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Jiang Y, Wu H, Ho PCL, Tang X, Ao H, Chen L, Cai J. GC-MS Fingerprinting Combined with Chemical Pattern-Recognition Analysis Reveals Novel Chemical Markers of the Medicinal Seahorse. Molecules 2023; 28:7824. [PMID: 38067553 PMCID: PMC10708380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Seahorse is a valuable marine-animal drug widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and which was first documented in the "Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu" during the Liang Dynasty. Hippocampus kelloggi (HK) is the most common seahorse species in the medicinal material market and is one of the genuine sources of medicinal seahorse documented in the Chinese pharmacopeia. It is mainly cultivated in the Shandong, Fujian, and Guangxi Provinces in China. However, pseudo-HK, represented by Hippocampus ingens (HI) due to its similar appearance and traits, is often found in the market, compromising the safety and efficacy of clinical use. Currently, there is a lack of reliable methods for identifying these species based on their chemical composition. In this study, we employed, for the first time, a strategy combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) fingerprints and chemical patterns in order to identify HK and HI; it is also the first metabolomic study to date of HI as to chemical components. The obtained results revealed remarkable similarities in the chemical fingerprints, while significant differences were also observed. By employing hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), based on the relative contents of their characteristic peaks, all 34 samples were successfully differentiated according to their species of origin, with samples from the same species forming distinct clusters. Moreover, nonadecanoic acid and behenic acid were exclusively detected in HK samples, further distinguishing them from HI samples. Additionally, the relative contents of lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric acid, oleic acid, fenozan acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exhibited significant differences between HK and HI (p < 0.0001), as determined by an unpaired t-test. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) identified seven components (DHA, EPA, n-hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, octadecanoic acid, and margaric acid) with high discriminatory value (VIP value > 1). Thus, nonadecanoic acid, behenic acid, and these seven compounds can be utilized as chemical markers for distinguishing HK from HI. In conclusion, our study successfully developed a combined strategy of GC-MS fingerprinting and chemical pattern recognition for the identification of HK and HI, and we also discovered chemical markers that can directly differentiate between the two species. This study can provide a foundation for the authentication of Hippocampus and holds significant importance for the conservation of wild seahorse resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.J.); (H.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Hongfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.J.); (H.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Paul Chi Lui Ho
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Food Inspection, Chengdu 610045, China;
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.J.); (H.W.); (H.A.)
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.J.); (H.W.); (H.A.)
| | - Jinjin Cai
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
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Liao Q, Su L, Pang L, Li J, Li H, Li J, Liu Y, Zhang J. Natural exosome-like nanoparticles derived from ancient medicinal insect Periplaneta americana L. as a novel diabetic wound healing accelerator. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:169. [PMID: 37237376 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the recognized therapeutic outcomes of regenerative medicine, extracellular vesicles and their exosome subsets have become an alternative option for wound healing. Periplaneta americana L. (PA), an ancient and traditional medicinal insect, has been around for 300 million years, and displays magic formidable vitality and environmental adaptive ability. The linkage between intrinsic amputation regeneration feature and the acknowledged wound healing medicinal benefit of PA has never been revealed. Herein, inspired by the ability of exosomes to participate in the interkingdom communication, we explored whether this effect was ascribed to PA derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PA-ELNs). PA-ELNs were extracted by differential velocity centrifugation approach and characterized by DLS, NTA and TEM. Their cargoes were analyzed by LC-MS/MS proteomics and small RNA-seq analysis. The wound healing activity was verified in vivo and in vitro. PA-ELNs with a concentration of 2.33x109±6.35x107 particles/mL exhibited a lipid bilayer-bound membrane structure with an average size of 104.7 nm. Furthermore, the miRNA cargoes in PA-ELNs participate in some wound healing related signal pathways such as TGF-beta, mTOR, and autophagy. As expected, the in vitro tests indicated that PA-ELNs were apt to be internalized in HUVECs, L929 and RAW 264.7 cells and contributed to cell proliferation and migration. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the topical administration of PA-ELNs could remarkably accelerate wound healing in a diabetic mouse model, and was involved in anti-inflammatory, re-epithelialization and autophagy regulation. This study provides clear evidence for the first time that PA-ELNs, as diabetic wound healing accelerators, are the "bioactive code" of this ancient medicinal insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue,Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lijun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue,Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue,Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue,Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.1166 Liutai Avenue,Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Yang Q, Zheng Z, Wang P, Wang L, Wang H, Zhang M, Zhao G. Insights into Regulating Mechanism of Mutagenesis Strains of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica sp. F2 by Omics Analysis. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:183. [PMID: 37055590 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 plays an important role in electron transport, blood coagulation, and calcium homeostasis, and researchers have been trying to use microbes to produce it. Although our previous studies have shown that gradient radiation, breeding, and culture acclimation can improve vitamin K2 production in Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, the mechanism is still unclear. This study is the first which performs genome sequencing of E. meningoseptica sp. F2 as a basis for subsequent experiments and further comparative analyses with other strains. Comparative metabolic pathway analysis of E. meningoseptica sp. F2, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and other vitamin K2 product strains revealed that the mevalonate pathway of E. meningoseptica sp. F2 is different in bacteria at the system level. The expressions of menA, menD, menH, and menI in the menaquinone pathway and idi, hmgR, and ggpps in the mevalonate pathway were higher than those in the original strain. A total of 67 differentially expressed proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway and citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) were identified. Our results reveal that combined gradient radiation breeding and culture acclimation can promote vitamin K2 accumulation probably by regulating the vitamin K2 pathway, oxidative phosphorylation metabolism pathway, and the citrate cycle (TCA cycle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China.
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Gao ZR, Feng YZ, Zhao YQ, Zhao J, Zhou YH, Ye Q, Chen Y, Tan L, Zhang SH, Feng Y, Hu J, Ou-Yang ZY, Dusenge MA, Guo Y. Traditional Chinese medicine promotes bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering. Chin Med 2022; 17:86. [PMID: 35858928 PMCID: PMC9297608 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising method for the repair of difficult-to-heal bone tissue damage by providing three-dimensional structures for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been introduced as an effective global medical program by the World Health Organization, comprising intricate components, and promoting bone regeneration by regulating multiple mechanisms and targets. This study outlines the potential therapeutic capabilities of TCM combined with BTE in bone regeneration. The effective active components promoting bone regeneration can be generally divided into flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, and polyphenols, among others. The chemical structures of the monomers, their sources, efficacy, and mechanisms are described. We summarize the use of compounds and medicinal parts of TCM to stimulate bone regeneration. Finally, the limitations and prospects of applying TCM in BTE are introduced, providing a direction for further development of novel and potential TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-Yue Ou-Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Marie Aimee Dusenge
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Proteomic Analysis of Human Follicular Fluid Reveals the Pharmacological Mechanisms of the Chinese Patent Drug Kunling Pill for Improving Diminished Ovarian Reserve. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5929694. [PMID: 35668784 PMCID: PMC9167067 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5929694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the pharmacological mechanism of a Chinese patent drug (Kunling Pill (KLP)) on improving diminished ovarian reserve based on proteomic analysis. Methods. A total of 18 patients divided into three groups (the normal ovary reserve (NOR), diminished ovary reserve (DOR), and KLP groups) undergoing assisted reproductive technology by standard ovarian stimulation protocols were recruited to collect follicular fluid. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry was used to identify differentially expressed proteins by nano-LC-MS/MS. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to predict the functions and pathways of the identified proteins. Clinical, hormonal, and biochemical parameters were also analyzed in the three groups. Results. A total of 144 differentially expressed proteins were screened out, including 56 proteins that were downregulated and 88 proteins that were upregulated in the DOR group compared with the NOR group, while 27 proteins were shared in the KLP-treated group. Among them, 10 proteins were upregulated and 17 proteins were downregulated in the KLP-treated group compared with the DOR group. The most enriched biological processes accounted for 28 GO terms, including cellular process, biological regulation, metabolic process, and regulation of biological process. Significant pathways were associated with fatty acid elongation, fatty acid degradation, fatty acid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation. Conclusion. Our study provides the proteome profiles of human follicular fluid from DOR patients treated by KLP. Functional analyses of proteome datasets revealed that core proteins (SAA1, MIF, and PRDX5) and related pathways (fatty acid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and tyrosine and purine metabolism) are possible pharmacological mechanisms through which KLP improves DOR. Therefore, these findings may help better understand the complex mechanisms through which DOR is treated by the Chinese patent drug KLP.
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Kang L, Han T, Cong H, Yu B, Shen Y. Recent research progress of biologically active peptides. Biofactors 2022; 48:575-596. [PMID: 35080058 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of molecular biology and biochemical technology, great progress has been made in the study of peptides. Peptides are easy to digest and absorb, with lowering of blood pressure and cholesterol, improving immunity, regulating hormones, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. Peptides also have physiological regulation and biological metabolism functions with applications in the fields of feed production and biomedical research. In the future, the research focus of bioactive peptides will focus on their efficient preparation and application. This article introduces a comprehensive review of the types, synthesis, functionalization, and bio-related applications of bioactive peptides. For this aim, we introduced in detail various biopeptides and then presented the production methods of bioactive peptides, such as enzymatic synthesis, microbial fermentation, chemical synthesis, and others. The applications of bioactive peptides for anticancers, immune therapy, antibacterial, and other applications have been introduced and discussed. And discussed the development prospects of biologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Kang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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A Strategy for Rapid Discovery of Marker Peptides Associated with Fibrinolytic Efficacy of Pheretima aspergillum Based on Bioinformatics Combined with Parallel Reaction Monitoring. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092651. [PMID: 35566002 PMCID: PMC9100157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality control of animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines has improved dramatically as proteomics research advanced in the past few decades. However, it remains challenging to identify quality attributes with routine proteomics approaches since protein with fibrinolytic activity is rarely reported in pheretima, a typical animal-derived traditional medicine. A novel strategy based on bioinformatics combined with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was developed here to rapidly discover the marker peptides associated with a fibrinolytic effect. Potential marker peptides were found by lumbrokinase sequences’ alignment and in silico digestion. The fibrinogen zymography was used to visually identify fibrinolytic proteins in pheretima. As a result, it was found that the fibrinolytic activity varied among different portions of pheretima. Fibrinolytic proteins were distributed regionally in the anterior and anterior-mid portion and there was no significant fibrinogenolytic activity observed in the mid-posterior and posterior portion. Finally, PRM experiments were deployed to validate and quantify selected marker peptides and a total of 11 peptides were identified as marker peptides, which could be potentially used in quality control of pheretima. This strategy provides a robust workflow to benefit the quality control of other animal-derived traditional medicines.
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Zhang H, Situ C, Guo X. Recent progress of proteomic analysis on spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:109-117. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Testis, the only organ responsible for generating sperm, is by far the organ with the largest variety of proteins and tissue-specific proteins in humans. In testis, spermatogenesis is a multi-step complex process well-accepted that protein and mRNA are decoupled in certain stages of spermatogenesis. With the fast development of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, it is possible to systemically study protein abundances and modifications in testis and sperm to help us understand the molecular mechanisms of spermatogenesis. This review provides an overview of the recent progress of proteomics analysis on spermatogenesis, including protein expression and multiple PTMs, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitylation, and acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chenghao Situ
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Gu Y, Zhang J, Sun J, Yu H, Feng R, Mao X, Yang X, Zhou Y, Hu Q, Ji S. Marker peptide screening and species-specific authentication of Pheretima using proteomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3167-3176. [PMID: 33687523 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pheretima is a common and valuable animal-derived medication used in traditional Chinese medicine. There are four species of Pheretima specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), i.e. Pheretima aspergillum, P. vulgaris, P. guillelmi, and P. pectinifera. A recent report revealed ~ 55% of Pheretima in the commercial marketplace may be adulterated by other species, contrary to the Pharmacopoeia standard. The safety, efficacy, and authenticity of Pheretima is an important issue. Currently, the availability of specific quality-markers for the various species and effective identification methods are still limited. In this study, label-free quantification proteomics of species from Pheretima and Amynthas was carried out using nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-MS/MS), and marker peptides were identified based on their ion intensities using multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis and supervised partial least-squares discriminant analysis). A total of 48,476 peptides with high confidence corresponding to 13,397 proteins were identified from all samples. The marker peptides were validated by comparison with synthetic peptide reference standards using LC-MS/MS operating in a multiple-reaction monitoring mode. A multiple-peptide identification strategy was proposed for the authentication of Pheretima and subsequently applied to samples obtained from retail outlets in various regions of China. The results showed that eight out of the 15 samples tested were deemed authentic Pheretima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rui Feng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiuhong Mao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiangyun Yang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (China) Ltd, 27 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (China) Ltd, 27 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Qing Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Shen Ji
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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