1
|
Mahdi T, Desmons A, Krasniqi P, Lacorte JM, Kapel N, Lamazière A, Fourati S, Eguether T. Effect of Stool Sampling on a Routine Clinical Method for the Quantification of Six Short Chain Fatty Acids in Stool Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Microorganisms 2024; 12:828. [PMID: 38674773 PMCID: PMC11052040 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are primarily produced in the caecum and proximal colon via the bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates that have avoided digestion in the small intestine. Increasing evidence supports the critical role that SCFAs play in health and homeostasis. Microbial SCFAs, namely butyric acid, serve as a principal energy source for colonocytes, and their production is essential for gut integrity. A direct link between SCFAs and some human pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and cancer, has been proposed. The direct measurement of SCFAs in feces provides a non-invasive approach to demonstrating connections between SCFAs, microbiota, and metabolic diseases to estimate their potential applicability as meaningful biomarkers of intestinal health. This study aimed to adapt a robust analytical method (liquid-liquid extraction, followed by isobutyl chloroformate derivatization and GC-MS analysis), with comparable performances to methods from the literature, and to use this tool to tackle the question of pre-analytical conditions, namely stool processing. We focused on the methodology of managing stool samples before the analysis (fresh stool or dilution in either ethanol/methanol, lyophilized stool, or RNAlater®), as this is a significant issue to consider for standardizing results between clinical laboratories. The objective was to standardize methods for future applications as diagnostic tools. In this paper, we propose a validated GC-MS method for SCFA quantification in stool samples, including pre- and post-analytical comparison studies that could be easily used for clinical laboratory purposes. Our results show that using lyophilization as a stool-processing method would be the best method to achieve this goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mahdi
- Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, 75000 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Research Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolism and Nutrition, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Aurore Desmons
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AP-HP, Département Metomics, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Pranvera Krasniqi
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AP-HP, Département Metomics, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lacorte
- Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, 75000 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Research Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolism and Nutrition, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Service de Coprologie Fonctionnelle, 75000 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMR_S 1139, 75000 Paris, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AP-HP, Département Metomics, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75000 Paris, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Salma Fourati
- Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, 75000 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR_S 1166, Research Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolism and Nutrition, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Eguether
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AP-HP, Département Metomics, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75000 Paris, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire, 75000 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Geraldo PA, Velasco AWDC, Berlande BM, Souza JCQD, Candido JMB, Adriano LHC, Brito MADAE, do Nascimento MP, Moreira OBDO, de Oliveira MAL. Fatty acids analysis by capillary electrophoresis: Fundamentals, advantages and applications. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:35-54. [PMID: 37946578 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the know-how of the Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria regarding the analysis of fatty acids by capillary electrophoresis acquired over its 20 years of existence. Therefore, the fundamentals, advantages, and applications of this technique for analyzing different fatty acids in samples such as food, oils, cosmetics, and biological matrices are presented and discussed. Capillary electrophoresis is, thus, shown as an interesting and valuable separation technique for the target analysis of these analytes as an alternative to the gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection, as it offers advantages over the latter such as low analysis times, low sample and reagent consumption, the use of a nondedicated column, and simpler sample preparation. In addition, the methods shown in this literature review can be useful for quality control, adulteration, and health-related research by regulatory agencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Abranches Geraldo
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arthur Woyames de Castro Velasco
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marchiori Berlande
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cordeiro Queiroz de Souza
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Beraldo Candido
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Cantarino Adriano
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Domingues Assad E Brito
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Patrícia do Nascimento
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olívia Brito de Oliveira Moreira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria-GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics-INCTBio, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mendoza-León MJ, Mangalam AK, Regaldiz A, González-Madrid E, Rangel-Ramírez MA, Álvarez-Mardonez O, Vallejos OP, Méndez C, Bueno SM, Melo-González F, Duarte Y, Opazo MC, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids and their impact on the host thyroid function and diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1192216. [PMID: 37455925 PMCID: PMC10349397 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid disorders are clinically characterized by alterations of L-3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4), L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the blood. The most frequent thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroxinemia. These conditions affect cell differentiation, function, and metabolism. It has been reported that 40% of the world's population suffers from some type of thyroid disorder and that several factors increase susceptibility to these diseases. Among them are iodine intake, environmental contamination, smoking, certain drugs, and genetic factors. Recently, the intestinal microbiota, composed of more than trillions of microbes, has emerged as a critical player in human health, and dysbiosis has been linked to thyroid diseases. The intestinal microbiota can affect host physiology by producing metabolites derived from dietary fiber, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have local actions in the intestine and can affect the central nervous system and immune system. Modulation of SCFAs-producing bacteria has also been connected to metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. In this review, we discuss how alterations in the production of SCFAs due to dysbiosis in patients could be related to thyroid disorders. The studies reviewed here may be of significant interest to endocrinology researchers and medical practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Mendoza-León
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Regaldiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique González-Madrid
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ma. Andreina Rangel-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Álvarez-Mardonez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar P. Vallejos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Méndez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-González
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ma. Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chalova P, Tazky A, Skultety L, Minichova L, Chovanec M, Ciernikova S, Mikus P, Piestansky J. Determination of short-chain fatty acids as putative biomarkers of cancer diseases by modern analytical strategies and tools: a review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1110235. [PMID: 37441422 PMCID: PMC10334191 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1110235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract. They can be seen as the major flow of carbon from the diet, through the microbiome to the host. SCFAs have been reported as important molecules responsible for the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Moreover, these molecules have a significant impact on the immune system and are able to affect inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type II, or oncological diseases. For this purpose, SCFAs could be used as putative biomarkers of various diseases, including cancer. A potential diagnostic value may be offered by analyzing SCFAs with the use of advanced analytical approaches such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The presented review summarizes the importance of analyzing SCFAs from clinical and analytical perspective. Current advances in the analysis of SCFAs focused on sample pretreatment, separation strategy, and detection methods are highlighted. Additionally, it also shows potential areas for the development of future diagnostic tools in oncology and other varieties of diseases based on targeted metabolite profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Chalova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anton Tazky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Skultety
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Minichova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sona Ciernikova
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Forsman TT, Paulson AE, Larson EA, Looft T, Lee YJ. On-tissue chemical derivatization of volatile metabolites for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4918. [PMID: 37045444 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of volatile metabolites is challenging, especially in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Most MALDI ion sources operate in vacuum, which leads to the vaporization of volatile metabolites during analysis. In addition, tissue samples are often dried during sample preparation, leading to the loss of volatile metabolites even for other MSI techniques. On-tissue chemical derivatization can dramatically reduce the volatility of analytes. Herein, a derivatization method is proposed utilizing N,N,N-trimethyl-2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethan-1-aminium iodide to chemically modify short-chain fatty acids in chicken cecum, ileum, and jejunum tissue sections before sample preparation for MSI visualization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor T Forsman
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Andrew E Paulson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Evan A Larson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang M, Gong Q, Liu W, Tan S, Xiao J, Chen C. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis (2019-2021). J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1918-1941. [PMID: 35325510 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
So far, the potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the application fields has been increasingly excavated due to the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, high-resolution, less sample consumption and low cost. This review examines the implementations and advancements of CE in different application fields (environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis) covering the literature from 2019 to 2021. In addition, ultrasmall sample injection volume (nanoliter range) and short optical path lead to relatively low concentration sensitivity of the most frequently used UV-absorption spectrophotometric detection, so the pretreatment technology being developed has been gradually utilized to overcome this problem. Despite the review is focused on the development of CE in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis, the new sample pretreatment techniques of microextraction and enrichment which fit excellently to CE in recent three years are also described briefly. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital/ The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
New Advances in Tissue Metabolomics: A Review. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100672. [PMID: 34677387 PMCID: PMC8541552 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics offers a hypothesis-generating approach for biomarker discovery in clinical medicine while also providing better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of chronic diseases. Clinical metabolomic studies largely rely on human biofluids (e.g., plasma, urine) as a more convenient specimen type for investigation. However, biofluids are non-organ specific reflecting complex biochemical processes throughout the body, which may complicate biochemical interpretations. For these reasons, tissue metabolomic studies enable deeper insights into aberrant metabolism occurring at the direct site of disease pathogenesis. This review highlights new advances in metabolomics for ex vivo analysis, as well as in situ imaging of tissue specimens, including diverse tissue types from animal models and human participants. Moreover, we discuss key pre-analytical and post-analytical challenges in tissue metabolomics for robust biomarker discovery with a focus on new methodological advances introduced over the past six years, including innovative clinical applications for improved screening, diagnostic testing, and therapeutic interventions for cancer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pham U, Alvarado L, Suess GJ, Shamsi SA, Frantz K. Separation of short and medium-chain fatty acids using capillary electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection: Part I: Identification of fatty acids in rat feces. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1914-1923. [PMID: 34288007 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Short and medium-chain fatty acids (SMCFAs) are known as essential metabolites found in gut microbiota that function as modulators in the development and progression of many inflammatory conditions as well as in the regulation of cell metabolism. Currently, there are few simple and low-cost analytical methods available for the determination of SMCFA. This report focuses on SMCFA analysis utilizing CE with indirect photometric detection (CE-IPD). A ribonucleotide electrolyte, 5'-adenosine mono-phosphate (5'-AMP), is investigated as an IPD reagent due to its high molar absorptivity and dynamic reserve compatible with separation and detection of SMCFA. The operating parameters like the composition of organic solvent, millimolar concentrations of the complexing agent (alpha-cyclodextrin), 5'-AMP and non-absorbing electrolyte (boric acid), as well as the applied voltage, are optimized for resolution, efficiency, and signal-to-noise ratio. A baseline resolution of all nine SMCFAs is achieved in less than 15 min. Additionally, the developed CE-IPD method shows promising potential to identifying SMCFA in rat fecal supernatant. The presented analytical assay is simple, economical, and has considerably good repeatability. The intraday and interday RSD of less than 1 and 2% for relative migration time, as well as less than 14 and 15% for peak area, respectively, were obtained for SMCFA in fecal solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis Alvarado
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory J Suess
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle Frantz
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|