1
|
Liu X, Yang Z, Liu J, Xiao W, Li H. A detection system for serum cholesterol based on the fluorescence color detection of beta-cyclodextrin-capped gold nanoclusters. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123769. [PMID: 38128329 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the major markers for cardiovascular diseases. Herein, a portable cholesterol measurement system based on fluorescence color detection was constructed by combining the high sensitivity of fluorescence analysis with the ease of color sensing to determine low levels of serum cholesterol. Cyclodextrin capping gold nanoclusters with blue-green emission were used as fluorescent probes because cholesterol exposure induced fluorescence enhancement of the probe due to the host-guest inclusion interaction between cholesterol and the cavity of cyclodextrin. The integrated sensing system consisted of modules including a microprocessor, a power supply, an LED light with a constant current source, an RGB color sensor, a display, and a darkroom. All the modules except the display screen were placed in a 3D printing darkroom to avoid interference from ambient light. An RGB color sensor TCS230 was applied to capture the RGB signals of the fluorescent color of the probe solution before and after cholesterol addition. Then the obtained RGB signals were converted into the signals in Hue, Saturation, and Value (HSV) color space with a central control chip STM32F407. The Hue value of the fluorescent color of the solution can discriminate the concentration change of cholesterol. Experimental results demonstrate that the system responds linearly to cholesterol in the concentration range of 20.00 ∼ 150.00 μmol·L-1 with a detection limit of 16.07 μmol·L-1 (3σ, n = 3). The detection of the system has good consistency and accuracy compared with the standard instrument, showing potential for the detection of low levels of serum cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenxiang Xiao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biomedical Sensing and Intelligent Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hua Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Biomedical Sensing and Intelligent Instrument, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ndhlala AR, Kavaz Yüksel A, Çelebi N, Doğan HÖ. A General Review of Methodologies Used in the Determination of Cholesterol (C 27H 46O) Levels in Foods. Foods 2023; 12:4424. [PMID: 38137228 PMCID: PMC10742886 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol (C27H46O) is a lipid-derived substance found in lipoproteins and cell membranes. It is also one of the main sources for the production of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Today, foods are evaluated by consumers not only according to their taste and nutritional content but also according to their effects on consumer health. For example, many consumers choose foods according to their cholesterol level. The cholesterol in the food can directly affect the blood cholesterol level when consumed, which can lead to cardiovascular diseases. High levels of cholesterol can lead to diet-related human diseases such as cardiac arrest, paralysis, type II diabetes, and cerebral hemorrhage. In societies with high living standards, interest in and consumption of foods that lower or have low cholesterol levels have increased recently. Accordingly, efforts to increase the variety of foods with reduced cholesterol levels are on the rise. This has indirectly led to the accurate measurement of cholesterol levels in blood and food being of great importance. Classical chemical, enzymatic, colorimetric, polarographic, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric methods; enzymatic, nonenzymatic, and electrochemical sensors; and biosensors are used for the determination of cholesterol in foods. The purpose of this review is to reveal and explore current and future trends in cholesterol detection methods in foods. This review will summarize the most appropriate and standard methods for measuring cholesterol in biological components and foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwell R. Ndhlala
- Green Biotechnologies Research Centre, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - Arzu Kavaz Yüksel
- Department of Food Technology, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Çelebi
- Department of Chemical Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (H.Ö.D.)
| | - Hülya Öztürk Doğan
- Department of Chemical Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (H.Ö.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Watanabe EY, Gevaerd A, Caetano FR, Marcolino-Junior LH, Bergamini MF. An electrochemical microfluidic device for non-enzymatic cholesterol determination using a lab-made disposable electrode. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [PMID: 37469272 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important steroid and hormone precursor, and its levels in the blood are associated with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In this work, a non-enzymatic methodology for cholesterol determination in serum samples is described. First, a working electrode was constructed using homemade ink and a plastic substrate by a simple dunking process. Next, the dunked electrode (DWE) was modified with nickel ions (Ni-DWE) and combined with a low-cost microfluidic platform, resulting in a thread-based electroanalytical device (μTED). The arrangement of μTED consists of two coupled electrodes (one reference in the inlet reservoir and an auxiliary electrode against the outlet reservoir) and a mobile support for facile working electrode exchange. After optimization of construction parameters, the system was applied for non-enzymatic determination of cholesterol under alkaline conditions using the redox pair Ni(II)/Ni(III) as a mediator. Under the best analytical conditions, a calibration curve was constructed with a linear dynamic range (LDR) from 0.25 to 25.0 μmol L-1, and the calculated limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.074 and 0.24 μmol L-1, respectively. No effects of possible interferents on electrochemical response were found in the presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, cysteine, and glucose, suggesting that the proposed device can be used for the determination of cholesterol without significant matrix effects of human plasma. Finally, cholesterol analysis was carried out using spiked plasma samples, and good recovery values were achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Yamagutti Watanabe
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE) - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, CEP 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
| | - Ava Gevaerd
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE) - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, CEP 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
- Hilab, Rua José Altair Possebom, 800, Curitiba, CEP 81270-185, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabio Roberto Caetano
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE) - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, CEP 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Humberto Marcolino-Junior
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE) - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, CEP 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Fernando Bergamini
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE) - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, CEP 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Electrochemical devices for cholesterol detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115195. [PMID: 36493575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol can be considered as a biomarker of illnesses such as heart and coronary artery diseases or arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the fast determination of its concentration in blood is interesting as a means of achieving an early diagnosis of these unhealthy conditions. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become a potential tool for selective and sensitive detection of this biomolecule, combining the analytical advantages of electrochemical techniques with the selective recognition features of modified electrodes. This review covers the different approaches carried out in the development of electrochemical sensors for cholesterol, differentiating between enzymatic biosensors and non-enzymatic systems, highlighting lab-on-a-chip devices. A description of the different modification procedures of the working electrode has been included and the role of the different functional materials used has been discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Han B, Guan H, Song Y, Liu Y. Radix Pueraria Flavonoids Assisted Green Synthesis of Reduced Gold Nanoparticles: Application for Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Detection of Cholesterol in Food Samples. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43045-43054. [PMID: 36467921 PMCID: PMC9713785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using radix pueraria flavonoids (RPFs) as a reducing and stabilizing agent, we report a simple, cost-effective, and ecologically friendly green synthesis technique for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the present study. Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations were used to characterize the AuNPs. The results demonstrated that the produced AuNPs were nearly spherical and that their particle sizes had a mean diameter of 4.85 ± 0.75 nm. The "Green" AuNPs, exhibiting remarkable peroxidase-like activity and Michaelis-Menten kinetics with high affinity for H2O2 and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), were effectively applied to the fabrication of a sensitive nonenzymatic enhanced electrochemical sensor for the detection of cholesterol (Cho). Under optimum circumstances, it was possible to establish two linear ranges of 1-100 and 250-5000 μmol/L with a detection limit of 0.259 μmol/L (signal/noise ratio (S/N) = 3). The suggested sensor was utilized with satisfactory findings to determine the amount of Cho in food samples.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmad M, Nisar A, Sun H. Emerging Trends in Non-Enzymatic Cholesterol Biosensors: Challenges and Advancements. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:955. [PMID: 36354463 PMCID: PMC9687930 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of a highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for precise and accurate determination of multiple disease biomarkers has always been challenging and demanding. The synthesis of novel materials has provided opportunities to fabricate dependable biosensors. In this perspective, we have presented and discussed recent challenges and technological advancements in the development of non-enzymatic cholesterol electrochemical biosensors and recent research trends in the utilization of functional nanomaterials. This review gives an insight into the electrochemically active nanomaterials having potential applications in cholesterol biosensing, including metal/metal oxide, mesoporous metal sulfide, conductive polymers, and carbon materials. Moreover, we have discussed the current strategies for the design of electrode material and key challenges for the construction of an efficient cholesterol biosensor. In addition, we have also described the current issues related to sensitivity and selectivity in cholesterol biosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mashkoor Ahmad
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Nisar
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A New Electrocatalytic System Based on Copper (II) Chloride and Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles in 3D Printed Microfluidic Flow Cell for Enzymeless and Low-Potential Cholesterol Detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
8
|
Rabbani SS, Nisar A, Zafar A, Liu Y, Sun H, Karim S, Hussain S, Shah AU, Hussain SZ, Mehboob N, Yu Y, Ahmad M. Mesoporous NiCo 2S 4nanoflakes as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for non-enzymatic detection of cholesterol. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:375502. [PMID: 35749132 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac75fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cholesterol is very crucial in clinical diagnosis for rapid and accurate monitoring of multiple disease-biomarkers. There is a great need for construction of a highly reliable and stable electrocatalyst for the efficient detection of cholesterol. In this work, mesoporous NiCo2S4nanoflakes of enhanced electrochemical properties are prepared through a facile hydrothermal approach. The developed nanoflakes modified nickel foam electrode exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic properties for the detection of cholesterol with high selectivity. The electrode displays excellent sensitivity of 8623.6μA mM-1cm-2, in the wide linear range from 0.01 to 0.25 mM with a low detection limit of 0.01μM. In addition, NiCo2S4structure reveals good thermal stability and reproducibility over a period of 8 weeks. Moreover, the nanoflakes show good response for detection of cholesterol in real samples. Our results demonstrate the potential use of NiCo2S4as a catalyst for the development of cost-effective electrochemical sensors for medical and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Sughra Rabbani
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Physics, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Nisar
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Amina Zafar
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Central Analytical Facility Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yanguo Liu
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shafqat Karim
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shafqat Hussain
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ullah Shah
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | | | - Nasir Mehboob
- Department of Physics, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Yanlong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, 163318, People's Republic of China
| | - Mashkoor Ahmad
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ratiometric Fluorescence Probe of Vesicle-like Carbon Dots and Gold Clusters for Quantitation of Cholesterol. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile method for the preparation of vesicle-like carbon dots (VCDs) via dry-heating of surfactant solutions. Like most reported CDs, the VCDs possess interesting fluorescence properties. Entrapment of enzymes and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) inside the VCDs allows for the development of fluorescent probes for the quantitation of various substrates, with the advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity. The AuNCs act as a probe, and the VCDs as an internal standard confine the AuNCs, enzyme, and analyte to provide high local concentrations to enhance the assay sensitivity. In this study, we employed cholesterol oxidase (ChOX) as a model enzyme for the quantitation of cholesterol. The as-formed hydrogen peroxide through the enzyme reaction inside the VCDs causes fluorescence quenching of AuNCs (excitation/emission wavelengths of 320/670 nm), but not that of the VCDs (excitation/emission wavelengths of 320/400 nm). To improve the sensitivity and linearity, the fluorescence ratios of AuNCs/VCDs are plotted against analyte concentration. The present ratiometric fluorescent method allows for the detection of hydrogen peroxide over the concentration range of 1–100 μM, with a detection limit of 0.673 μM, and cholesterol concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 μM, with a detection limit of 2.8 μM. The practicality of this fluorescent method has been further validated by evaluating cholesterol levels in human serum samples with sufficient accuracy and recovery, revealing its great prospective in diagnosis and biomedical applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Innovative Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Quantification of Cholesterol. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030828. [PMID: 35161581 PMCID: PMC8839973 DOI: 10.3390/s22030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of the Liebermann–Burchard reaction in this study has been explored in the development of a simple, reliable, and robust quantitative electrochemical method to assay cholesterol, and hence provide a good alternative to colorimetric methods. The optimization of batch mode operation for electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol in the Liebermann–Burchard reagents included the applied potential and acidic volume. Tested using chronoamperometry, the developed method showed a high sensitivity (14.959 μA mM−1) and low detection limit (19.78 nM) over a 0.025–3 mM concentration range, with remarkable linearity (R2 = 0.999), proving an analytical performance either higher or comparable to most of the cholesterol sensors discussed in literature. The influence of possible interfering bioactive agents, namely, glucose, uric acid, ascorbic acid, KCl and NaCl, has been evaluated with no or negligible effects on the measurement of cholesterol. Our study was directed at finding a new approach to chemical processing arising from the use of external potential as an additional level of control for chemical reactions and the transfer of electrons between surfaces and molecules. Finally, the optimized method was successfully applied for the determination of cholesterol content in real blood samples.
Collapse
|
11
|
Thakur N, Gupta D, Mandal D, Nagaiah TC. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for dopamine and cholesterol: recent advances, challenges and strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13084-13113. [PMID: 34811563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate determination of the dopamine (neurotransmitter) and cholesterol level in bio-fluids is significant because they are crucial bioanalytes for several lethal diseases, which require early diagnosis. The level of DA in the brain is modulated by the dopamine active transporter (DAT), and is influenced by cholesterol levels in the lipid membrane environment. Accordingly, electrochemical biosensors offer rapid and accurate detection and exhibit unique features such as low detection limits even with reduced volumes of analyte, affordability, simple handling, portability and versatility, making them appropriate to deal with augmented challenges in current clinical and point-of-care diagnostics for the determination of dopamine (DA) and cholesterol. This feature article focuses on the development of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cholesterol and DA for real-time and onsite applications that can detect targeted analytes with reduced volumes and sub-picomolar concentrations with quick response times. Furthermore, the development of ultrasensitive biosensors via cost-effective, simple fabrication procedures, displaying high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and good stability is significant in the impending era of electrochemical biosensing. Herein, we emphasize on recent advanced nanomaterials used for the ultrasensitive detection of DA and cholesterol and discuss in depth their electrochemical activities towards ultrasensitive responses. Key points describing future perspectives and the challenges during detection with their probable solutions are discussed, and the current market is also surveyed. Further, a comprehensive review of the literature indicates that there is room for improvement in the miniaturization of cholesterol and dopamine biosensors for lab-on-chip devices and overcoming the current technical limitations to facilitate full utilization by patients at home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Divyani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Tharamani C Nagaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Non-enzymatic electrochemical cholesterol sensor based on strong host-guest interactions with a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) with DFT study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6523-6533. [PMID: 34462789 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Advances in materials science have accelerated the development of diagnostic tools with the last decade witnessing the development of enzyme-free sensors, owing to the improved stability, low cost and simple fabrication of component materials. However, the specificity of non-enzymatic sensors for certain analytes still represents a challenging task, for example the determination of cholesterol level in blood is vital due to its medical relevance. In this work, a reagent displacement assay for cholesterol sensing in serum samples was developed. It is based on coating of a glassy carbon electrode with a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) that forms a host-guest complex with methylene blue (MB). In the presence of cholesterol, the MB electroactive probe was displaced due to the stronger association of cholesterol guest to the PIM host. The decrease in the oxidative current was proportional to the cholesterol concentration achieving a detection limit of approximately 0.1 nM. Moreover, to further assist the experimental studies, comprehensive theoretical calculations are also performed by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Okhokhonin AV, Tokmakova KO, Svalova TS, Matern AI, Kozitsina AN. Electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in a neutral medium on an electrode modified by carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes and by silver and palladium. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
14
|
Zhao S, Guo D, Zhu Q, Dou W, Guan W. Display of Microbial Glucose Dehydrogenase and Cholesterol Oxidase on the Yeast Cell Surface for the Detection of Blood Biochemical Parameters. BIOSENSORS 2020; 11:13. [PMID: 33396921 PMCID: PMC7823397 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
High levels of blood glucose are always associated with numerous complications including cholesterol abnormalities. Therefore, it is important to simultaneously monitor blood glucose and cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes during the management of chronic diseases. In this study, a glucose dehydrogenase from Aspergillus oryzae TI and a cholesterol oxidase from Chromobacterium sp. DS-1 were displayed on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively, using the yeast surface display system at a high copy number. In addition, two whole-cell biosensors were constructed through the immobilization of the above yeast cells on electrodes, for electrochemical detection of glucose and cholesterol. The assay time was 8.5 s for the glucose biosensors and 30 s for the cholesterol biosensors. Under optimal conditions, the cholesterol biosensor exhibited a linear range from 2 to 6 mmol·L-1. The glucose biosensor responded efficiently to the presence of glucose at a concentration range of 20-600 mg·dL-1 (1.4-33.3 mmol·L-1) and showed excellent anti-xylose interference properties. Both biosensors exhibited good performance at room temperature and remained stable over a three-week storage period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310012, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Dong Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China;
| | - Quanchao Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310012, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Weiwang Dou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310012, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Wenjun Guan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310012, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (W.D.)
| |
Collapse
|