-MS. Therefore, two methods were validated for a reliable and reproducible quantification: GC-MS for [1] and HPLC-MS/MS for both [1] and [2]. Comparative measurements of migration waters from PE-X pipes using GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS methods showed that the concentrations of [1] detected with GC-MS corresponds to the sum of [1] and [2] measured with HPLC-MS/MS. In the migration waters [1] was detected in higher concentrations than [2]. The highest concentrations of [1], detected with GC-MS, were > 300 µg/L. The longer the materials are stored without contact with water, the more [1] is measured in the migration waters. Most of the previous values reported in the literature for [1] were based on semi-quantification. Hence, we compared results of the semi-quantitative determination according to EN 15768 with those of a quantitative method with a standard. The results gained with the semi-quantitative method represent less than 50% of the quantified values for the amount leaching from the pipes, which means that the semi-quantification method according to EN 15768 leads to a significant underestimation of [1]. Finally, stability assessment showed that [1] developed an equilibrium with [2] under acidic conditions, whereas it will completely be transferred to [2] at pH 10. At pH 7, it takes more than 50 days for [1] to reach an equilibrium with [2]. However, at increasing the temperature to 60 °C, [1] will be rapidly transformed into [2]. Besides [1] and [2], other currently unknown degradation products are formed. As there is no comprehensive toxicological assessment for both substances available today, our findings underline the need for regulatory consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kalweit
- Umweltbundesamt (German Environment Agency), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, Bad Elster 08645, Germany
| | - Sabrina Berger
- Umweltbundesamt (German Environment Agency), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, Bad Elster 08645, Germany
| | - Alexander Kämpfe
- Umweltbundesamt (German Environment Agency), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, Bad Elster 08645, Germany
| | - Thomas Rapp
- Umweltbundesamt (German Environment Agency), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, Bad Elster 08645, Germany.
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Su QZ, Vera P, Nerín C. Combination of Structure Databases, In Silico Fragmentation, and MS/MS Libraries for Untargeted Screening of Non-Volatile Migrants from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Milk Bottles. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contamination is one of the major obstacles for mechanical recycling of plastics. In this article, we built and open-sourced an in-house MS/MS library containing more than 500 plastic-related chemicals and developed mspcompiler, an R package, for the compilation of various libraries. We then proposed a workflow to process untargeted screening data acquired by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. These tools were subsequently employed to data originating from recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) obtained from milk bottles. A total of 83 compounds were identified, with 66 easily annotated by making use of our in-house MS/MS libraries and the mspcompiler R package. In silico fragmentation combined with data obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and lists of chemicals related to plastics were used to identify those remaining unknown. A pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring method was also applied to sensitively target and screen the identified chemicals in the samples. Quantification results demonstrated that a good sorting of postconsumer materials and a better recycling technology may be necessary for food contact applications. Removal or reduction of non-volatile substances, such as octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, is still challenging but vital for the safe use of rHDPE as food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhi Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Paula Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Linkuvienė V, Ross EL, Crawford L, Weiser SE, Man D, Kay S, Kolhe P, Carpenter JF. Effects of transportation of IV bags containing protein formulations via hospital pneumatic tube system: Particle characterization by multiple methods. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1024-1039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Analytical challenges and recent advances in the identification and quantitation of extractables and leachables in pharmaceutical and medical products. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Leachables from plastic materials in contact with drugs. State of the art and review of current analytical approaches. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Blázquez-Blázquez E, Cerrada ML, Benavente R, Pérez E. Identification of Additives in Polypropylene and Their Degradation under Solar Exposure Studied by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9055-9063. [PMID: 32363257 PMCID: PMC7191600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Additives are absolutely essential in the development of commercial polymeric materials. Accordingly, an exhaustive control of composition and evolution in these additives over time is necessary to validate their performance and safety during their shelf life and, consequently, their ultimate applications. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, GC-MS, is described in the present work to identify and analyze the content of a wide variety of additives, commonly used in industrial polymeric materials. First, the identification under the present experimental protocol of additives with a relatively high molecular weight (Irganox 1330 and Irganox 1010) has been successfully attained. Second, the evolution under solar exposure over time has been analyzed by GC-MS for 11 additives and derived substances, which have been identified in a commercial polypropylene sample, estimating the corresponding depletion times. In addition, the resultant increase of carbonyl groups in the polymeric macrochains along the photo-oxidation has been also determined by infrared spectroscopy. Therefore, GC-MS is found to be a reliable tool for the analysis of the evolution of commonly used polymer additives under specific degradation conditions, which can be very useful in the formulation of improved future additivations.
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Releases of Fire-Derived Contaminants from Polymer Pipes Made of Polyvinyl Chloride. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7040057. [PMID: 31717947 PMCID: PMC6958356 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the human exposure risks from the release of contaminants from water pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), experiments were carried out by subjecting the PVC pipe material to burning and leaching conditions followed by analysis of the emission and leachate samples. The emissions of burning pipes were analyzed by both infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The emission test results indicate the presence of chlorinated components including chlorine dioxide, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, allyl chloride, vinyl chloride, ethyl chloride, 1-chlorobutane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and hydrogen chloride were detected in the emissions of burning PVC pipes. Furthermore, the concentrations of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, methyl methacrylate, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and formaldehyde were found at levels capable of affecting human health adversely. The analysis of PVC pipe leachates using GC-MS shows that there are 40-60 tentatively identified compounds, mostly long-chain hydrocarbons such as tetradecane, hexadecane, octadecane, and docosane, were released when the burned PVC materials were soaked in deionized water for one week. Quantitative analysis shows that 2-butoxyethanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and diethyl phthalate were found in the burned PVC polymer at the average levels of 2.7, 14.0, and 3.1 micrograms per gram (μg/g) of pipe material. This study has significant implications for understanding the benzene contamination of drinking water in the aftermath of wildfires that burned polymer pipes in California.
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Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop for the determination of extractables from pharmaceutical packaging materials. Talanta 2019; 209:120540. [PMID: 31891992 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new method was established for the determination of the extractables from pharmaceutical packaging materials using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Packaging samples were filled with three kinds of buffer solutions: acid buffer (pH = 3), alkaline buffer (pH = 9) and 0.9% NaCl solution to extract as many extractables as possible, and then the extractables in buffer solutions were enriched by DLLME-SFO technique. Parameters affecting the efficiency of the extraction procedure were evaluated and optimized, including the type and volume of dispersant, extractant volume, pH and vortex-mixing time. After optimization, the values obtained for limits of detection and quantification for three kinds of common antioxidants were 0.3 and 1.0 μg/L respectively, and good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was observed in their respective concentration ranges. The recoveries ranged from 80.61% to 117.87% at three spiked levels with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.92% and 9.29% (n = 6) in all three buffer solutions. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of extractables from pharmaceutical packaging materials. The results indicated that the proposed procedure is a novel, sensitive, fast and repeatable method and has a great significance for evaluation of safety of pharmaceutical packaging materials.
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Gollapalli R, Singh G, Blinder A, Brittin J, Sengupta A, Mondal B, Patel M, Pati B, Lee J, Ghode A, Kote M. Identification of an Adduct Impurity of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient and a Leachable in an Ophthalmic Drug Product Using LC-QTOF. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3187-3193. [PMID: 31226425 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impurity investigations are important in pharmaceutical development to ensure drug purity and safety for the patient. The impurities typically found in drug products are degradants or reaction products of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or leachable compounds from the container closure system. However, secondary reactions may also occur between API degradants, excipient impurities, residual solvents, and leachables to form adduct impurities. We hereby report an adduct-forming interaction of API (moxifloxacin) with a leachable compound (ethylene glycol monoformate) in moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution. The leachable compound originated from a low-density polyethylene bottle used in the packaging of drug products. The adduct impurity was tentatively identified as 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(1-(2-(formyloxy)ethyl) octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl)-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (C24H28FN3O6, MW = 473.19621) using accurate mass LC-QTOF analysis. The mass accuracy error between the theoretical mass and the experimental mass of an impurity was found to be 0.2 ppm. An MS/MS analysis was utilized to provide mass spectrometry fragments to support verification of the proposed structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramarao Gollapalli
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061.
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Alejandro Blinder
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Jeremiah Brittin
- Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625
| | - Arijit Sengupta
- Mund-Lagowski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625
| | - Bikash Mondal
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Milan Patel
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Biswajit Pati
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - James Lee
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Amit Ghode
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
| | - Mahesh Kote
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, Illinois 60061
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Singh G, Gollapalli R, Blinder A, Gallo F, Patel M. A case study demonstrating the migration of diethyl phthalate from an ancillary component to the drug product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:574-580. [PMID: 30466025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are chemical compounds employed as plasticizers in the plastic industry and have been reported to migrate into drug products. The extent of their migration into the drug product depends upon various factors including the chemical nature of the migrant and the permeability of its packaging container. Migration of semi-volatile phthalates such as Diethyl phthalate (DEP) into drug products is often related to the primary and secondary packaging but due to its chemical nature, it could also migrate from an ancillary component. Therefore, it is not only important to screen the primary and secondary components, but also the ancillary materials that are used during the handling of drug products. In our study, we discovered an ancillary material (scotch tape) to be the source of DEP found in an ophthalmic drug product using orthogonal mass spectroscopy techniques (GC-MS and LC-MS). It is evident from our data that DEP migrated from the scotch tape into the drug product crossing the physical barriers provided by the primary (LDPE container closure system) and secondary packaging (carton and label). The tape was used as an ancillary material to wrap the packaged drug product units together for storage in the stability chamber. The primary and the secondary packaging of the drug product did not exhibit any traces of DEP. The aim of this report is to demonstrate how a chemical compound can migrate into the drug product from an ancillary source (which is not a part of its packaging) and adulterate a drug product. The impact of ancillary materials on drug products should be evaluated appropriately prior to their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA.
| | - Ramarao Gollapalli
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
| | - Alejandro Blinder
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
| | - Felix Gallo
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
| | - Milan Patel
- Research and Development, Akorn Pharmaceuticals, 50 Lakeview Parkway, Suite 112, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA
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