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Cageling R, Carillo S, Boumeester AJ, Lubbers-Geuijen K, Bones J, Jooß K, Somsen GW. Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry for rapid charge-variant and glycoform assessment of monoclonal antibody biosimilar candidates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116301. [PMID: 38901155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage cell line screening is a vital step in developing biosimilars of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). While the quality of the manufactured antibodies is commonly assessed by charge-based separation methods employing UV absorbance detection, these methods lack the ability to identify resolved mAb variants. We evaluated the performance of microfluidic capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (MCE-MS) as a rapid tool for profiling mAb biosimilar candidates from clonal cell lines. A representative originator sample was used to develop the MCE-MS method. The addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the background electrolyte yielded up to 60-fold enhancement of the protein MS signal. The resulting electropherograms consistently provided resolution of mAb charge variants within 10 min. Deconvoluted mass spectra facilitated the identification of basic variants such as C-terminal lysine and proline amidation, while the acidic variants could be assigned to deamidated forms. The MCE-MS method also allowed the identification of 18 different glycoforms in biosimilar samples. To mimic early-stage cell line selection, samples from five clonal cell lines that all expressed the same biosimilar candidate mAb were compared to their originator mAb. Based on the similarity observed in charge variants and glycoform profiles acquired by MCE-MS, the most promising candidate could be selected. The MCE-MS method demonstrated good overall reproducibility, as confirmed by a transferability study involving two separate laboratories. This study highlights the efficacy of the MCE-MS method for rapid proteoform screening of clonal cell line samples, underscoring its potential significance as an analytical tool in biosimilar process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Cageling
- Analytical Development, Polpharma Biologics, Yalelaan 46, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Carillo
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Anja J Boumeester
- Analytical Development, Polpharma Biologics, Yalelaan 46, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Lubbers-Geuijen
- Analytical Development, Polpharma Biologics, Yalelaan 46, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Bones
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Isu S, Vinskus L, Silva D, Cunningham K, Elich T, Greenhalgh P, Sokolnicki A, Raghunath B. Leveraging bioanalytical characterization of fractionated monoclonal antibody pools to identify aggregation-prone and less filterable proteoforms during virus filtration. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3451. [PMID: 38450976 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an essential class of biotherapeutics. A platform process is used for mAb development to ensure clinically safe and stable molecules. Regulatory authorities ensure that mAb production processes include sufficient viral clearance steps to achieve less than one virus particle per million doses of product. Virus filtration is used for size-based removal of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses during downstream processing of mAbs. Process development in mAb purification relies on empirical approaches and often includes adsorptive prefiltration to mitigate virus filter fouling. Opportunities for molecular-level prediction of mAb filterability are needed to plug the existing knowledge gap in downstream processing. A molecular-level approach to understanding the factors influencing mAb filterability may reduce process development time, material loss, and processing costs due to oversized virus filters. In this work, pH step gradient fractionation was applied on polished bulk mAb feed to obtain concentrated pools of fractionated mAb variants. Biophysical properties and quality attributes of fractionated pools, including oligomeric state (size), isoelectric point profile, diffusion interaction parameters, and glycoform profile, were determined using bioanalytical methods. Filterability (loading and throughput) of fractionated pools were evaluated. Statistical methods were used to obtain correlations between quality attributes of mAb fractions and filterability on the Viresolve Pro virus filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Isu
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lilia Vinskus
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Silva
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Thomas Elich
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Adam Sokolnicki
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bala Raghunath
- Process Solutions, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Schairer J, Römer J, Lang D, Neusüß C. CE-MS/MS and CE-timsTOF to separate and characterize intramolecular disulfide bridges of monoclonal antibody subunits and their application for the assessment of subunit reduction protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1599-1612. [PMID: 38296860 PMCID: PMC10899284 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Characterization at the subunit level enables detailed mass spectrometric characterization of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The implemented reduction often leaves the intramolecular disulfide bridges intact. Here, we present a capillary electrophoretic (CE) method based on a neutral-coated capillary for the separation of immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) digested and reduced mAb subunits followed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS identification, and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (timsTOF). Our CE approach enables the separation of (i) different subunit moieties, (ii) various reduction states, and (iii) positional isomers of these partly reduced subunit moieties. The location of the remaining disulfide bridges can be determined by middle-down electron transfer higher energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) experiments. All these CE-separated variants show differences in ion mobility in the timsTOF measurements. Applying the presented CE-MS/MS method, reduction parameters such as the use of chaotropic salts were studied. For the investigated antibodies, urea improved the subunit reduction significantly, whereas guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) leads to multiple signals of the same subunit in the CE separation. The presented CE-MS method is a powerful tool for the disulfide-variant characterization of mAbs on the subunit level. It enables understanding disulfide bridge reduction processes in antibodies and potentially other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schairer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Zhen J, Lee J, Wang Y, McLaughlin L, Yang F, Li Z, Wang J. Characterization of N-Terminal Asparagine Deamidation and Clipping of a Monoclonal Antibody. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:59. [PMID: 37753973 PMCID: PMC10525203 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a novel degradation pathway of a human immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule featuring a light chain N-terminal asparagine. We thoroughly characterize this pathway and investigate its charge profiles using cation exchange chromatography (CEX) and capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). Beyond the well-documented asparagine deamidation into isoaspartic acid, aspartic acid, and succinimide intermediate, a previously unreported clipping degradation pathway is uncovered. This newly identified clipped N-terminal IgG variant exhibits a delayed elution in CEX, categorized as a "basic variant", while retaining the same main peak isoelectric point (pI) in cIEF. The influence of temperature and pH on N-terminal asparagine stability is assessed across various stressed conditions. A notable correlation between deamidation percentage and clipped products is established, suggesting a potential hydrolytic chemical reaction underlying the clipping process. Furthermore, the impact of N-terminal asparagine modifications on potency is evaluated through ELISA binding assays, revealing minimal effects on binding affinity. Sequence alignment reveals homology to a human IgG with the germline gene from Immunoglobulin Lambda Variable 6-57 (IGLV6-57), which has implications for amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. This discovery of the N-terminal clipping degradation pathway contributes to our understanding of immunoglobulin light chain misfolding and amyloid fibril deposition under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jihong Wang
- Department of Analytical Sciences, U.S. Technical & Biologics Development, Horizon Therapeutics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Wiesner R, Zagst H, Lan W, Bigelow S, Holper P, Hübner G, Josefsson L, Lancaster C, Lo L, Lößner C, Lu H, Neusüß C, Rüttiger C, Schlecht J, Schürrle P, Selsam A, van der Burg D, Wang SC, Zhu Y, Wätzig H, Sänger-van de Griend C. An interlaboratory capillary zone electrophoresis-UV study of various monoclonal antibodies, instruments, and ε-aminocaproic acid lots. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1247-1257. [PMID: 37079448 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis ultraviolet (CZE-UV) has become increasingly popular for the charge heterogeneity determination of mAbs and vaccines. The ε-aminocaproic acid (eACA) CZE-UV method has been used as a rapid platform method. However, in the last years, several issues have been observed, for example, loss in electrophoretic resolution or baseline drifts. Evaluating the role of eACA on the reported issues, various laboratories were requested to provide their routinely used eACA CZE-UV methods, and background electrolyte compositions. Although every laboratory claimed to use the He et al. eACA CZE-UV method, most methods actually deviate from He's. Subsequently, a detailed interlaboratory study was designed wherein two commercially available mAbs (Waters' Mass Check Standard mAb [pI 7] and NISTmAb [pI 9]) were provided to each laboratory, along with two detailed eACA CZE-UV protocols for a short-end, high-speed, and a long-end, high-resolution method. Ten laboratories participated each using their own instruments, and commodities, showing excellence method performance (relative standard deviations [RSDs] of percent time-corrected main peak areas from 0.2% to 1.9%, and RSDs of migration times from 0.7% to 1.8% [n = 50 per laboratory], analysis times in some cases as short as 2.5 min). This study clarified that eACA is not the main reason for the abovementioned variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wiesner
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wenkui Lan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Göran Hübner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | | - Lili Lo
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Huixin Lu
- Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Carolin Rüttiger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schürrle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alexander Selsam
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Debbie van der Burg
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Yunxiao Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Alhazmi HA, Albratty M. Analytical Techniques for the Characterization and Quantification of Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:291. [PMID: 37259434 PMCID: PMC9967501 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a fast-growing class of biopharmaceuticals. They are widely used in the identification and detection of cell makers, serum analytes, and pathogenic agents, and are remarkably used for the cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, or malignancies. The successful application of therapeutic mAbs is based on their ability to precisely interact with their appropriate target sites. The precision of mAbs rely on the isolation techniques delivering pure, consistent, stable, and safe lots that can be used for analytical, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications. During the creation of a biologic, the key quality features of a particular mAb, such as structure, post-translational modifications, and activities at the biomolecular and cellular levels, must be characterized and profiled in great detail. This implies the requirement of powerful state of the art analytical techniques for quality control and characterization of mAbs. Until now, various analytical techniques have been developed to characterize and quantify the mAbs according to the regulatory guidelines. The present review summarizes the major techniques used for the analyses of mAbs which include chromatographic, electrophoretic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods in addition to the modifications in these methods for improving the quality of mAbs. This compilation of major analytical techniques will help students and researchers to have an overview of the methodologies employed by the biopharmaceutical industry for structural characterization of mAbs for eventual release of therapeutics in the drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Candreva J, Esterman AL, Ge D, Patel P, Flagg SC, Das TK, Li X. Dual‐detection approach for a charge variant analysis of monoclonal antibody combination products using imaged capillary isoelectric focusing. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1701-1709. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Candreva
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Abbie L. Esterman
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Derek Ge
- Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Pritesh Patel
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Shannon C. Flagg
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Xue Li
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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10
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Peters B, Bautista J, Slaney TR, Guo H, Huang RY, Krause ME, Zeng M, Cheng J, Chen Z. Enzymatic removal of sialic acid enables iCIEF stability monitoring of charge variants of a highly sialylated bispecific antibody. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1059-1067. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Bautista
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Thomas R. Slaney
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Hongyue Guo
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Richard Y.‐C. Huang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization Bristol Myers Squibb Lawrence Township New Jersey USA
| | - Mary E. Krause
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Julie Cheng
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Zhi Chen
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
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11
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Process- and Product-Related Foulants in Virus Filtration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040155. [PMID: 35447715 PMCID: PMC9030149 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory authorities place stringent guidelines on the removal of contaminants during the manufacture of biopharmaceutical products. Monoclonal antibodies, Fc-fusion proteins, and other mammalian cell-derived biotherapeutics are heterogeneous molecules that are validated based on the production process and not on molecular homogeneity. Validation of clearance of potential contamination by viruses is a major challenge during the downstream purification of these therapeutics. Virus filtration is a single-use, size-based separation process in which the contaminating virus particles are retained while the therapeutic molecules pass through the membrane pores. Virus filtration is routinely used as part of the overall virus clearance strategy. Compromised performance of virus filters due to membrane fouling, low throughput and reduced viral clearance, is of considerable industrial significance and is frequently a major challenge. This review shows how components generated during cell culture, contaminants, and product variants can affect virus filtration of mammalian cell-derived biologics. Cell culture-derived foulants include host cell proteins, proteases, and endotoxins. We also provide mitigation measures for each potential foulant.
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12
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Suntornsuk L, Anurukvorakun O. Sensitivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis and their applications for analyses of pharmaceutical and related biochemical substances. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:939-954. [PMID: 34902168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to illustrate sensitivity enhancement methods in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and their applications for pharmaceutical and related biochemical substance analyses. The first two parts of the article describe the introduction and principle of CE. The main part focuses on strategies for sensitivity improvement in CE including detector and capillary technologies and pre-concentration techniques. Applications of these techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical substance analyses are surveyed during the years 2018-2021. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Anurukvorakun
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10220, Thailand
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13
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Capillary electrophoresis and the biopharmaceutical industry: Therapeutic protein analysis and characterization. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Cao L, Fabry D, Lan K. Rapid and comprehensive monoclonal antibody Characterization using microfluidic CE-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114251. [PMID: 34265486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and control of monoclonal antibody (mAb) critical quality attributes (CQAs) is a key component of quality by design (QbD). In this work, rapid peptide mapping and native intact charge variants analysis have been developed to comprehensively characterize and monitor mAb CQAs using a microfluidic capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry (CE-MS) platform. The ultrafast peptide mapping simultaneously analyzed multiple CQAs, including protein primary structure, oxidation, deamidation, succinimide, C-terminal lysine (Lys) clipping, N-terminal cyclization, and glycosylation. The microfluidic CE-MS based peptide mapping acquired results comparable to conventional but lengthy liquid chromatography - MS (LC-MS) based approach. The native intact analysis resolved mAb charge variants with a comparable resolution as commonly achieved using capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). Charge variants' identities were assigned based on characteristic mass shifts, knowledge learned from peptide mapping, and changes in electrophoretic mobility. Major mAb glycoforms of each charge variants were resolved and identified in the deconvoluted mass spectra. Furthermore, a model simulation was performed to reconstruct intact deconvoluted mass spectra using peptide mapping results. The reconstructed and experimentally determined intact deconvoluted mass spectra were highly correlated, suggesting that our data collected at the peptide level and intact level were consistent and highly comparable. Overall, the microfluidic CE-MS based peptide mapping and native intact charge variants analysis are high-throughput methods that have great potential to support biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - Daniel Fabry
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Kevin Lan
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
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15
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Zullo V, Iuliano A, Guazzelli L. Sugar-Based Ionic Liquids: Multifaceted Challenges and Intriguing Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:2052. [PMID: 33916695 PMCID: PMC8038380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates represent a promising option in transitioning from oil-based chemical resources to renewable ones, with the goal of developing chemistries for a sustainable future. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and largely available monosaccharides already provide useful chemical building blocks, so-called platform chemicals, such as levulinic acid and hydroxymethyl furfural, as well as solvents like cyrene or gamma-valerolactone. Therefore, there is great anticipation for novel applications involving materials and chemicals derived from sugars. In the field of ionic liquids (ILs), sugar-based ILs have been overlooked for a long time, mainly on account of their multistep demanding preparation. However, exploring new strategies for accessing sugar-based ILs, their study, and their exploitation, are attracting increasing interest. This is due to the growing concerns about the negative (eco)toxicity profile of most ILs in conjunction with their non-sustainable nature. In the present review, a literature survey concerning the development of sugar-based ILs since 2011 is presented. Their preparation strategies and thermal behavior analyses, sorted by sugar type, make up the first two sections with the intention to provide the reader with a useful guide. A final overview of the potential applications of sugar-based ILs and their future perspectives complement the present analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Zullo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.I.)
| | - Anna Iuliano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.I.)
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Wang H, Wu L, Wang C, Xu J, Yin H, Guo H, Zheng L, Shao H, Chen G. Biosimilar or Not: Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of MabThera and Its Two Biosimilar Candidates. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:790-801. [PMID: 33860202 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic biosimilar antibodies has become an important driving force of the modern biopharmaceutical industry. In this study, physiochemical characteristics (amino acid sequence, intact/subunit molecular weight, isoelectric point, post-translation modification, and disulfide linkage pattern), purity (charge variants, high and low molecular weight variants), antigen binding activity, Fc receptor binding affinity and Fc-effector function (CDC and ADCC) were analyzed by using an extensive set of state-of-the-art and orthogonal analytical technologies to provide a comprehensive characterization of the innovative product rituximab and two biosimilar candidates. The similarity study showed that biosimilar candidate 1 (BC1) and the reference product (RP) MabThera had an identical protein amino acid sequences and highly similar primary structures along with similar purity, heterogeneity profiles, antigen binding activity, Fc receptor binding affinity, and Fc-effector functions. Biosimilar candidate 2 (BC2), which had an amino acid replacement at a constant region, a different N-glycosylation profiling, and purity, was not analytically similar to RP. Although BC2 showed improvement such as an increased level of afucose, another IgG1 allotype, and similar biological activities, it was not recommended to be applied as a biosimilar compound in drug registration because the biosimilar manufacturer must first show that its primary structure was identical to that of RP. Our physicochemical characterizations and bioassay comparability study provided a deepened understanding of the structure-function relationship of quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linping Wu
- Shanghai Frontier Health Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Can Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongrui Yin
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
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17
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Yüce M, Sert F, Torabfam M, Parlar A, Gürel B, Çakır N, Dağlıkoca DE, Khan MA, Çapan Y. Fractionated charge variants of biosimilars: A review of separation methods, structural and functional analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1152:238189. [PMID: 33648647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The similarity between originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibody candidates are rigorously assessed based on primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, and biological functions. Minor differences in such parameters may alter target-binding, potency, efficacy, or half-life of the molecule. The charge heterogeneity analysis is a prerequisite for all biotherapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies are prone to enzymatic or non-enzymatic structural modifications during or after the production processes, leading to the formation of fragments or aggregates, various glycoforms, oxidized, deamidated, and other degraded residues, reduced Fab region binding activity or altered FcR binding activity. Therefore, the charge variant profiles of the monoclonal antibodies must be regularly and thoroughly evaluated. Comparative structural and functional analysis of physically separated or fractioned charged variants of monoclonal antibodies has gained significant attention in the last few years. The fraction-based charge variant analysis has proved very useful for the biosimilar candidates comprising of unexpected charge isoforms. In this report, the key methods for the physical separation of monoclonal antibody charge variants, structural and functional analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance techniques were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Sert
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Milad Torabfam
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gürel
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Çakır
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu E Dağlıkoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Centre, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yılmaz Çapan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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18
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Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Electrophoresis: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are dominating the biopharmaceutical field due to the fact of their high specificity in the treatment of diverse diseases. Nevertheless, mAbs are very complex glycoproteins exhibiting several macro- and microheterogeneities that may affect their safety, quality, and efficacy. This complexity is very challenging for mAbs development, formulation, and quality control. To tackle the quality issue, a combination of multiple analytical approaches is necessary. In this perspective, capillary electrophoresis has gained considerable interest over the last decade due to the fact of its complementary features to chromatographic approaches. This review provides an overview of the strategies of mAbs and derivatives analysis by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry detection. The main sample preparation approaches used for mAb analytical characterization (i.e., intact, middle-up/down, and bottom-up) are detailed. The different electrophoretic modes used as well as integrated analysis approaches (sample preparation and separation) are critically discussed.
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19
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Xu H, Feng Z, Du Y. Synthesis, application and molecular modeling study of ionic liquid functionalized lactobionic acid, 3-methyl-1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium lactobionate, as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2020; 145:1025-1032. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid MSI-LA was used as the sole chiral selector, both cation and anion contribute in forming interactions with enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
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