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Pinckaers NET, Blankesteijn WM, Mircheva A, Shi X, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Vrolijk MF. In Vitro Activation of Human Adrenergic Receptors and Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 by Phenethylamine Analogues Present in Food Supplements. Nutrients 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 38892500 PMCID: PMC11174489 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-workout supplements are popular among sport athletes and overweight individuals. Phenethylamines (PEAs) and alkylamines (AA) are widely present in these supplements. Although the health effects of these analogues are not well understood yet, they are hypothesised to be agonists of adrenergic (ADR) and trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Therefore, we aimed to pharmacologically characterise these compounds by investigating their activating properties of ADRs and TAAR1 in vitro. The potency and efficacy of the selected PEAs and AAs was studied by using cell lines overexpressing human ADRα1A/α1B/α1D/α2a/α2B/β1/β2 or TAAR1. Concentration-response relationships are expressed as percentages of the maximal signal obtained by the full ADR agonist adrenaline or the full TAAR1 agonist phenethylamine. Multiple PEAs activated ADRs (EC50 = 34 nM-690 µM; Emax = 8-105%). Almost all PEAs activated TAAR1 (EC50 = 1.8-92 µM; Emax = 40-104%). Our results reveal the pharmacological profile of PEAs and AAs that are often used in food supplements. Several PEAs have strong agonistic properties on multiple receptors and resemble potencies of the endogenous ligands, indicating that they might further stimulate the already activated sympathetic nervous system in exercising athletes via multiple mechanisms. The use of supplements containing one, or a combination of, PEA(s) may pose a health risk for their consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. T. Pinckaers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Mircheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Shi
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F. Vrolijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Erickson JL, Tinsley GM, Garner D, Galpin AJ. Prevalence of adulteration in dietary supplements and recommendations for safe supplement practices in sport. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1239121. [PMID: 37841887 PMCID: PMC10570429 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1239121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes continues to rise with 60-80% of athletes often reporting current or previous use of dietary supplements. While select dietary ingredients have been shown to improve acute performance and enhance training adaptations over time, it is important to still consider the risk vs. reward for athletes before opting to consume a dietary supplement. Previous work has indicated that certain dietary supplements may pose risks for inadvertent doping, may be susceptible to mislabelling, could be banned by certain governing bodies of sport, or pose health risks for certain populations. The purpose of the current narrative review is to summarize the prevalence of adulteration in dietary sport supplement products, outline the risks of inadvertent doping for athletes, and highlight best practices regarding safe supplementation strategies. Analytical studies have found anywhere from 14 to 50% of samples analyzed from dietary supplement products have tested positive for anabolic agents or other prohibited substances. It is important for the consumer to adhere to safe supplementation strategies, which include following serving size recommendations, cross-referencing ingredient profiles with the list of prohibited substances, choosing quality products that have been verified by a third-party certification program, and being cognizant of consuming multiple dietary supplement products with overlapping ingredient profiles. Once these practices have been considered, it is reasonable for an athlete to utilize dietary supplements as a strategy to optimize performance and health, with a low risk of failing a drug test (adverse analytical finding) and experiencing adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Dan Garner
- BioMolecular Athlete, LLC., Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Andrew J. Galpin
- BioMolecular Athlete, LLC., Wilmington, DE, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, CA, United States
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Zeng Z, Jin S, Xiang X, Yuan H, Jin Y, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Yang M, Zhang L, Huang R, Song C. Dynamical changes of tea metabolites fermented by Aspergillus cristatus, Aspergillus neoniger and mixed fungi: A temporal clustering strategy for untargeted metabolomics. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112992. [PMID: 37316065 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dark tea fermentation involves various fungi, but studies focusing on the mixed fermentation in tea remain limited. This study investigated the influences of single and mixed fermentation on the dynamical alterations of tea metabolites. The differential metabolites between unfermented and fermented teas were determined using untargeted metabolomics. Dynamical changes in metabolites were explored by temporal clustering analysis. Results indicated that Aspergillus cristatus (AC) at 15 days, Aspergillus neoniger (AN) at 15 days, and mixed fungi (MF) at 15 days had respectively 68, 128 and 135 differential metabolites, compared with unfermentation (UF) at 15 days. Most of metabolites in the AN or MF group showed a down-regulated trend in cluster 1 and 2, whereas most of metabolites in the AC group showed an up-regulated trend in cluster 3 to 6. The three key metabolic pathways mainly composed of flavonoids and lipids included flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. Based on the dynamical changes and metabolic pathways of the differential metabolites, AN showed a predominant status in MF compared with AC. Together, this study will advance the understanding of dynamic changes in tea fermentation and provide valuable insights into the processing and quality control of dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuna Jin
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingliang Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Meilan District, 570228 Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuehui Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingxin Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongzeng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Chengwu Song
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjiahu West Road, Hongshan District, 430065 Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA,70113th Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA,Corresponding author. RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA.
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Osman A, Chittiboyina AG, Avula B, Ali Z, Adams SJ, Khan IA. Quality Consistency of Herbal Products: Chemical Evaluation. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 122:163-219. [PMID: 37392312 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The widespread utility of herbal products has been rising considerably worldwide, including both developed and developing countries, leading to the rapid growth of their availability in the United States and globally. This substantial increase in consumption of herbal products has witnessed the emergence of adverse effects upon oral administration of certain of these products, and thus has raised safety concerns. The adverse effects caused by the consumption of certain botanical medicines occur primarily as a result of the poor quality of plant raw materials or the finished products, which inherently may affect safety and/or efficacy. The poor quality of some herbal products can be attributed to a lack of proper quality assurance and quality control. A high demand for herbal products that surpasses production, combined with a desire for maximizing profits, along with a lack of rigorous quality control within some manufacturing facilities have led to the emergence of quality inconsistencies. The underlying causes for this involve the misidentification of plant species, or their substitution, adulteration, or contamination with harmful ingredients. Analytical assessments have revealed there to be frequent and significant compositional variations between marketed herbal products. The inconsistency of the quality of herbal products can be ascribed essentially to the inconsistency of the botanical raw material quality used to manufacture the products. Thus, the quality assurance and the quality control of the botanical raw materials is may contribute significantly to improving the quality and consistency of the quality of the end products. The current chapter focuses on the chemical evaluation of quality and consistency of herbal products, including botanical dietary supplements. Different techniques, instruments, applications, and methods used in identifying, quantifying, and generating chemical fingerprints and chemical profiles of the ingredients of the herbal products will be described. The strengths and weaknesses of the various techniques available will be addressed. Limitations of the other approaches including morphological or microscopic analysis and DNA-based analysis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Osman
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Sebastian J Adams
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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Cohen PA, Avula B, Katragunta K, Khan I. Recalls, Availability, and Content of Dietary Supplements Following FDA Warning Letters. JAMA 2022; 328:393-395. [PMID: 35881132 PMCID: PMC9327580 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.9734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the frequency of product recalls and the presence of FDA-prohibited drugs in supplements after FDA warning letters.
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Dietary Supplements as Source of Unintentional Doping. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8387271. [PMID: 35496041 PMCID: PMC9054437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8387271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The substances used in sport could be divided into two major groups: those banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and those which are not. The prohibited list is extremely detailed and includes a wide variety of both medicinal and nonmedicinal substances. Professional athletes are exposed to intense physical overload every day. They follow a relevant food regime and take specific dietary supplements, which is essential for the better recovery between trainings and competitions. However, the use of “nonprohibited” dietary supplements (DS) is not always completely safe. One of the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements is the risk of unintended doping—originating from contaminated products. The presence of undeclared compounds in the composition of DS is a serious concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of unintentional doping. Materials and Methods Literature search was done through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies investigating the presence of undeclared compounds, in dietary supplements, banned by WADA met the inclusion criteria. The last search was conducted in June 2021. The present review is based on a total of 50 studies, which investigated the presence of undeclared compounds in DS. Results The total number of analyzed DS is 3132, 875 of which were found to contain undeclared substances. Most frequently found undeclared substances are sibutramine and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Conclusion More than 28% of the analyzed dietary supplements pose a potential risk of unintentional doping. Athletes and their teams need to be aware of the issues associated with the use of DS. They should take great care before inclusion of DS in the supplementation regime.
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Determination of caffeine in dietary supplements by miniaturized portable liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1664:462770. [PMID: 34979283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study three miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) instruments have been evaluated and compared for the analysis of caffeine in dietary supplements, namely a benchtop capillary LC (capLC) system, a benchtop nano LC (nanoLC)system and a portable LC system. Commercial products derived from different sources of caffeine have been analyzed. Under optimized conditions, the methods based on benchtop systems were superior in terms of sensitivity. The limits of detection (LODs) found with the capLC and nanoLC systems were 0.01 and 0.003 µg mL-1, respectively, whereas the LOD obtained with the portable LC instrument was of 1 µg mL-1. The portable LC-based method was superior in terms of simplicity and throughput (total analysis time < 15 min). On the basis of the results obtained, a new method for the rapid measurement of caffeine in dietary supplements by portable miniaturized LC is presented. This method provided good linearity within the 1-20 µg mL-1 interval, and it allowed the quantification of caffeine even in products derived from decaffeinated green coffee extracts. The contents of caffeine found with the proposed portable LC method in the real samples analyzed ranged from 1.38 to 7 mg per gram of product, which were values statistically equivalent to those found with the benchtop capLC and nanoLC methods, being the precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RDS), of 2 -14% (n = 3). The proposed portable LC based method can be used as a simple and rapid alternative to estimate the quality, effectiveness and safety of dietary supplements, regarding their caffeine content.
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Cohen PA, Ellison RR, Travis JC, Gaufberg SV, Gerona R. Quantity of phenibut in dietary supplements before and after FDA warnings. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:486-488. [PMID: 34550038 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1973020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phenibut is used to treat anxiety, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal and other conditions in Russia. The drug, however, has abuse potential and may cause lethargy, delirium, psychosis and coma. In the United States (US), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has never approved the use of phenibut as a prescription medication, but the drug is available over-the-counter in dietary supplements. More than 80 cases of coma and death have been associated with phenibut consumption and withdrawal, and the FDA recently warned that the drug is not permitted in over-the-counter supplements. We designed our study to determine the presence and quantity of phenibut in over-the-counter supplements before and after the FDA warnings. METHODS Phenibut products were included if they (a) listed phenibut or a synonym as an ingredient on the label, (b) were labeled as a dietary supplement, and (c) were available for sale both before and after the FDA warning. Supplements were analyzed by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry; quantification was performed by isotope dilution method. RESULTS Four brands of dietary supplements labeled as containing phenibut met the inclusion criteria. Prior to the FDA warnings, two of the four brands contained phenibut, at dosages of 484 mg and 487 mg per serving. After the FDA warning, all four products contained phenibut, ranging in dosages from 21 mg to 1,164 mg per serving. Phenibut was first detected only after the FDA warnings in two brands, and the quantity of phenibut increased in three of four products after the FDA warnings. Quantities detected per dose were as much as 450% greater than a typical 250 mg pharmaceutical tablet manufactured in Russia. CONCLUSION Following FDA issuing an advisory that phenibut is not permitted in dietary supplements, the quantity of phenibut increased in 3 of 4 brands of over-the-counter phenibut supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Somerville, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ross R Ellison
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Slava V Gaufberg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roy Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Cohen PA, Travis JC, Vanhee C, Ohana D, Venhuis BJ. Nine prohibited stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: deterenol, phenpromethamine (Vonedrine), oxilofrine, octodrine, beta-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA) and higenamine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:975-981. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1894333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Somerville, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Céline Vanhee
- Department of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, Belgium
| | - Dana Ohana
- Health Protection Center, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Venhuis
- Health Protection Center, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Sobiech M, Giebułtowicz J, Luliński P. Application of Magnetic Core-Shell Imprinted Nanoconjugates for the Analysis of Hordenine in Human Plasma-Preliminary Data on Pharmacokinetic Study after Oral Administration. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14502-14512. [PMID: 33227193 PMCID: PMC7735731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we developed and validated a new analytical method to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of hordenine in plasma samples of human volunteers after oral administration of hordenine-rich dietary supplements. For this purpose, a magnetic molecularly imprinted sorbent was fabricated and characterized. The application of a magnetic susceptible material facilitates pretreatment step while working with a highly complex sample, reducing time and costs. An optimized, fast, and reliable separation step was combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, providing an analytical method for analysis of hordenine in human plasma after dietary supplement intake. The method was validated (lower limit of quantification of 0.05 μg/L), enabling the pharmacokinetic profile of hordenine to be determined. The highest concentration of hordenine was noted after 65 ± 14 min, reaching the value of 16.4 ± 7.8 μg/L. The average t1/2 was 54 ± 19 min. The apparent volume of distribution was 6000 ± 2600 L (66 ± 24 L/kg when adjusted for weight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sobiech
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department
of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Luliński
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Crawford C, Wang YH, Avula B, Bae JY, Khan IA, Deuster PA. The scoop on brain health dietary supplement products containing huperzine A. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 58:991-996. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1713337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Crawford
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ji-Yeong Bae
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Patricia A. Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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