1
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Yu Z, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Duan Y, Zhou Y. Review of the lethal mechanism of insulin poisoning and the characteristic of forensic identification. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 70:102478. [PMID: 38959585 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Insulin, as the only hypoglycemic hormone in the body, plays a key role in blood sugar control. However, excessive insulin intake can lead to insulin poisoning and even death, which often occurs in clinical and forensic work. At present, some researches on insulin poisoning have been carried out at home and abroad, however, it seems that the mechanism and forensic characteristics of insulin poisoning are not clear and complete. Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed the potential mechanism of insulin poisoning, the methods of insulin detection and the forensic identification of poisoning cases, aiming at providing services for the forensic identification of insulin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yubei Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yijie Duan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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2
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Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Thevis M. Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of peptidic analytes (2-10 kDa) in doping control urine samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4996. [PMID: 38197510 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Peptides with a molecular mass between 2 and 10 kDa that are prohibited in elite sports usually require dedicated sample preparation and mass spectrometric detection that commonly cannot be combined with other (lower molecular mass) substances. In most instances, the physicochemical differences are too significant to allow for a generic analytical procedure. A simplification of established and comparably complex analytical approaches is therefore desirable and has been accomplished in the context of this study. With urine samples representing still the most frequently collected doping control specimens, efficient extraction of peptidic analytes from this matrix was a major goal of this method, as demonstrated for the included compounds such as insulins (human, lispro, aspart, glulisine, tresiba, glargine metabolite, bovine insulin, porcine insulin), growth hormone-releasing hormones (sermorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin) incl. their respective metabolites, insulin-like-growth factors (long-R3 -IGF-I, R3 -IGF-I, des1-3 -IGF-I), synacthen, gonadorelin and mechano growth factors (human MGF, MGF-Goldspink). Sample preparation and detection are controlled by five internal standards, covering all five included peptide drug categories. Nearly all requirements of the recent technical documents from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) considering their minimum required performance levels (MRPL) are fulfilled, and the method was validated for its utilisation as initial testing procedure in doping controls. Finally, the approach was applied to authentic post-administration study urine samples (for insulins and gonadorelin) in order to provide proof of principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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3
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Olsen C, Wiborg E, Lundanes E, Abadpour S, Scholz H, Wilson SR. On‐line reduction of insulin disulfide bonds with photoinduced radical reactions, upstream to nano liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Olsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Elisa Wiborg
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Transplant Medicine and Institute for Surgical Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oslo Blindern Oslo Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub‐Centre of Excellence Faculty of Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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4
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Cox HD, Knussmann GN, Moore C, Eichner D. Detection of insulin analogues and large peptides > 2 kDa in urine. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1264-1272. [PMID: 35261185 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogues and large bioactive peptides may be used by athletes to enhance performance and are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In addition to insulin analogues, the large peptides include a structurally diverse set of peptides including analogues of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and mechano-growth factor (MGF). Detection of this class of peptides is difficult due to their absorptive losses and presence at very low concentrations in urine. In this report, a high throughput method is described that allows sensitive detection of 4 classes of large peptides in one assay. Sample extraction is performed by ultrafiltration to concentrate the urine followed by solid phase extraction in a 96-well micro-elution plate. Peptides in the urine samples are detected on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to standard flow liquid chromatography. The method was validated and evaluated for limit of detection, limit of identification, specificity, precision, carry-over, recovery, matrix interference, and post-extraction stability. The limit of detection for insulin analogues is between 5 - 25 pg/ml and between 5 - 50 pg/ml for the other peptide classes. Specificity was good with no detection of interfering peaks in blank urine samples. Carry-over from a high concentration sample was not observed and the post-extraction stability was between 77 - 107%. The method was able to detect insulin analogues in three diabetic urine samples. Increased screening for this class of peptides will improve detection and deterrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
| | | | - Chad Moore
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
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5
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Yu G, Sun Z, Wu Y, Sai N. Dual-QDs ratios fluorescent probe for sensitive and stable detection of insulin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120641. [PMID: 34865977 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, immune modified graphene quantum dot (GQD) and semiconductor quantum dot (SQD) with blue and red emission respectively were synthesized to assemble a dual-QDs ratios fluorescent probe, which could be efficient used for insulin determination. There may be the dynamic equilibrium of förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) in the internal of the probe, thus emitted special dual fluorescent lights. However, this sate of probe was cleaved upon exposure to target insulin, resulting in changing of the dual fluorescent lights. The resulting ratios response can be correlated quantitatively to the concentration of insulin, and was found to have a detection limit (as low as 0.045 ng mL-1) and rapid response time (as short as 5 min). It has been preliminarily used for ratiometric sensing of insulin in biological samples and exhibited consistency of the insulin detected results and higher stability compared with conventional ELISA. Therefore, this sensitive, rapid and stable detection system has great potential for next generation of the bioassay platform for clinical diagnosis and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanggui Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhong Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuntang Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Na Sai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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6
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Thomas A, Benzenberg L, Bally L, Thevis M. Facilitated Qualitative Determination of Insulin, Its Synthetic Analogs, and C-Peptide in Human Urine by Means of LC-HRMS. Metabolites 2021; 11:309. [PMID: 34065812 PMCID: PMC8151387 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing importance to determine bioactive peptide hormones such as insulin, its synthetic analogs, and C-peptide in urine samples represents an analytical challenge. The physiological concentrations of insulin in urine are commonly found at sub-ng/mL levels and thus represent a complex analytical task. C-peptide concentrations, on the other hand, tend to be in the moderate ng/mL range and are hence much easier to determine. Insulin and C-peptide are important in the diagnostics and management of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and are also particularly relevant target analytes in professional sports and forensics. All insulins are classified on the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited substances and methods in sports with a minimum required performance level (MRPL) of 50 pg/mL. Until now, methods combining immunoextraction and subsequent mass spectrometric detection have mostly been used for this purpose. With the method developed here, sample preparation has been simplified considerably and does not require an antibody-based sample purification. This was achieved by a sophisticated mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and subsequent separation with liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Included target insulins were human, lispro, glulisine, aspart, glargine metabolite, degludec, and additionally, human C-peptide. The method was validated for the synthetic insulin analogs considering WADA requirements including specificity, limit of detection (10-25 pg/mL), limit of identification, recovery (25-100%), robustness, carry over (<2%), and matrix effects. All sample preparation steps were controlled by two stable isotope-labeled internal standards, namely, [[2H10] LeuB6, B11, B15, B17]-insulin and [[13C6] Leu26, 30] C-peptide. Finally, the method was applied to samples from patients with diabetes mellitus treated with synthetic insulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Lukas Benzenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Lia Bally
- Department of Diabetes: Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine, and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.B.); (M.T.)
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), 50933 Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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7
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Bottinelli C, Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Fanton L, Guitton J. Detection of insulins in postmortem tissues: an optimized workflow based on immunopurification and LC-MS/HRMS detection. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1813-1822. [PMID: 33932171 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide disease in perpetual expansion. Type 1 and sometimes type 2 diabetic patients require daily human insulin (HI) or analog administration. Easy access to insulins for insulin-treated diabetics, their relatives, and medical professionals can enable abuse for suicidal or homicidal purpose. However, demonstrating insulin overdose in postmortem blood is challenging. Tissue analyses are contributive, as insulins can accumulate before death or undergo only limited degradation. The present study describes an assay for HI and synthetic analogs (lispro, aspart, glulisine, detemir and degludec, glargine and its main metabolite (M1)) in liver, kidney, muscle, and injection site samples. It is based on a 5-step sample preparation (reduction of tissue sample size, homogenization, extraction, concentration, and immunopurification) associated with liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/HRMS). Selectivity and limit of detection (LOD) for all target analogs were assessed in the above matrices. LOD was determined at 25 ng/g for HI and for analogs except detemir and degludec, where LOD was 50 ng/g in kidney and injection site samples and 80 ng/g in the liver and muscle. The method was applied to13 forensic cases in which insulin use was suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Bottinelli
- LAT LUMTOX Laboratory, 32 Rue du 35ème Régiment d'Aviation 69500, Bron, France.
| | - Fabien Bévalot
- LAT LUMTOX Laboratory, 32 Rue du 35ème Régiment d'Aviation 69500, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Fanton
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Toxicology Laboratory, ISPB Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lyon, UCBL1, Lyon, France.,Pharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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8
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Bottinelli C, Nicoli R, Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Roger C, Chikh K, Kuuranne T, Fanton L, Guitton J. Development and validation of a method for quantification of human insulin and its synthetic analogues in plasma and post-mortem sera by LC-MS/HRMS. Talanta 2020; 225:122047. [PMID: 33592769 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of human insulin and its synthetic analogues is increasingly requested for clinical monitoring, for anti-doping purposes, but also for forensic cases. Indeed, insulin analogues may be abused for suicide or homicide - whence their forensic interest. Collection and storage conditions, as well as the phenomenon of degradation make post-mortem serum samples analytically challenging and consequently, the rate of exogenous insulin administration as cause of death is undoubtedly underestimated. However, with recent technological advances and the development of new extraction techniques particularly for anti-doping analyses, detection of insulins in post-mortem samples seems to be achievable. This study describes the first validated quantitative method for analysis human insulin and its six analogues (lispro, aspart, glulisine, glargine, detemir and degludec) in plasma and post-mortem sera. Various extraction processes, namely precipitation + solid phase extraction (SPE), filtration + SPE, precipitation + SPE + immunopurification, and filtration + immunopurification, were assessed to evaluate the lowest limit of detection for all target analogues. The selected sample preparation consists of filtration step followed by immunopurification extraction with an anti-body precoated ELISA plate for plasma. For post-mortem sera, the first step of precipitation was added to remove matrix interferences. The extracts were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), interfaced by electrospray (ESI). The method was validated with respect linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, dilution and carryover. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in plasma was 0.5 ng/mL for human insulin and rapid-acting insulins, 1.0 ng/mL for glargine, 2.5 ng/mL for degludec and 10 ng/mL for detemir. Two types of post-mortem sera were studied based on the post-mortem interval (PMI): inferior or superior to 48 h. The obtained LOQ were the same for each analogue, independent from the PMI: 1.0 ng/mL for human insulin and rapid-acting insulins, 1.0 ng/mL for glargine, 2.5 ng/mL for degludec and 10 ng/mL for detemir. At the LOQ level, for all insulins and all samples, accuracy was between 70 and 130% and precision inferior to 30%. The validated method was applied to five subjects participating in therapeutic monitoring of insulin and to seven post-mortem cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bottinelli
- LAT LUMTOX Laboratory, 32 Rue Du 35(ème) Régiment D'Aviation, 69500, Bron, France.
| | - R Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Bévalot
- LAT LUMTOX Laboratory, 32 Rue Du 35(ème) Régiment D'Aviation, 69500, Bron, France
| | - N Cartiser
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Service of Forensic Medicine, France
| | - C Roger
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - K Chikh
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - T Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Fanton
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Service of Forensic Medicine, France; University of Lyon, UCBL1, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, France
| | - J Guitton
- Toxicology Laboratory, ISPB Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lyon, UCBL1, France; Pharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
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9
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A high-throughput assay for the quantification of intact Insulin-like Growth Factor I in human serum using online SPE-LC-HRMS. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:391-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Liu S, Li Z, Yu B, Wang S, Shen Y, Cong H. Recent advances on protein separation and purification methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102254. [PMID: 32942182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein, as the material basis of vita, is the crucial undertaker of life activities, which constitutes the framework and main substance of human tissues and organs, and takes part in various forms of life activities in organisms. Separating proteins from biomaterials and studying their structures and functions are of great significance for understanding the law of life activities and clarifying the essence of life phenomena. Therefore, scientists have proposed the new concept of proteomics, in which protein separation technology plays a momentous role. It has been diffusely used in the food industry, agricultural biological research, drug development, disease mechanism, plant stress mechanism, and marine environment research. In this paper, combined with the recent research situation, the progress of protein separation technology was reviewed from the aspects of extraction, precipitation, membrane separation, chromatography, electrophoresis, molecular imprinting, microfluidic chip and so on.
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11
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Zhai J, Li L, Dong L, Dong K, Xiang S, Gui L, Zhang J, Song H, Ge Z. Simultaneous quantitative determination of liraglutide and insulin degludec in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method and its application. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4921. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhai
- School of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) Beijing Institute of LifeOmics Beijing China
- Beijing United‐Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) Beijing Institute of LifeOmics Beijing China
- Beijing United‐Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Lihou Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) Beijing Institute of LifeOmics Beijing China
| | - Kelly Dong
- Beijing United‐Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Shensi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) Beijing Institute of LifeOmics Beijing China
| | - Luolan Gui
- School of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) Beijing Institute of LifeOmics Beijing China
- Beijing United‐Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- Beijing United‐Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd. Beijing China
| | - Haifeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) Beijing Institute of LifeOmics Beijing China
| | - Zhiqiang Ge
- School of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin China
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12
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Judák P, Coppieters G, Lapauw B, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Urinary detection of rapid‐acting insulin analogs in healthy humans. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1629-1635. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
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13
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Thomas A, Thevis M. Identification of metabolites of peptide-derived drugs using an isotope-labeled reporter ion screening strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:690-700. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundPeptide-derived drugs represent an emerging class of prohibited substances in professional sports and, thus, in modern doping controls. After parental administration (e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous), these drugs undergo various metabolic processes, which degrade them to biologically active or inactive peptides. Knowledge about these metabolic processes and the hereby produced metabolites plays a key role in successful doping controls due to the effective design of analytical assays under consideration of optimal analytical targets. Unfortunately, the complexity of biological matrix (e.g. blood or urine) complicates the immediate identification of relevant metabolites due to the enormous excess of naturally occurring peptides and their degradation products.MethodsIn this study, a strategy employing in-vitro metabolism of stable isotope-labeled peptides producing characteristic reporter ions derived from labeled immonium ions is shown. The in-vitro experiments were performed with human skin tissue microsomes (S9), and model drugs representing prohibited peptide hormones were synacthen, insulin, and corticorelin (respectively, their stable isotope-labeled analogs). After generic sample preparation, the metabolites were identified by means of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) in an untargeted approach.Results and conclusionsFor all three model peptides, several metabolic products were readily identified. While insulin and corticorelin were found to be comparably stable, synacthen was fully degraded, yielding a plethora of metabolic products. A proof of concept concerning the transferability of the obtained data was accomplished by analyzing plasma samples collected post-administration of recombinant human insulin, corroborating the presence of a skin protease-indicative insulin metabolite in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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14
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Narduzzi L, Dervilly G, Audran M, Le Bizec B, Buisson C. A role for metabolomics in the antidoping toolbox? Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:677-690. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Narduzzi
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA)Oniris, INRAE Nantes France
| | - Gaud Dervilly
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA)Oniris, INRAE Nantes France
| | - Michel Audran
- Département des analysesAgence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD) Châtenay‐Malabry France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA)Oniris, INRAE Nantes France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Département des analysesAgence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD) Châtenay‐Malabry France
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Mazzarino M, Senofonte M, Martinelli F, de la Torre X, Botrè F. Detection of recombinant insulins in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after immunoaffinity purification based on monolithic microcolumns. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:8153-8162. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Thevis M, Thomas A. Nachweis synthetischer Insuline in Doping-Analytik und Forensik. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-019-00347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative determination of insulin and its related substances (e. g., C-peptide) is of great importance in many different areas of analytical chemistry. In particular, due to the steadily increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, an adequate control of the circulating amount of insulin is desirable. In addition, also in forensics and doping control analysis, the determination of insulin in blood, urine or other biological matrices plays a major role. However, in order to establish general reference values for insulin and C-peptide for diabetology, the comparability of measured concentrations is indispensable. This has not yet been fully implemented, although enormous progress has been made in recent years, and the search for a "gold standard" method is still ongoing. In addition to established ligand-binding assays, an increasing number of mass-spectrometric methods have been developed and employed as the to-date available systems (for example, high-resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometers) provide the sensitivity required to determine analyte concentrations in the sub-ng/mL (sub-100pmol/L) level. Meanwhile, also high-throughput measurements have been realized to meet the requirement of testing a high number of samples in a short period of time. Further developments aim at enabling the online measurement of insulin in the blood with the help of an insulin sensor and, in the following, in addition to a brief review, today's state of the art testing developments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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