1
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Divase A, Pisal S, Dake MS, Dakshinamurthy PK, Reddy PS, Dhere R, Kamat C, Chahar DS, Pal J, Nawani N. Isolation and characterization of rabies monoclonal antibody charge variants. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38700202 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Current postexposure prophylaxis of rabies includes vaccines, human rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), equine RIG, and recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In the manufacturing of rabies recombinant mAb, charge variants are the most common source of heterogeneity. Charge variants of rabies mAb were isolated by salt gradient cation exchange chromatography (CEX) to separate acidic and basic and main charge variants. Separated variants were further extensively characterized using orthogonal analytical techniques, which include secondary and tertiary structure determination by far and near ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy. Charge and size heterogeneity were evaluated using CEX, isoelectric focusing (IEF), capillary-IEF, size exclusion chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and western blotting. Antigen binding affinity was assessed by enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay and rapid florescence foci inhibition test. Results from structural and physicochemical characterizations concluded that charge variants are formed due to posttranslational modification demonstrating that the charge heterogeneity, these charge variants did neither show any considerable physicochemical change nor affect its biological function. This study shows that charge variants are effective components of mAb and there is no need of deliberate removal, until biological functions of rabies mAb will get affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Divase
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sambhaji Pisal
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manjusha Sudhakar Dake
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Rajeev Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Jayanta Pal
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Duivelshof BL, Bouvarel T, Pirner S, Larraillet V, Knaupp A, Koll H, D’Atri V, Guillarme D. Enhancing Selectivity of Protein Biopharmaceuticals in Ion Exchange Chromatography through Addition of Organic Modifiers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16623. [PMID: 38068945 PMCID: PMC10706461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity among therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is considered an important critical quality attribute and requires careful characterization to ensure safe and efficacious drug products. The charge heterogeneity among mAbs is the result of chemical and enzymatic post-translational modifications and leads to the formation of acidic and basic variants that can be characterized using cation exchange chromatography (CEX). Recently, the use of mass spectrometry-compatible salt-mediated pH gradients has gained increased attention to elute the proteins from the charged stationary phase material. However, with the increasing antibody product complexity, more and more selectivity is required. Therefore, in this study, we set out to improve the selectivity by using a solvent-enriched mobile phase composition for the analysis of a variety of mAbs and bispecific antibody products. It was found that the addition of the solvents to the mobile phase appeared to modify the hydrate shell surrounding the protein and alter the retention behavior of the studied proteins. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the use of solvent-enriched mobile phase composition could be an attractive additional method parameter during method development in CEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Laurens Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bouvarel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hans Koll
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Ferencz E, Kelemen ÉK, Obreja M, Tóth G, Urkon M, Zöldhegyi A, Sipos E, Szabó ZI. The Applicability of Chromatographic Retention Modeling on Chiral Stationary Phases in Reverse-Phase Mode: A Case Study for Ezetimibe and Its Impurities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16097. [PMID: 38003286 PMCID: PMC10671152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic modeling is useful for predicting and modulating selectivity even in early chromatographic method development. This approach is also in accordance with current analytical quality using design principles and is highly welcomed by the authorities. The aim of this study was to investigate the separation behavior of two different types of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the separation of ezetimibe and its related substances using the mechanistic retention modeling approach offered by the Drylab software (version 4.5) package. Based on the obtained results, both CSPs presented with chemoselectivity towards the impurities of ezetimibe. The cyclodextrin-based CSP displayed a higher separation capacity and was able to separate seven related substances from the active pharmaceutical ingredient, while the cellulose-based column enabled the baseline resolution of six impurities from ezetimibe. Generally, the accuracy of predicted retention times was lower for the polysaccharide CSP, which could indicate the presence of additional secondary interactions between the analytes and the CSP. It was also demonstrated that the combination of mechanistic modeling and an experimental design approach can be applied to method development on CSPs in reverse-phase mode. The applicability of the methods was tested on spiked artificial placebo samples, while intraday and long-term (2 years) method repeatability was also challenged through comparing the obtained retention times and resolution values. The results indicated the excellent robustness of the selected setpoints. Overall, our findings indicate that the chiral columns could offer orthogonal selectivity to traditional reverse-phase columns for the separation of structurally similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elek Ferencz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Gedeon Richter Romania S.A., Analytical Development Department, 540306 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Éva-Katalin Kelemen
- Gedeon Richter Romania S.A., Analytical Development Department, 540306 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Mona Obreja
- Gedeon Richter Romania S.A., Analytical Development Department, 540306 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Urkon
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Arnold Zöldhegyi
- Molnár-Institute for Applied Chromatography, 10407 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emese Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Sz-imfidum Ltd., 525401 Lunga, Romania
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De Fauw K, Umelo IA, Teng X, Vlyminck S, Rivera G, Brigé A, Delangle A. Theoretical charge plots as a tool for targeted and accelerated ion exchange chromatography method development of NANOBODY Ⓡ molecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464137. [PMID: 37356365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
NANOBODYⓇ molecules are an innovative class of biotherapeutics based on heavy chain only VHH immunoglobulins. Much like canonical antibodies, they are prone to the formation of charge variants and other post-translational modifications, which can potentially impact their critical quality attributes. Therefore, establishing high-resolution product-specific methods, such as IEX chromatography, is essential for evaluating the purity of these molecules. However, due to the lower surface charge of NANOBODYⓇ molecules, their charge-based elution behavior can differ considerably from that of classical antibodies, resulting in a more extensive method development set-up for these smaller molecules. Using an initial pH screening gradient based on theoretical protein charge plots, we investigated the IEX retention behavior of eight NANOBODYⓇ molecules with a wide range of pI values (pI 5.0 to 10.0). Our findings reveal that the charge-based chromatographic behavior of NANOBODYⓇ molecules cannot be solely attributed to the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein. Rather, a molecule-specific charge threshold was identified as a critical parameter for NANOBODYⓇ molecule retention. Furthermore, the protein charge plot also showed that NANOBODYⓇ molecule elution can be characterized by a charge plateau where the net charge of the protein remains constant over a certain pH range (∼ pH 5.5 to pH 8.0), further challenging the paradigm that elution pH and pI are fixed values. The application of this theoretical approach using protein charge plots to define NANOBODYⓇ molecule charge threshold and charge plateau parameters, can reduce overall IEX method development turnaround time by at least 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken De Fauw
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Ijeoma A Umelo
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Xia Teng
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Silke Vlyminck
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Gustavo Rivera
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Ann Brigé
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Aurélie Delangle
- Sanofi Large Molecules Research, NANOBODY(Ⓡ) Research Platform, Analytics, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
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Spanov B, Baartmans B, Olaleye O, Nicolardi S, Govorukhina N, Wuhrer M, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1505-1513. [PMID: 36693954 PMCID: PMC9974696 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is known to be heterogeneous in terms of charge. Stressing trastuzumab under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C) increases charge heterogeneity further. Separation of charge variants of stressed trastuzumab at the intact protein level is challenging due to increasing complexity making it difficult to obtain pure charge variants for further characterization. Here we report an approach for revealing charge heterogeneity of stressed trastuzumab at the subunit level by pH gradient cation-exchange chromatography. Trastuzumab subunits were generated after limited proteolytic cleavage with papain, IdeS, and GingisKHAN®. The basic pI of Fab and F(ab)2 fragments allowed to use the same pH gradient for intact protein and subunit level analysis. Baseline separation of Fab subunits was obtained after GingisKHAN® and papain digestion and the corresponding modifications were determined by LC-MS/MS peptide mapping and middle-down MALDI-ISD FT-ICR MS. The described approach allows a comprehensive charge variant analysis of therapeutic antibodies that have two or more modification sites in the Fab region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Baartmans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Bioanalytical Laboratory, ICON, Amerikaweg 18, 9407 TK, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Krieg D, Winter G, Svilenov HL. It is never too late for a cocktail - Development and analytical characterization of fixed-dose antibody combinations. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2149-2157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Design of Experiment (DoE) for Optimization of HPLC Conditions for the Simultaneous Fractionation of Seven α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitors from Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors remain a subject of interest considering the latest findings showing their implication in wheat-related non-celiac sensitivity (NCWS). Understanding their functions in such a disorder is still unclear and for further study, the need for pure ATI molecules is one of the limiting problems. In this work, a simplified approach based on the successive fractionation of ATI extracts by reverse phase and ion exchange chromatography was developed. ATIs were first extracted from wheat flour using a combination of Tris buffer and chloroform/methanol methods. The separation of the extracts on a C18 column generated two main fractions of interest F1 and F2. The response surface methodology with the Doehlert design allowed optimizing the operating parameters of the strong anion exchange chromatography. Finally, the seven major wheat ATIs namely P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207 were recovered with purity levels (according to the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis) of 98.2 ± 0.7; 98.1 ± 0.8; 97.9 ± 0.5; 95.1 ± 0.8; 98.3 ± 0.4; 96.9 ± 0.5, and 96.2 ± 0.4%, respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed single peaks in each of the pure fractions and the mass analysis yielded deviations of 0.4, 1.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.9, and 0.1% between the theoretical and the determined masses of P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207, respectively. Overall, the study allowed establishing an efficient purification process of the most important wheat ATIs. This paves the way for further in-depth investigation of the ATIs to gain more knowledge related to their involvement in NCWS disease and to allow the absolute quantification in wheat samples.
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8
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Studying protein structure and function by native separation–mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:215-231. [PMID: 37117432 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein structure may have profound effects on biological function. Analytical techniques that permit characterization of proteins while maintaining their conformational and functional state are crucial for studying changes in the higher order structure of proteins and for establishing structure-function relationships. Coupling of native protein separations with mass spectrometry is emerging rapidly as a powerful approach to study these aspects in a reliable, fast and straightforward way. This Review presents the available native separation modes for proteins, covers practical considerations on the hyphenation of these separations with mass spectrometry and highlights the involvement of affinity-based separations to simultaneously obtain structural and functional information of proteins. The impact of these approaches is emphasized by selected applications addressing biomedical and biopharmaceutical research questions.
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Chapel S, Rouvière F, Guibal P, Mathieu D, Heinisch S. Development of a sub-hour on-line comprehensive cation exchange chromatography x RPLC method hyphenated to HRMS for the characterization of lysine-linked antibody-drug conjugates. Talanta 2021; 240:123174. [PMID: 35026643 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study details the development of on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) methods combining cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for the separation of the charge variants of a lysine-linked antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). This combination gives an excellent example of the potential benefits of 2D-LC approaches for the analysis of such complex protein formats. CEX is considered the reference technique for the separation of protein charge variants but its retention mechanism usually requires the use of a high concentration of non-volatile salts, which impedes its compatibility with MS detection. In this context, the use of an on-line 2D-LC-MS approach not only allows on-line desalting and indirect coupling of CEX with mass spectrometry (MS) detection but it also provides increased and complementary information within a single analysis. The first part of this study was devoted to the choice of stationary phases and the optimization of chromatographic conditions in both dimensions. Based on the results obtained in 1D-CEX with ultraviolet detection (UV) and 1D-RPLC with UV and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detections, an on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography method combining CEX and RPLC was developed. The last part of this study was devoted to the identification of the separated species using HRMS detection and in the comparison of three ADC samples exposed to different durations of thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Guibal
- Sanofi Aventis R&D, 1 Impasse des Ateliers, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Delphine Mathieu
- Sanofi Aventis R&D, 1 Impasse des Ateliers, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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Murisier A, Duivelshof BL, Fekete S, Bourquin J, Schmudlach A, Lauber MA, Nguyen JM, Beck A, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Towards a simple on-line coupling of ion exchange chromatography and native mass spectrometry for the detailed characterization of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462499. [PMID: 34487883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the direct hyphenation of cation exchange chromatography (CEX) with a compact, easy-to-use benchtop Time of Flight mass spectrometer (ToF/MS) for the analytical characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). For this purpose, a wide range of commercial mAb products (including expired samples and mAb biosimilars) were selected to draw reliable conclusions. From a chromatographic point of view, various buffers and column dimensions were tested. When considering pH response, buffer stability over time and MS compatibility, the best compromise is represented by the following recipe: 50 mM ammonium acetate, titrated to pH 5.0 (mobile phase A) and 160 mM ammonium acetate, titrated to pH 8.5 (mobile phase B). Despite the broader peaks observed with the 2.1 mm i.d. CEX column, this was preferentially selected for CEX-MS operation, since the efficiency loss (caused by extra-column dispersion) was still acceptable while MS compatibility was strongly enhanced (thanks to low flow rate). In terms of MS, it was important to avoid the use of glass-bottled mobile phases, laboratory glassware and glass vials to minimize loss of MS resolution, sensitivity, and mass accuracy due to metal contaminants. With this new CEX-MS setup, straightforward and rapid analysis (in less than 10 min) of charge variants was possible, allowing the separation and identification of several charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarande Murisier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien Bourquin
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Andrew Schmudlach
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Matthew A Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Jennifer M Nguyen
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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11
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Spanov B, Olaleye O, Lingg N, Bentlage AEH, Govorukhina N, Hermans J, van de Merbel N, Vidarsson G, Jungbauer A, Bischoff R. Change of charge variant composition of trastuzumab upon stressing at physiological conditions. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462506. [PMID: 34492576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cation-exchange chromatography is a widely used approach to study charge heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies. Heterogeneity may arise both in vitro and in vivo because of the susceptibility of monoclonal antibodies to undergo chemical modifications. Modifications may adversely affect the potency of the drug, induce immunogenicity or affect pharmacokinetics. In this study, we evaluated the application of optimized pH gradient systems for the separation of charge variants of trastuzumab after forced degradation study. pH gradient-based elution resulted in high-resolution separation of some 20 charge variants after 3 weeks at 37°C under physiological conditions. The charge variants were further characterized by LC-MS-based peptide mapping. There was no significant difference in the binding properties to HER2 or a range of Fcγ receptors between non-stressed and stressed trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Hermans
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Bioanalytical Laboratory, PRA Health Sciences, Early Development Services, Westerbrink 3, 9405 BJ Assen, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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12
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Fekete S, Murisier A, Lauber M, Guillarme D. Empirical correction of non-linear pH gradients and a tool for application to protein ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462320. [PMID: 34144399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This concept article reports a practical solution to improve the linearity of effluent pH response as observed in pH gradient cation exchange chromatography (CEX). When performing pH gradient CEX, it is not easy to develop buffer systems that will universally provide pH response proportional with the mobile phase (buffer) composition. It is an especially challenging pursuit when exploring MS compatible buffers (e.g. ammonium-acetate, ammonium-carbonate). In addition to "non-proportional" behavior from the mobile phase composition, the chromatographic column itself will sometimes impose an unpredictable impact on the effluent pH. Here, we propose a simple approach based on the on-line measurement of effluent pH response, conversion of pH to mobile phase volume fraction (φ) and then generation of the inverse response function in the time domain. In the end, when setting the inverse function as the gradient program instead of a linear gradient, an improved - ideally linear - pH response can be produced. A simple Excel tool was developed to assist analysts with this correction procedure, and it has been made available by download for public use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- Waters Corporation, located in CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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13
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, McAuley A, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Identification of critical chemical modifications by size exclusion chromatography of stressed antibody-target complexes with competitive binding. MAbs 2021; 13:1887612. [PMID: 33616001 PMCID: PMC7899689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1887612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical modifications (attributes) in the binding regions of stressed therapeutic proteins may affect binding to target and efficacy of therapeutic proteins. The method presented here describes the criticality assessment of therapeutic antibody modifications by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of competitive binding between a stressed antibody and its target, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), followed by SEC fractionation and peptide mapping characterization of bound and unbound antibodies. When stressed antibody and its target were mixed at a stoichiometric molar ratio of 1:2, only antibody-receptor complex eluted from SEC, indicating that binding was not decreased to break the complex. When a smaller amount of the receptor was provided (1:1), the antibody species with modifications reducing binding eluted as unbound from SEC, while the antibody-receptor complex eluted as the bound fraction. Peptide mapping revealed ratios of modifications between unbound and bound fractions. Statistical analysis after triplicate measurements (n = 3) indicated that heavy chain (HC) D102 isomerization and light chain (LC) N30 deamidation were four-fold higher in unbound fraction with high statistical significance. Although HC N55 deamidation and M107 oxidation were also abundant, they were not statistically different between unbound and bound. Our findings agree with previously published potency measurements of collected CEX fractions and the crystal structure of antibody and HER2. Overall, competitive SEC of stressed antibody-receptor mixture followed by peptide mapping is a useful tool in revealing critical residues and modifications involved in the antibody-target binding, even if they elute as a complex from SEC when mixed at 1:2 stoichiometric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Arnold McAuley
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.,Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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14
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Yüce M, Sert F, Torabfam M, Parlar A, Gürel B, Çakır N, Dağlıkoca DE, Khan MA, Çapan Y. Fractionated charge variants of biosimilars: A review of separation methods, structural and functional analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1152:238189. [PMID: 33648647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The similarity between originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibody candidates are rigorously assessed based on primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, and biological functions. Minor differences in such parameters may alter target-binding, potency, efficacy, or half-life of the molecule. The charge heterogeneity analysis is a prerequisite for all biotherapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies are prone to enzymatic or non-enzymatic structural modifications during or after the production processes, leading to the formation of fragments or aggregates, various glycoforms, oxidized, deamidated, and other degraded residues, reduced Fab region binding activity or altered FcR binding activity. Therefore, the charge variant profiles of the monoclonal antibodies must be regularly and thoroughly evaluated. Comparative structural and functional analysis of physically separated or fractioned charged variants of monoclonal antibodies has gained significant attention in the last few years. The fraction-based charge variant analysis has proved very useful for the biosimilar candidates comprising of unexpected charge isoforms. In this report, the key methods for the physical separation of monoclonal antibody charge variants, structural and functional analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance techniques were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Sert
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Milad Torabfam
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gürel
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Çakır
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu E Dağlıkoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Centre, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yılmaz Çapan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Jaag S, Shirokikh M, Lämmerhofer M. Charge variant analysis of protein-based biopharmaceuticals using two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461786. [PMID: 33326927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The profile of charge variants represents an important critical quality attribute of protein-based biopharmaceuticals, in particular of monoclonal antibodies, and must therefore becontrolled. In this work, 2D-LC methods for charge variant analysis were developed using a strong cation-exchange chromatography (SCX) as first dimension (1D) separation. Non-porous SCX (3 µm) particle columns and different mobile phases were evaluated using a test mixture of some standard proteins of different size and pI (comprising myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c, lysozyme and β-lactoglobulin) and two monoclonal IgG1 antibodies (NIST mAb and Secukinumab). The most promising 1D eluent for SCX was a salt-mediated pH-gradient system using a ternary mobile phase system with 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol and sodium chloride. For the second dimension (2D), a desalting reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) was chosen to enable the hyphenation of the charge variant separation with mass spectrometric (MS) detection. While for intact mAbs the 2D just served for desalting without additional selectivity, the 2D contributed some orthogonal selectivity for the mAb fragment separation. Various core-shell and monolithic columns were tested and variables such as gradient time and flow rate systematically optimized. Unexpectedly, a C4 400 Å column (3.4 µm diameter with 0.2 µm porous shell) provided higher peak capacities compared to the same 1000 Å column (2.7 µm diameter with 0.5 µm porous shell). A thinner shell appeared to be more advantageous than wider pores under high flow regime. An ultra-fast RP-LC method with a run time of one minute was developed using trifluoroacetic acid which was later replaced by formic acid as additive for better MS compatibility. The successful hyphenation of the two orthogonal separation modes, SCX and RP-LC, could be demonstrated in the multiple heart-cutting and the full comprehensive mode. MS analysis using a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight instrument enabled to identify different glycoforms and some major charge variants of the antibody at the intact protein level as well as on the subunit level (Fc/2, Lc, Fd') in a middle-up approach by 2D-LC-ESI-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jaag
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Shirokikh
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Goyon A, McDonald D, Fekete S, Guillarme D, Stella C. Development of an innovative salt-mediated pH gradient cation exchange chromatography method for the characterization of therapeutic antibodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1160:122379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Duivelshof BL, Murisier A, Camperi J, Fekete S, Beck A, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Therapeutic Fc-fusion proteins: Current analytical strategies. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:35-62. [PMID: 32914936 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fc-Fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products, with already 13 drugs approved in the European Union and United States as well as three biosimilar versions of etanercept. Fc-Fusion products combine tailored pharmacological properties of biological ligands, together with multiple functions of the fragment crystallizable domain of immunoglobulins. There is a great diversity in terms of possible biological ligands, including the extracellular domains of natural receptors, functionally active peptides, recombinant enzymes, and genetically engineered binding constructs acting as cytokine traps. Due to their highly diverse structures, the analytical characterization of Fc-Fusion proteins is far more complex than that of monoclonal antibodies and requires the use and development of additional product-specific methods over conventional generic/platform methods. This can be explained, for example, by the presence of numerous sialic acids, leading to high diversity in terms of isoelectric points and complex glycosylation profiles including multiple N- and O-linked glycosylation sites. In this review, we highlight the wide range of analytical strategies used to fully characterize Fc-fusion proteins. We also present case studies on the structural assessment of all commercially available Fc-fusion proteins, based on the features and critical quality attributes of their ligand-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Camperi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Baek J, Schwahn AB, Lin S, Pohl CA, De Pra M, Tremintin SM, Cook K. New Insights into the Chromatography Mechanisms of Ion-Exchange Charge Variant Analysis: Dispelling Myths and Providing Guidance for Robust Method Optimization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13411-13419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Baek
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | | | - Shanhua Lin
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Pohl
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | - Mauro De Pra
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, Germering 82110, Germany
| | - Stacy M. Tremintin
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States of America
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, U.K
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19
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Kruse T, Kampmann M, Rüddel I, Greller G. An alternative downstream process based on aqueous two-phase extraction for the purification of monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Farsang E, Horváth K, Beck A, Wang Q, Lauber M, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Impact of the column on effluent pH in cation exchange pH gradient chromatography, a practical study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461350. [PMID: 32797830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In ionexchange chromatography, the pH gradient mode becomes more and more popular today for the analysis of therapeutic proteins as this mode can provide higher or alternative selectivity to the commonly used salt gradient mode. Ideally, a linear pH response is expected when performing linear gradients. However up to now, only a very few buffer systems have been developed and are commercially available which can perform nearly linear pH responses when flowing through a given column. It is also known that a selected buffer system (mobile phase) can work well on one column but can fail on other column. The goal of this study was to practically evaluate the effects that ionexchange columns (weak and strong exchangers) might have on effluent pH, when performing linear pH gradient separations of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. To attain this objective, the pH was monitored on-line at the column outlet using a specific setup. To make comprehensive observations of the phenomenon, four different mobile phase conditions and five cation exchange columns (weak and strong exchangers) were employed. The obtained pH responses were systematically compared to responses measured in the absence of the columns. From this work, it has become clear that both the column and mobile phase can have significant effects on pH gradient chromatography and that their combination must be considered when developing a new method. Phase systems (column + mobile phase) providing linear pH responses are indeed the most suitable for separating mAbs with different isoelectric points and, with them, it is possible to elute mAbs across wide retention time ranges and with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Farsang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Horváth
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Alain Beck
- Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States; Current Address: Bristol Myers Squibb, 38 Jackson Rd, Devens, MA 01434, United States
| | - Matthew Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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21
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Farsang E, Guillarme D, Veuthey JL, Beck A, Lauber M, Schmudlach A, Fekete S. Coupling non-denaturing chromatography to mass spectrometry for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Pérez-Robles R, Cuadros-Rodríguez L, Salmerón-García A, Cabeza-Barrera J, Navas N. Intact charge variant analysis of ziv-aflibercept by cationic exchange liquid chromatography as a proof of concept: Comparison between volatile and non-volatile salts in the mobile phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Characterization of therapeutic proteins by cation exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry and top-down analysis. MAbs 2020; 12:1739825. [PMID: 32292112 PMCID: PMC7188404 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1739825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cation exchange chromatography (CEX) using aqueous volatile buffers was directly coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and applied for intact analysis of therapeutic proteins and antibodies. In our study, chemical modifications responsible for charge variants were identified by CEX-UV-MS for a monoclonal antibody (mAb), a bispecific antibody, and an Fc-fusion protein. We also report post-CEX column addition of organic solvent and acid followed by mixing at elevated temperatures, which unfolded proteins, increased ion intensity (sensitivity) and facilitated top-down analysis. mAb stressed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation was used as a model system, which produced additional CEX peaks. The on-line CEX-UV-MS top-down analysis produced gas-phase fragments containing one or two methionine residues. Oxidation of some methionine residues contributed to earlier (acidic), some to later (basic) eluting peaks, while oxidation of other residues did not change CEX elution. The abundance of the oxidized and non-oxidized fragment ions also allowed estimation of the oxidation percentage of different methionine residues in stressed mAb. CEX-UV-MS measurement revealed a new intact antibody proteoform at 5% that eluted as a basic peak and included paired modifications: high-mannose glycosylation and remaining C-terminal lysine residue (M5/M5 + K). This finding was confirmed by peptide mapping and on-column disulfide reduction coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography - top-down MS analysis of the collected basic peak. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of the on-line method in providing site-specific structural information of charge modifications without fraction collection and laborious peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S. Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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24
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A generic method for intact and subunit level characterization of mAb charge variants by native mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Tuning selectivity in cation-exchange chromatography applied for monoclonal antibody separations, part 2: Evaluation of recent stationary phases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 172:320-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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