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Fontana V, Turner RM, Francis B, Yin P, Pütz B, Hiltunen TP, Ruotsalainen S, Kontula KK, Müller-Myhsok B, Pirmohamed M. Chromosomal Region 11p14.1 is Associated with Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Bisoprolol. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:249-260. [PMID: 35356681 PMCID: PMC8958266 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s352719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bisoprolol is a widely used beta-blocker in patients with cardiovascular diseases. As with other beta-blockers, there is variability in response to bisoprolol, but the underlying reasons for this have not been clearly elucidated. Our aim was to investigate genetic factors that affect bisoprolol pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), and potentially the clinical outcomes. Patients and Methods Patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome were recruited prospectively on admission to hospital and followed up for up to 2 years. Patients from this cohort who were on treatment with bisoprolol, at any dose, had bisoprolol adherence data and a plasma sample, one month after discharge from index hospitalisation were included in the study. Individual bisoprolol clearance values were estimated using population pharmacokinetic modeling. Genome-wide association analysis after genotyping was undertaken using an Illumina HumanOmniExpressExome-8 v1.0 BeadChip array, while CYP2D6 copy number variations were determined by PCR techniques and phenotypes for CYP2D6 and CYP3A were inferred from the genotype. GWAS significant SNPs were analysed for heart rate response to bisoprolol in an independent cohort of hypertensive subjects. Results Six hundred twenty-two patients on bisoprolol underwent both PK and genome wide analysis. The mean (IQR) of the estimated clearance in this population was 13.6 (10.0-18.0) L/h. Bisoprolol clearance was associated with rs11029955 (p=7.17×10-9) mapped to the region of coiled-coil domain containing 34 region (CCDC34) on chromosome 11, and with rs116702638 (p=2.54×10-8). Each copy of the minor allele of rs11029955 was associated with 2.2 L/h increase in clearance. In an independent cohort of hypertensive subjects, rs11029955 was associated with 24-hour heart rate response to 4-week treatment with bisoprolol (p= 9.3×10-5), but not with rs116702638. Conclusion A novel locus on the chromosomal region 11p14.1 was associated with bisoprolol clearance in a real-world cohort of patients and was validated in independent cohort with a pharmacodynamic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fontana
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Myles Turner
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben Francis
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo P Hiltunen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanni Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo K Kontula
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bertam Müller-Myhsok
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, and Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
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Review of the methods to measure non-adherence with a focus on chemical adherence testing. TRANSLATIONAL METABOLIC SYNDROME RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmsr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Xie B, Jiang SQ, Shen XL, Wu HQ, Hu YJ. Pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding, and metabolism of a potential natural chemosensitizer from Marsdenia tenacissima in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114544. [PMID: 34419608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn is a medicinal plant mainly distributed in southwest China. It is used in folk medicine for the treatment of tumors and is synergistic with chemotherapies. In our previous study, 11α-O-2-methybutyryl-12β-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin B (MT2), a main steroid aglycone isolated from the total aglycones of M. tenacissima, significantly enhanced the in vivo antitumor effect of paclitaxel in mice bearing human tumor xenografts, showing its potential as a chemosensitizer. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics, plasma protein binding rate, and metabolic profile of MT2 remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the pharmacokinetic characteristics, plasma protein binding rate, and metabolic profile of MT2 in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MT2 in rat plasma and phosphate-buffered saline was quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, while the MT2 metabolites in rat liver microsomes were analyzed using UPLC-triple time-of-flight MS/MS. RESULTS For intravenously administered MT2, the maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve indicated dose dependency, while the elimination half-life time, the mean residence time, apparent volume of distribution and total apparent clearance values remained relatively unchanged in both the 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg groups. For orally administered MT2, the bioavailability was 1.08-1.11%. In rat plasma, MT2 exhibited a protein binding rate of 93.84-94.96%. In rat liver microsomes, MT2 was metabolized by oxidation alone or in combination with demethylation, and five MT2 metabolites were identified. CONCLUSION MT2 has low oral bioavailability and a high plasma protein binding rate in rats. After administration, MT2 is transformed into oxidative metabolites in the liver. To achieve a high blood concentration of MT2, it should be administered intravenously. These findings would serve as a reference for further MT2-based pharmacological study and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, Guangdong, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Qi Jiang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Shen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Qin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying-Jie Hu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
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Wadhwa K, Rana AC. A review on liquid chromatographic methods for the bioanalysis of atorvastatin. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The unsatisfied clinical need has encouraged the development and validation of bioanalytical procedures for the quantification of drugs in biological samples because the monitoring of drug concentrations helps in personalizing the patient’s pharmacotherapy, assessing the adherence to therapy, and is also extensively useful for pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions studies.
Main Body
The present review aimed to provide insightful information about the various liquid chromatographic methods developed till 2019 for the analysis and quantification of atorvastatin, its metabolites, and co-administered drugs in the various biological matrices like the serum, plasma, and urine with special emphasis on sample preparation techniques applied before chromatographic analysis along with different chromatographic conditions and their validation data. A total of 88 published papers that have used liquid chromatography techniques to quantify atorvastatin in biological fluids are included in the study. Out of the total reported liquid chromatographic methods, 34% used UV spectrophotometer as a detector, and 55% used MS/MS as a detector. Whereas 38% of them used protein precipitation procedure, 33% applied liquid-liquid extraction approach, and 12% employed solid-phase extraction technique for sample preparation.
Conclusion
In the last decade, numerous bioanalytical procedures have been developed for the quantification of atorvastatin in different biological samples using liquid chromatographic techniques. Moreover, advancement in technology developed several new and advanced sample preparation approaches like dispersive liquid-liquid extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, which have high recovery rates than conventional procedures. Thus, the summarized review may be consulted as an informative tool to support the optimization of new bioanalytical methods for the quantification of atorvastatin.
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Xie B, Luo H, Huang X, Huang F, Zhang Q, Wu X, Zhou X, Wu H. Pharmacokinetic studies of six major 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones in rat plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry after oral administration of agarwood ethanol extract. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2418-2426. [PMID: 33866677 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, quick, sensitive and reliable method utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was validated for simultaneous quantification of six main 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, including agarotetrol, isoagarotetrol, (5S,6R,7R,8S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromen-4-one, 8-chloro-2-(2-phenyl ethyl)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone, 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone, and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone in rat plasma after oral administration of agarwood ethanol extract. Separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) using gradient elution with mobile phase of 0.2% formic acid-water and acetonitrile. The tandem mass was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive ionization. The calibration curves indicated good linearity (r2 > 0.99) over the corresponding concentration range. The precision and accuracy were within the acceptable range. Mean absolute recoveries of all analytes were between 73.31% and 94.76%, and the relative standard deviations of matrix effects were not higher than 15%. The six analytes were proven to be stable during sample storage and analysis procedures. The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of six 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones in rat after oral administration of agarwood ethanol extract for the first time. This study could serve as a reference and provide theoretical guidance for further pharmacodynamic research and clinical applications of agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
| | - Huitai Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
| | - Huiqin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510070, P. R. China
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Mohammed Alkreathy H, Mohammed Eid Alsayyid K, Alaama JY, Al Ghalayini K, Karim S, Esmat A, Damanhouri ZA. Bisoprolol responses (PK/PD) in hypertensive patients: A cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 targeted polymorphism study. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2727-2732. [PMID: 32994732 PMCID: PMC7499297 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisoprolol is an effective β1-adrenergic blocker, an inter-individual genetic variability was recorded in its response. This study aimed at investigating the association of CYP2D6*2A (rs1080985) and CYP2D6*10 (rs1065852) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with Bisoprolol response in cardiac patients attending King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the study, 107 patients were enrolled. Five mL of venous blood was collected from each patient and genotyping for CYP2D6*2A and CYP2D6*10 using Vivid® CYP2D6 Green Screening Kit (Life Technologies, USA). Response to Bisoprolol was evaluated through assessment of diastolic and systolic blood pressure and by measuring Bisoprolol plasma level using triple quad mass spectrometer (TQ-MS). RESULTS All patients were found to carry homozygous wild type CYP2D6*10 (GG) and none were carrying heterozygous (GA) or mutant homozygous (AA) genotype. CYP2D6*2A allele was detected in the homozygous wild type (GG) in 70 out of 107 patients, the heterozygous (GC) in 19 patients, and the homozygous mutant (CC) in 18 patients with minor allele frequency (MAF) of 25.7%. The plasma concentrations of Bisoprolol in CC carriers were significantly lower than those in GG & CC carriers by 25%, and 51%; respectively. Higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also observed in CC carriers than GG and CC carriers. CONCLUSION There is a possible association of CYP2D6*2A genotype with plasma concentration of bisoprolol. This could provide a helpful tool to choose the optimum dose for bisoprolol, depending on the patient's genotyping, in order to increase effectiveness and ameliorate its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Mohammed Alkreathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jumana Y. Alaama
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Al Ghalayini
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Karim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Zoheir A. Damanhouri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Bisoprolol: A comprehensive profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2020; 46:51-89. [PMID: 33461700 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a comprehensive profile of Bisoprolol including detailed nomenclature; formulae, elemental analysis, appearance, its uses, applications, and methods for the preparation are outlined. The profile contains physicochemical properties of Bisoprolol including pKa value, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction, and methods of analysis (including compendial, electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis). The study also covers thermal analysis such as differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry of Bisoprolol. Which gives a brief idea of melting point, glass transition as well as differentiation between anhydrous and hydrated forms. In addition to these functional groups and structural confirmation of bisoprolol also presented with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. The mass fragmentation pattern of bisoprolol fumarate was reported using the electrospray ionization technique. Some recently reported methods for pharmacokinetic analysis of bisoprolol using high-performance liquid chromatography as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were also included in the study.
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Turner RM, Fontana V, Zhang JE, Carr D, Yin P, FitzGerald R, Morris AP, Pirmohamed M. A Genome-wide Association Study of Circulating Levels of Atorvastatin and Its Major Metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:287-297. [PMID: 32128760 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATV) is frequently prescribed and generally well tolerated, but can lead to myotoxicity, especially at higher doses. A genome-wide association study of circulating levels of ATV, 2-hydroxy (2-OH) ATV, ATV lactone (ATV L), and 2-OH ATV L was performed in 590 patients who had been hospitalized with a non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome 1 month earlier and were on high-dose ATV (80 mg or 40 mg daily). The UGT1A locus (lead single nucleotide polymorphism, rs887829) was strongly associated with both increased 2-OH ATV/ATV (P = 7.25 × 10-16 ) and 2-OH ATV L/ATV L (P = 3.95 × 10-15 ) metabolic ratios. Moreover, rs45446698, which tags CYP3A7*1C, was nominally associated with increased 2-OH ATV/ATV (P = 6.18 × 10-7 ), and SLCO1B1 rs4149056 with increased ATV (P = 2.21 × 10-6 ) and 2-OH ATV (P = 1.09 × 10-6 ) levels. In a subset of these patients whose levels of ATV and metabolites had also been measured at 12 months after hospitalization (n = 149), all of these associations remained, except for 2-OH ATV and rs4149056 (P = 0.057). Clinically, rs4149056 was associated with increased muscular symptoms (odds ratio (OR) 3.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-12.27; P = 0.016) and ATV intolerance (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.09-2.19; P = 0.014) in patients (n = 870) primarily discharged on high-dose ATV. In summary, both novel and recognized genetic associations have been identified with circulating levels of ATV and its major metabolites. Further study is warranted to determine the clinical utility of genotyping rs4149056 in patients on high-dose ATV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Turner
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vanessa Fontana
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jieying E Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Carr
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Richard FitzGerald
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Turner RM, Fontana V, FitzGerald R, Morris AP, Pirmohamed M. Investigating the clinical factors and comedications associated with circulating levels of atorvastatin and its major metabolites in secondary prevention. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:62-74. [PMID: 31656041 PMCID: PMC6983514 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The lipid-lowering drug, atorvastatin (ATV), is 1 of the most commonly prescribed medications worldwide. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate and characterise the clinical factors and comedications associated with circulating levels of ATV and its metabolites in secondary prevention clinical practice. Methods The plasma concentrations of ATV, 2-hydroxy (2-OH) ATV, ATV lactone (ATV L) and 2-OH ATV L were determined in patients 1 month after hospitalisation for a non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. Factors were identified using all subsets multivariable regression and model averaging with the Bayesian information criterion. Exploratory genotype-stratified analyses were conducted using ABCG2 rs2231142 (Q141K) and CYP2C19 metaboliser status to further investigate novel associations. Results A total of 571 patients were included; 534 and 37 were taking ATV 80 mg and 40 mg daily, respectively. Clinical factors associated with ATV and/or its metabolite levels included age, sex, body mass index and CYP3A inhibiting comedications. Smoking was newly associated with increased ATV lactonisation and reduced hydroxylation. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and loop diuretics were newly associated with modestly increased levels of ATV (14% and 38%, respectively) and its metabolites. An interaction between PPIs and CYP2C19 metaboliser status on exposure to specific ATV analytes (e.g. interaction P = .0071 for 2-OH ATV L) was observed. Overall model R2 values were 0.14-0.24.ConclusionMultiple factors were associated with circulating ATV and metabolite levels, including novel associations with smoking and drug-drug(-gene) interactions involving PPIs and loop diuretics. Further investigations are needed to identify additional factors that influence ATV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Turner
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Fontana
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard FitzGerald
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Simultaneous analysis of the total plasma concentration of atorvastatin and its five metabolites and the unbound plasma concentration of atorvastatin: Application in a clinical pharmacokinetic study of single oral dose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1126-1127:121766. [PMID: 31450089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATV) and its two active metabolites, o-hydroxy atorvastatin acid (o-OH-ATV) and p-hydroxy atorvastatin acid (p-OH-ATV) are responsible for its HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A) reductase inhibitory activity, while its corresponding inactive lactone forms (LAC) are related to the manifestation of myopathy. The present study reports the development and validation of a method for the simultaneous analysis of ATV and its five metabolites (o-OH-ATV, p-OH-ATV, ATV-LAC, o-OH-ATV-LAC, p-OH-ATV-LAC) as total plasma concentration and ATV as unbound plasma concentration using UPLC-MS/MS. The method was applied in a pharmacokinetic study following administration of a single oral 20, 40 or 80 mg ATV dose in healthy volunteers (n = 15). ATV and its five metabolites were separated on a C18 column using as mobile phase a mixture of 0.2% formic acid and acetonitrile (55:45, v/v) at a flow of 0.4 mL/min. The method showed linearity from 25 pg/mL to 200 ng/mL plasma as total concentration and from 6.25 pg to 25 ng/mL plasma ultrafiltrate as ATV unbound concentration. The coefficients of variation and the relative standard errors of the accuracy and precision analyses were <15%. The method allowed quantification of plasma concentrations of ATV and its five metabolites up to 36 h after 20, 40 or 80 mg ATV administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters dose normalized to 20 mg are presented as follow (n = 15, mean): unbound fraction 9.38%, maximum plasma concentration 9.52 ng/mL, time to reach maximum plasma concentration 0.98 h, apparent total clearance 742.90 L/h, apparent distribution volume 9005 L, and AUC metabolite/ATV ratios 0.06 for p-OH-ATV, 0.94 for o-OH-ATV, 1.43 for ATV-LAC, 0.25 for p-OH-ATV-LAC and 1.75 for o-OH-ATV-LAC. In conclusion, the methods for simultaneous analysis of ATV and its five metabolites as total plasma concentration and ATV as the unbound plasma concentration showed sensitivity, linearity, precision and accuracy compatible with application in pharmacokinetic studies of single oral dose of 20, 40 or 80 mg ATV.
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Lane D, Patel P, Khunti K, Gupta P. Objective measures of non-adherence in cardiometabolic diseases: a review focused on urine biochemical screening. Patient Prefer Adherence 2019; 13:537-547. [PMID: 31043772 PMCID: PMC6469740 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s162215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are among the most prevalent and harmful conditions worldwide. They are complex, comorbid conditions that require polypharmacy - a known contributor to non-adherence in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Suboptimal adherence is associated with poor disease control, which increases the risk of hospitalizations, mortality, and preventable financial implications. However, until recently, the lack of a gold standard for non-adherence testing in cardiometabolic diseases has been the major barrier for understanding true prevalence and mortality consequences. Recent European guidelines have endorsed biochemical testing as the preferred measure for non-adherence in CVD, with urinary screening methods being the most clinically widespread. The diagnostic and therapeutic benefits incurred to health service resources by use of biochemical non-adherence testing are vast, as hospitalizations and associated economic burdens are reduced, and tailored therapies are increased. However, biochemical testing can only signify a snap shot of adherence behavior, and true adherence may be skewed by pharmacokinetic factors. This review summarizes current literature regarding the prevalence, impact, and reasons of non-adherence in cardiometabolic disease. The benefits of current adherence diagnostic tools have been appraised, where urine in biochemical testing has been focused upon and evaluated against other matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lane
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK,
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK,
| | - Prashanth Patel
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK,
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK,
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK,
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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