1
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Sarker M, Aubin Y. Backbone and methyl side-chain resonance assignments of the Fab fragment of adalimumab. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2024:10.1007/s12104-024-10187-1. [PMID: 38926254 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-024-10187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Adalimumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody developed to target human TNF an important mediator of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, amongst others. The 48 kDa Fab fragment of adalimumab was produced in Escherichia coli using a single chain approach to allow complete isotopic incorporation of deuterium, carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 along with the protonated isoleucine-d, valine and leucine methyl groups. Here we report the near complete resonance assignment of the polypeptide backbone and the methyl groups of isoleucine, leucine and valine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaddid Sarker
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologics and Radiotherapeutic Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologics and Radiotherapeutic Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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2
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Li M, Beaumont VA, Akbar S, Duncan H, Creasy A, Wang W, Sackett K, Marzilli L, Rouse JC, Kim HY. Comprehensive characterization of higher order structure changes in methionine oxidized monoclonal antibodies via NMR chemometric analysis and biophysical approaches. MAbs 2024; 16:2292688. [PMID: 38117548 PMCID: PMC10761137 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2292688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important quality attribute with strong contribution to clinically relevant biological functions and drug safety. Due to the multi-faceted nature of HOS, the synergy of multiple complementary analytical approaches can substantially improve the understanding, accuracy, and resolution of HOS characterization. In this study, we applied one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis, as well as circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fluorescence spectroscopy as orthogonal methods, to characterize the impact of methionine (Met) oxidation on the HOS of an IgG1 mAb. We used a forced degradation method involving concentration-dependent oxidation by peracetic acid, in which Met oxidation is site-specifically quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conventional biophysical techniques report nuanced results, in which CD detects no change to the secondary structure and little change in the tertiary structure. Yet, DSC measurements show the destabilization of Fab and Fc domains due to Met oxidation. More importantly, our study demonstrates that 1D and 2D NMR and chemometric analysis can provide semi-quantitative analysis of chemical modifications and resolve localized conformational changes with high sensitivity. Furthermore, we leveraged a novel 15N-Met labeling technique of the antibody to directly observe structural perturbations at the oxidation sites. The NMR methods described here to probe HOS changes are highly reliable and practical in biopharmaceutical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Victor A. Beaumont
- Pfizer, Inc. Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shahajahan Akbar
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Duncan
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Arch Creasy
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Wenge Wang
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Sackett
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Marzilli
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jason C. Rouse
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Pfizer, Inc. BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Andover, MA, USA
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3
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Gagné D, Sarker M, Gingras G, Hodgson DJ, Frahm G, Creskey M, Lorbetskie B, Bigelow S, Wang J, Zhang X, Johnston MJW, Lu H, Aubin Y. Strategies for the production of isotopically labelled Fab fragments of therapeutic antibodies in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) and Escherichia coli for NMR studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294406. [PMID: 38019850 PMCID: PMC10686436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance and fast growth of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, both innovator and biosimilar products, have triggered the need for the development of characterization methods at high resolution such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. However, the full power of NMR spectroscopy cannot be unleashed without labelling the mAb of interest with NMR-active isotopes. Here, we present strategies using either Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) or Escherichia coli that can be widely applied for the production of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of therapeutic antibodies of immunoglobulin G1 kappa isotype. The E. coli approach consists of expressing Fab fragments as a single polypeptide chain with a cleavable linker between the heavy and light chain in inclusion bodies, while K. phaffii secretes a properly folded fragment in the culture media. After optimization, the protocol yielded 10-45 mg of single chain adalimumab-Fab, trastuzumab-Fab, rituximab-Fab, and NISTmAb-Fab per liter of culture. Comparison of the 2D-1H-15N-HSQC spectra of each Fab fragment, without their polyhistidine tag and linker, with the corresponding Fab from the innovator product showed that all four fragments have folded into the correct conformation. Production of 2H-13C-15N-adalimumab-scFab and 2H-13C-15N-trastuzumab-scFab (>98% enrichment for all three isotopes) yielded NMR samples where all amide deuterons have completely exchanged back to proton during the refolding procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Gagné
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Muzaddid Sarker
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Geneviève Gingras
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek J. Hodgson
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Grant Frahm
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marybeth Creskey
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barry Lorbetskie
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stewart Bigelow
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J. W. Johnston
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Huixin Lu
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Regulatory Research Division, Center for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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4
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Ma J, Pathirana C, Liu DQ, Miller SA. NMR spectroscopy as a characterization tool enabling biologics formulation development. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 223:115110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Hatfield G, Tepliakova L, Gingras G, Stalker A, Li X, Aubin Y, Tam RY. Specific location of galactosylation in an afucosylated antiviral monoclonal antibody affects its FcγRIIIA binding affinity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972168. [PMID: 36304448 PMCID: PMC9596277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise an essential type of biologic therapeutics and are used to treat diseases because of their anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, and their ability to protect against respiratory infections. Its production involves post-translational glycosylation, a biosynthetic process that conjugates glycans to proteins, which plays crucial roles in mAb bioactivities including effector functions and pharmacokinetics. These glycans are heterogeneous and have diverse chemical structures whose composition is sensitive to manufacturing conditions, rendering the understanding of how specific glycan structures affect mAb bioactivity challenging. There is a need to delineate the effects of specific glycans on mAb bioactivity to determine whether changes in certain glycosylation profiles (that can occur during manufacturing) will significantly affect product quality. Using enzymatic transglycosylation with chemically-defined N-glycans, we show that galactosylation at a specific location of N-glycans in an afucosylated anti-viral mAb is responsible for FcγRIIIA binding and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. We report a facile method to obtain purified asymmetric mono-galactosylated biantennary complex N-glycans, and their influence on bioactivity upon incorporation into an afucosylated mAb. Using ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry, we show that galactosylation of the α6 antenna, but not the α3 antenna, consistently increases FcγRIIIA binding affinity. We confirm its relevance in an anti-viral model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using an adapted ADCC reporter assay. We further correlate this structure-function relationship to the interaction of the galactose residue of the α6 antenna with the protein backbone using 2D-1H-15N-NMR, which showed that galactosylation of at this location exhibited chemical shift perturbations compared to glycoforms lacking this galactose residue. Our results highlight the importance of identifying and quantifying specific glycan isomers to ensure adequate quality control in batch-to-batch and biosimilar comparisons.
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6
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Circular dichroism of biopharmaceutical proteins in a quality-regulated environment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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NMR based quality evaluation of mAb therapeutics: A proof of concept higher order structure biosimilarity assessment of trastuzumab biosimilars. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Das TK, Chou DK, Jiskoot W, Arosio P. Nucleation in protein aggregation in biotherapeutic development: a look into the heart of the event. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:951-959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Ban D, Rice CT, McCoy MA. Quantification of natural abundance NMR data differentiates the solution behavior of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. MAbs 2021; 13:1978132. [PMID: 34612804 PMCID: PMC8496538 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1978132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are an important class of molecules for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. They include low molecular weight peptides, highly engineered protein scaffolds and monoclonal antibodies. During their discovery and development, assessments of the biophysical attributes is critical to understanding the solution behavior of therapeutic proteins and for de-risking liabilities. Thus, methods that can quantify, characterize, and provide a basis to inform risks and drive the selection of more optimal antibody and alternative scaffolds are needed. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a technique that provides a means to probe antibody and antibody-like molecules in solution, at atomic resolution, under any formulated conditions. Here, all samples were profiled at natural abundance requiring no isotope enrichment. We present a numerical approach that quantitates two-dimensional methyl spectra. The approach was tested with a reference dataset that contained different types of antibody and antibody-like molecules. This dataset was processed through a procedure we call a Random Sampling of NMR Peaks for Covariance Analysis. This analysis revealed that the first two components were well correlated with the hydrodynamic radius of the molecules included in the reference set. Higher-order principal components were also linked to dynamic features between different tethered antibody-like molecules and contributed to decisions around candidate selection. The reference set provides a basis to characterize molecules with unknown solution behavior and is sensitive to the behavior of a molecule formulated under different conditions. The approach is independent of protein design, scaffold, formulation and provides a facile method to quantify solution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ban
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Cory T Rice
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mark A McCoy
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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10
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Xu J, Namanja A, Chan SL, Son C, Petros AM, Sun C, Radziejewski C, Ihnat PM. Insights into the Conformation and Self-Association of a Concentrated Monoclonal Antibody using Isothermal Chemical Denaturation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3819-3828. [PMID: 34506864 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to highlight the utility of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a multi-attribute method for the characterization of therapeutic antibodies. In this case study, we compared results from isothermal chemical denaturation (ICD) and NMR with standard methods to relate conformational states of a model monoclonal antibody (mAb1) with protein-protein interactions (PPI) that lead to self - association in concentrated solutions. The increase in aggregation rate and relative viscosity for mAb1 was found to be both concentration and pH dependent. The free energy of unfolding (∆G⁰) from ICD and thermal analysis in dilute solutions indicated that although the native state predominated between pH 4 - pH 7, it was disrupted at the CH2 and unfolded noncooperatively under acidic conditions. One-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR and two-dimensional (2D) 13C-1H NMR performed, in concentrated solutions, confirmed that PPI between pH 4-7 occurred while mAb1 was in the native state. NMR corroborated that mAb1 maintained a dominant native state at formulation-relevant conditions at the tested pH range, had increased global molecular tumbling dynamics at lower pH and confirmed increased PPI at higher pH conditions. This report aligns and compares typical characterization of an IgG1 with assessment of structure by NMR and provided a more precise assessment and deeper insight into the conformation of an IgG1 in concentrated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Xu
- Drug Product Development Biologic Preformulation, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Andrew Namanja
- Protein & Assay Sciences, Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Abbvie Inc, Waukegan, IL 60031, United States
| | - Siew Leong Chan
- Analytical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Westborough, MA 01581, United States; Protein Analytics, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Chelsea Son
- Drug Product Development Biologic Preformulation, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States; Process Analytics, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, United States
| | - Andrew M Petros
- Protein & Assay Sciences, Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Abbvie Inc, Waukegan, IL 60031, United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- Protein & Assay Sciences, Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Abbvie Inc, Waukegan, IL 60031, United States
| | - Czeslaw Radziejewski
- Protein Analytics, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Peter M Ihnat
- Drug Product Development Biologic Preformulation, Abbvie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, United States; Protein Biochemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States.
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11
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NMR Spectroscopy for Protein Higher Order Structure Similarity Assessment in Formulated Drug Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144251. [PMID: 34299526 PMCID: PMC8307401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide and protein drug molecules fold into higher order structures (HOS) in formulation and these folded structures are often critical for drug efficacy and safety. Generic or biosimilar drug products (DPs) need to show similar HOS to the reference product. The solution NMR spectroscopy is a non-invasive, chemically and structurally specific analytical method that is ideal for characterizing protein therapeutics in formulation. However, only limited NMR studies have been performed directly on marketed DPs and questions remain on how to quantitively define similarity. Here, NMR spectra were collected on marketed peptide and protein DPs, including calcitonin-salmon, liraglutide, teriparatide, exenatide, insulin glargine and rituximab. The 1D 1H spectral pattern readily revealed protein HOS heterogeneity, exchange and oligomerization in the different formulations. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to two rituximab DPs showed consistent results with the previously demonstrated similarity metrics of Mahalanobis distance (DM) of 3.3. The 2D 1H-13C HSQC spectral comparison of insulin glargine DPs provided similarity metrics for chemical shift difference (Δδ) and methyl peak profile, i.e., 4 ppb for 1H, 15 ppb for 13C and 98% peaks with equivalent peak height. Finally, 2D 1H-15N sofast HMQC was demonstrated as a sensitive method for comparison of small protein HOS. The application of NMR procedures and chemometric analysis on therapeutic proteins offer quantitative similarity assessments of DPs with practically achievable similarity metrics.
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12
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Phyo P, Zhao X, Templeton AC, Xu W, Cheung JK, Su Y. Understanding molecular mechanisms of biologics drug delivery and stability from NMR spectroscopy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:1-29. [PMID: 33609600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics carry inherent limitations of membrane impermeability and structural instability, despite their predominant role in the modern pharmaceutical market. Effective formulations are needed to overcome physiological and physicochemical barriers, respectively, for improving bioavailability and stability. Knowledge of membrane affinity, cellular internalization, encapsulation, and release of drug-loaded carrier vehicles uncover the structural basis for designing and optimizing biopharmaceuticals with enhanced delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy. Understanding stabilizing and destabilizing interactions between protein drugs and formulation excipients provide fundamental mechanisms for ensuring the stability and quality of biological products. This article reviews the molecular studies of biologics using solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy on structural attributes pivotal to drug delivery and stability. In-depth investigation of the structure-function relationship of drug delivery systems based on cell-penetrating peptides, lipid nanoparticles and polymeric colloidal, and biophysical and biochemical stability of peptide, protein, monoclonal antibody, and vaccine, as the integrative efforts on drug product design, will be elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xi Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Allen C Templeton
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jason K Cheung
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
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13
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Tokunaga Y, Takeuchi K. Role of NMR in High Ordered Structure Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E46. [PMID: 33375207 PMCID: PMC7793058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining high ordered structure (HOS) information is of importance to guarantee the efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical application. Assessment of HOS should ideally be performed in a non-invasive manner under their formulated storage conditions, as any perturbation can introduce unexpected detritions. However, most of the currently available techniques only indirectly report HOS of mAbs and/or require a certain condition to conduct the analyses. Besides, the flexible multidomain architecture of mAbs has hampered atomic-resolution structural analyses using X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. In contrast, the ability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to structurally analyze biomolecules in various conditions in a non-invasive and quantitative manner is suitable to meet the needs. However, the application of NMR to mAbs is not straightforward due to the high molecular weight of the system. In this review, we will discuss how NMR techniques have been applied to HOS analysis of mAbs, along with the recent advances of the novel 15N direct detection NMR strategy that allows for obtaining the structural fingerprint of mAbs at lower temperatures under multiple formulation conditions. The potential application of these NMR strategies will benefit next-generation mAbs, such as antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tokunaga
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan;
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan;
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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14
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Brinson RG, Elliott KW, Arbogast LW, Sheen DA, Giddens JP, Marino JP, Delaglio F. Principal component analysis for automated classification of 2D spectra and interferograms of protein therapeutics: influence of noise, reconstruction details, and data preparation. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2020; 74:643-656. [PMID: 32700053 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-020-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have numerous critical quality attributes (CQA) that must be evaluated to ensure safety and efficacy, including the requirement to adopt and retain the correct three-dimensional fold without forming unintended aggregates. Therefore, the ability to monitor protein higher order structure (HOS) can be valuable throughout the lifecycle of a protein therapeutic, from development to manufacture. 2D NMR has been introduced as a robust and precise tool to assess the HOS of a protein biotherapeutic. A common use case is to decide whether two groups of spectra are substantially different, as an indicator of difference in HOS. We demonstrate a quantitative use of principal component analysis (PCA) scores to perform this decision-making, and demonstrate the effect of acquisition and processing details on class separation using samples of NISTmAb monoclonal antibody Reference Material subjected to two different oxidative stress protocols. The work introduces an approach to computing similarity from PCA scores based upon the technique of histogram intersection, a method originally developed for retrieval of images from large databases. Results show that class separation can be robust with respect to random noise, reconstruction method, and analysis region selection. By contrast, details such as baseline distortion can have a pronounced effect, and so must be controlled carefully. Since the classification approach can be performed without the need to identify peaks, results suggest that it is possible to use even more efficient measurement strategies that do not produce spectra that can be analyzed visually, but nevertheless allow useful decision-making that is objective and automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - K Wade Elliott
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - David A Sheen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - John P Giddens
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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15
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Receptor-binding hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry as an additional measurement of biosimilarity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-019-00465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Elliott KW, Ghasriani H, Wikström M, Giddens JP, Aubin Y, Delaglio F, Marino JP, Arbogast LW. Comparative Analysis of One-Dimensional Protein Fingerprint by Line Shape Enhancement and Two-Dimensional 1H, 13C Methyl NMR Methods for Characterization of the Higher Order Structure of IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6366-6373. [PMID: 32267681 PMCID: PMC8054654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of NMR spectroscopy has emerged as a premier tool to characterize the higher order structure of protein therapeutics and in particular IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Due to their large size, traditional 1H-15N correlation experiments have proven exceedingly difficult to implement on mAbs, and a number of alternative techniques have been proposed, including the one-dimensional (1D) 1H protein fingerprint by line shape enhancement (PROFILE) method and the two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C methyl correlation-based approach. Both 1D and 2D approaches have relative strengths and weaknesses, related to the inherent sensitivity and resolution of the respective methods. To further increase the utility of NMR to the biopharmaceutical community, harmonized criteria for decision making in employing 1D and 2D approaches for mAb characterization are warranted. To this end, we have conducted an interlaboratory comparative study of the 1D PROFILE and 2D methyl methods on several mAbs samples to determine the degree to which each method is suited to detect spectral difference between the samples and the degree to which results from each correlate with one another. Results from the study demonstrate both methods provide statistical data highly comparable to one another and that each method is capable of complementing the limitations commonly associated with the other, thus providing a better overall picture of higher order structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korth W Elliott
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Houman Ghasriani
- Center for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/K 2201E, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0K9, Canada
| | - Mats Wikström
- Higher Order Structure Group, Amgen, Incorporated, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - John P Giddens
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Yves Aubin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, A/K 2201E, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0K9, Canada
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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17
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Sheen DA, Shen VK, Brinson RG, Arbogast LW, Marino JP, Delaglio F. Chemometric Outlier Classification of 2D-NMR Spectra to Enable Higher Order Structure Characterization of Protein Therapeutics. CHEMOMETRICS AND INTELLIGENT LABORATORY SYSTEMS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL SPONSORED BY THE CHEMOMETRICS SOCIETY 2020; 199:10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.103973. [PMID: 34135539 PMCID: PMC8204403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are vitally important clinically and commercially, with monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutic sales alone accounting for $115 billion in revenue for 2018.[1] In order for these therapeutics to be safe and efficacious, their protein components must maintain their high order structure (HOS), which includes retaining their three-dimensional fold and not forming aggregates. As demonstrated in the recent NISTmAb Interlaboratory nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Study[2], NMR spectroscopy is a robust and precise approach to address this HOS measurement need. Using the NISTmAb study data, we benchmark a procedure for automated outlier detection used to identify spectra that are not of sufficient quality for further automated analysis. When applied to a diverse collection of all 252 1H,13C gHSQC spectra from the study, a recursive version of the automated procedure performed comparably to visual analysis, and identified three outlier cases that were missed by the human analyst. In total, this method represents a distinct advance in chemometric detection of outliers due to variation in both measurement and sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Sheen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Vincent K. Shen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Robert G. Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Luke W. Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - John P. Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
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18
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Brinson RG, Marino JP. 2D J-correlated proton NMR experiments for structural fingerprinting of biotherapeutics. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 307:106581. [PMID: 31499472 PMCID: PMC7313657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The higher order structure (HOS) of protein therapeutics is essential for drug safety and efficacy and can be evaluated by two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at atomic resolution. 1Hn-15N amide correlated and 1H-13C methyl correlated NMR spectroscopies at natural isotopic abundance have been demonstrated as feasible on protein therapeutics as large as monoclonal antibodies and show great promise for use in establishing drug substance structural consistency across manufacturing changes and in comparing a biosimilar to an originator reference product. Spectral fingerprints from 1Hn-1Hα correlations acquired using 2D homonuclear proton-proton J-correlated NMR experiments provide a complementary approach for high-resolution assessment of the HOS of lower molecular weight (<25 kDa) protein therapeutics. Here, we evaluate different pulse sequences (COSY, TOCSY and TACSY) used to generate proton-proton J-correlated NMR spectral fingerprints and appraise the performance of each method for application to protein therapeutic HOS assessment and comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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Abstract
In this work, an overview of the biosimilars market, pipeline and industry targets is discussed. Biosimilars typically have a shorter timeline for approval (8 years) compared to 12 years for innovator drugs and the development cost can be 10–20% of the innovator drug. The biosimilar pipeline is reviewed as well as the quality management system (QMS) that is needed to generate traceable, trackable data sets. One difference between developing a biosimilar compared to an originator is that a broader analytical foundation is required for biosimilars and advances made in developing analytical similarity to characterize these products are discussed. An example is presented on the decisions and considerations explored in the development of a biosimilar and includes identification of the best process parameters and methods based on cost, time, and titer. Finally factors to consider in the manufacture of a biosimilar and approaches used to achieve the target-directed development of a biosimilar are discussed.
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20
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Utility of High Resolution NMR Methods to Probe the Impact of Chemical Modifications on Higher Order Structure of Monoclonal Antibodies in Relation to Antigen Binding. Pharm Res 2019; 36:130. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Ramberg KO, Antonik PM, Cheung DL, Crowley PB. Measuring the Impact of PEGylation on a Protein-Polysaccharide Interaction. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1162-1168. [PMID: 30869874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is the most widely used half-life extension strategy for protein therapeutics. While it imparts a range of attractive attributes PEGylation can impede protein binding and reduce efficacy. A model system to probe the effects of PEGylation on protein binding has practical applications. Here, we present a system based on complex formation between a hexavalent lectin (RSL) and the globular polysaccharide Ficoll PM70 (a type of glycocluster). Mutants of the lectin were used to generate conjugates with 3, 6, or 12 PEG (1 kDa) chains. Using NMR spectroscopy we monitored how the degree of PEGylation impacted the lectin-Ficoll interaction. The binding propensity was observed to decrease with increasing polymer density. Apparently, the extended PEG chains sterically impede the lectin-Ficoll binding. This deduction was supported by molecular dynamics simulations of the protein-polymer conjugates. The implications for protein-surface interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiefer O Ramberg
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Paweł M Antonik
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - David L Cheung
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Peter B Crowley
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
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22
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Brinson RG, Marino JP, Delaglio F, Arbogast LW, Evans RM, Kearsley A, Gingras G, Ghasriani H, Aubin Y, Pierens GK, Jia X, Mobli M, Grant HG, Keizer DW, Schweimer K, Ståhle J, Widmalm G, Zartler ER, Lawrence CW, Reardon PN, Cort JR, Xu P, Ni F, Yanaka S, Kato K, Parnham SR, Tsao D, Blomgren A, Rundlöf T, Trieloff N, Schmieder P, Ross A, Skidmore K, Chen K, Keire D, Freedberg DI, Suter-Stahel T, Wider G, Ilc G, Plavec J, Bradley SA, Baldisseri DM, Sforça ML, Zeri ACDM, Wei JY, Szabo CM, Amezcua CA, Jordan JB, Wikström M. Enabling adoption of 2D-NMR for the higher order structure assessment of monoclonal antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2018; 11:94-105. [PMID: 30570405 PMCID: PMC6343768 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1544454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased interest in using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a platform for biopharmaceuticals has led to the need for new analytical techniques that can precisely assess physicochemical properties of these large and very complex drugs for the purpose of correctly identifying quality attributes (QA). One QA, higher order structure (HOS), is unique to biopharmaceuticals and essential for establishing consistency in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, detecting process-related variations from manufacturing changes and establishing comparability between biologic products. To address this measurement challenge, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) methods were introduced that allow for the precise atomic-level comparison of the HOS between two proteins, including mAbs. Here, an inter-laboratory comparison involving 26 industrial, government and academic laboratories worldwide was performed as a benchmark using the NISTmAb, from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), to facilitate the translation of the 2D-NMR method into routine use for biopharmaceutical product development. Two-dimensional 1H,15N and 1H,13C NMR spectra were acquired with harmonized experimental protocols on the unlabeled Fab domain and a uniformly enriched-15N, 20%-13C-enriched system suitability sample derived from the NISTmAb. Chemometric analyses from over 400 spectral maps acquired on 39 different NMR spectrometers ranging from 500 MHz to 900 MHz demonstrate spectral fingerprints that are fit-for-purpose for the assessment of HOS. The 2D-NMR method is shown to provide the measurement reliability needed to move the technique from an emerging technology to a harmonized, routine measurement that can be generally applied with great confidence to high precision assessments of the HOS of mAb-based biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Brinson
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - John P Marino
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Luke W Arbogast
- a Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Ryan M Evans
- b Applied and Computational Mathematics Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Anthony Kearsley
- b Applied and Computational Mathematics Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Geneviève Gingras
- c Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Houman Ghasriani
- c Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- c Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Gregory K Pierens
- d The Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Xinying Jia
- d The Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- d The Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Hamish G Grant
- e Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - David W Keizer
- e Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | | | - Jonas Ståhle
- g Department of Organic Chemistry , Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- g Department of Organic Chemistry , Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Edward R Zartler
- h Analytical R&D , Pfizer Essential Health , Lake Forest , IL , USA
| | - Chad W Lawrence
- i Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Richland , DC , USA
| | - Patrick N Reardon
- i Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Richland , DC , USA
| | - John R Cort
- i Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Richland , DC , USA
| | - Ping Xu
- j Department of Downstream Processing and Analytics , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Feng Ni
- j Department of Downstream Processing and Analytics , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- k Institute for Molecular Science and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems , National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Myodaiji, Okazaki , Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- k Institute for Molecular Science and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems , National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Myodaiji, Okazaki , Japan
| | - Stuart R Parnham
- l Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Desiree Tsao
- m Analytical Development , Momenta Pharmaceuticals , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Andreas Blomgren
- n Laboratory Unit , Swedish Medical Products Agency, Laboratory , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Torgny Rundlöf
- n Laboratory Unit , Swedish Medical Products Agency, Laboratory , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Nils Trieloff
- o NMR-supported Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- o NMR-supported Structural Biology , Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Alfred Ross
- p Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development , Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ken Skidmore
- q Analytical Operations , Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kang Chen
- r Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Maryland , USA
| | - David Keire
- r Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Maryland , USA
| | - Darón I Freedberg
- s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration , Maryland , USA
| | - Thea Suter-Stahel
- t Department of Biology , Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , ETH Zurich, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wider
- t Department of Biology , Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , ETH Zurich, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gregor Ilc
- u NMR Centre , EN-FIST Centre of Excellence , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,v NMR Centre , National Institute of Chemistry , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- u NMR Centre , EN-FIST Centre of Excellence , Ljubljana , Slovenia.,v NMR Centre , National Institute of Chemistry , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Scott A Bradley
- w Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Donna M Baldisseri
- x MRS - Application Science , Bruker BioSpin Corporation , Billerica , MA , USA
| | - Mauricio Luis Sforça
- y Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Mattos Zeri
- z Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Brazil , CEP
| | - Julie Yu Wei
- aa Protein Product Development , Biogen Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Christina M Szabo
- ab Baxter Pharmaceuticals R&D , Baxter Healthcare , Round Lake, IL , USA
| | - Carlos A Amezcua
- ab Baxter Pharmaceuticals R&D , Baxter Healthcare , Round Lake, IL , USA
| | - John B Jordan
- ac Global Regulatory and R&D Policy , Amgen Inc ., Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Mats Wikström
- ad Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences , Amgen Inc ., Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
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