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Jiang D, Wang R, Yu M, Tong H, Mao J, Wang M, Li Y, Mao C, Li Y, Li L, Su L, Niu M, Lu T, Ji D. Establishment of an antiplatelet aggregation efficacy-oriented effect-constituent index for quality evaluation of Curcumae Rhizoma from different species (Curcuma phaeocaulis Val, Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang and Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling). Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106169. [PMID: 39102903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Curcumae rhizoma (CR) is the dried rhizoma of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val (CP), Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang (CK) and Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling (CW), used widely to treat blood stagnation in China. Currently, quality control indicators for CR are limited to chemical composition analysis. It is unclear whether the current quality standard of the multicomponent content of CR can reflect clinical effects, due to the lack of the evaluation of biological effects. A method of evaluating quality was developed called the effect-constituent index (ECI). By meticulously measuring and calibrating the key active components, the ECI offers a comprehensive assessment of the CR's biological effects, establishing a crucial link to clinical efficacy and safety. An analytical protocol employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was devised to ascertain the presence and measure ten principal constituents within CR sourced from various species and the content of total volatile oil was also measured. An In vitro antiplatelet aggregation assay was developed to measure the antiplatelet aggregation biopotencies of thirty batches of CR and ten main components. Then, the calibration weights for each constituent in the ECI were determined based on the antiplatelet aggregation biopotency values of eight components with notable efficacy. The ECI calculation involved summing the products obtained by multiplying the content (Ci) of each component by its corresponding biopotency weight (Wi). Correlation analysis unveiled a the most robust correlation (R = 0.8579, p < 0.001) between ECI and antiplatelet aggregation biopotency of CR, when compared to individual components or volatile oil content. The devised ECI, synthesizing chemical and biological data pertinent to clinical effectiveness, facilitates a nuanced assessment of CR quality across various species in its efficacy in treating blood stagnation. This method addresses the challenge of guaranteeing effectiveness through chemical analysis alone. This study offers substantiation for the applicability of the ECI as a tool for assessing the quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Mengting Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Huangjin Tong
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; Department of pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jing Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Chunqin Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lianlin Su
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Tulin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - De Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Chen M, Sun J, Yao H, Gong F, Cai L, Wang C, Shao Q, Wang Z. Analysis of genetic and chemical variability of five Curcuma species based on DNA barcoding and HPLC fingerprints. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1229041. [PMID: 37746000 PMCID: PMC10511903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1229041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The rhizomes of Curcuma species have a long medicinal history in Asia. In China, Curcuma species mainly be utilized to make pharmaceutical products, including C. phaecocaulis, C. aromatica, C. wenyujin, C. kwangsiensis and C. longa. In this study, twenty-four samples were selected to study the genetic and chemical variability among five Curcuma species. The ITS2 and trnK intron gene fragment were used to identify the five Curcuma species, the differences in chemical composition were computed using the Euclidean distance based on the data of HPLC characteristic peak areas and the content of six key components, and agronomic characteristics were analyzed including morphological and volatile oil characteristics. The ITS2 and trnK intron gene fragment could distinguish the five Curcuma species clearly. The genetic distance between Curcuma species ranged from 0.0085 to 0.0767 based on the data of ITS2 gene sequences with 32 variation sites, and the genetic distance between Curcuma species ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0194 based on the data of trnK intron gene sequences with 39 variation sites. Five Curcuma species showed otherness chemical composition characteristics, with the Euclidean distance ranging from 3.373 to 6.998. The C. longa showed the biggest variation compared with other species, with the Euclidean distance above 6.239. Among the samples of the original plants of Ezhu, the volatile oil yield of W1 was the highest, reached to 105.75 mL per single plant. Among all the samples, J6 showed the highest yield of volatile oil, reached to 149.42 mL per single plant. The results showed that chemical composition similarity of the medicinal plants was the primary proof for the selection of the original plants of the Curcuma medicinal materials. The genetic distance and chemical variability were important references for discovering new medicinal plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuyu Gong
- Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Cai
- Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Chanyan Wang
- Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhian Wang
- Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
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Li H, Wu J, Bai J, Wu J, Wu J. Determination of Lincomycin in Milk Using Cu-Based Metal-Organic Framework Adsorbent and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:5307. [PMID: 37513181 PMCID: PMC10385680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic drug residues can adversely affect the human body. Lincomycin is a common veterinary drug that can form residues in foods of animal origin. However, the detection of trace residue levels of lincomycin residues in real samples is challenging. Here, a simple solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the enrichment of lincomycin from cow milk samples before its detection by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The adsorbent used in the SPE was a Cu-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) prepared by the solvothermal synthesis approach. The prepared MOFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA), and N2 adsorption-desorption experiments. The adsorption capacity (adsorption equilibrium, extraction time, pH), and elution solvent parameters were investigated. Under the optimized conditions of the HPLC-MS/MS method, lincomycin was detected in the linear range of 10-200 g/L with a detection limit of 0.013 ng/mL. Commercial milk samples were spiked with lincomycin, and a recovery rate between 92.3% and 97.2% was achieved. Therefore, the current method can be successfully applied for the enrichment and determination of lincomycin from milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanle Li
- College of Food Science Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Jinhai Wu
- College of Food Science Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Jialei Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jianhu Wu
- College of Food Science Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
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Yang Z, Sun Q, Wang S, Tang B, Yuan C, Wu Y, Dai J, Yang C, Wang L, Zhou Q, Wang J, Weng Q. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding rate of curcumol in rats using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036732. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Curcumol is one of the major active ingredients isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Curcumae Rhizoma and is reported to exhibit various bioactivities, such as anti-tumor and anti-liver fibrosis effects. However, studies of curcumol pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution are currently lacking. This study aims to characterize the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and protein binding rate of curcumol.Methods: Pharmacokinetics properties of curcumol were investigated afte doses of 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg of curcumol for rats and a single dose of 2.0 mg/kg curcumol was given to rats via intravenous administration to investigate bioavailability. Tissue distribution was investigated after a single dose of 40 mg/kg of orally administered curcumol. Plasma protein binding of curcumol was studied in vitro via the rapid equilibrium dialysis system. Bound and unbound curcumol in rat plasma were analyzed to calculate the plasma protein binding rate. A UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine curcumol in rat plasma and tissues and applied to study the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding in rats.Results: After oral administration of 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg curcumol, results indicated a rapid absorption and quick elimination of curcumol in rats. The bioavailability ranging from 9.2% to 13.1% was calculated based on the area under the curves (AUC) of oral and intravenous administration of curcumol. During tissue distribution, most organs observed a maximum concentration of curcumol within 0.5–1.0 h. A high accumulation of curcumol was found in the small intestine, colon, liver, and kidney. Moreover, high protein binding rates ranging from 85.6% to 93.4% of curcumol were observed in rat plasma.Conclusion: This study characterized the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and protein binding rates of curcumol in rats for the first time, which can provide a solid foundation for research into the mechanisms of curcumol’s biological function and clinical application.
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Liu S, Guo S, Hou Y, Zhang S, Bai L, Ho C, Yu L, Yao L, Zhao B, Bai N. Chemical fingerprinting and multivariate analysis of Paeonia ostii leaves based on HPLC-DAD and UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS/MS. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rapid identification for the species discrimination of Curcumae Rhizoma using spectrophotometry and flash gas chromatography e-nose combined with chemometrics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cheng X, Ji H, Cheng C, Sun Y, Cheng H, Wang D, Pan Y, Liu X. Comprehensive determination of the processing level of rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum by macroscopic, micromorphological, and microscopic characterizations. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2669-2678. [PMID: 35395110 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Red. (PR, Huangjing in Chinese) has served as traditional medicine and foodstuff in China for over 2000 years. However, due to its irritating effect on the throat, Huangjing must be processed before clinical use. People have been exploring to determine the processing level of traditional Chinese medicine in an accurate tool. The evaluation of PR processing levels based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics has not yet been performed. This study aimed to provide a convenient method to determine the level of PR processing by monitoring the changes in color and crystal inclusion. According to the Chinese Pharmacopeia (2020 edition), macroscopic, micromorphological, and microscopic observations were performed with a polarized light microscope. Color quantization based on the CIE L* a* b* color system using a CM-2300d colorimeter. Color parameters h° , L* , and ΔE* had a significant influence on the differentiation ability. The inner transverse section of PR samples gradually turned into moist black with specular luster, which was consistent with the traditional identification of "brightness like oil and color like black lacquer." The change rate of the needle crystal morphology increased with the processing level, and the change rate of the needle crystal of the fifth product was over 90%. Combined with the correlation analysis, needle-like crystals were related to color parameters and could be used as an alternative marker to discriminate PR samples from different processing levels. The results confirmed the potential applicability of macroscopic and microscopic features for the classification of PR samples with different processing levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xile Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongyuan Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongfang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Haitao Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingni Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Xia M, Guo Y, Li J, Ma H, Gao W, Wu X. Correlation analysis of physicochemical properties with anti-inflammatory activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees based on HPLC-DAD, colorimeter and multivariate statistics: A comprehensive quality evaluation strategy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 210:114565. [PMID: 35033944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is an essential traditional herbal medicine with various bioactivities in Asian countries. The quality of herbal medicines directly affects its clinical efficacy, so a comprehensive strategy, including color assay, chemical profiles, quantitative analysis, and anti-inflammatory activity assay, is constructed to evaluate the quality of A. paniculata in this paper. Here, 16 batches of commercial A. paniculata were collected, and there were noticeable differences in appearance, chemical compounds, and bioactivity among batches. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated the color and diterpenoid lactones could be used to classify A. paniculat. And then, correlation analysis found the batches with greener color have higher contents of diterpenoid lactones and more efficient anti-inflammatory activity. Based on the results above, the partial least squares (PLS) regression models were finally established to predict the contents of diterpenoid lactones using the color assay data. All diterpenoid lactones models showed good performance, especially neoandrographolide. Notably, PLS regression models were first used for the nondestructive quantitative analysis of A. paniculata. This comprehensive quality evaluation strategy can theoretically elucidate the relationship between good appearance, high contents of diterpenoid lactones, and superior bioactivity of A. paniculata, which is meaningful for its quality control and evaluation. It also laid a theoretical basis for appearance and bioactivity evaluations of high-quality traditional herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica/Yunnan Province Company Key Laboratory for TCM and Ethnic Drug of New Drug Creation, Kunming 650111, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Han Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Liu M, Li X, Dai T, Li Q, Huang Y, Guo P, Sun G. Multiple fingerprints and quantitative analysis for comprehensive quality evaluation of Citri reticulatae pericarpium within different storage years. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multi-wavelength fused HPLC fingerprint, and UV and DSC quantum fingerprints were used for quality evaluation of CRP by QRFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Qian Li
- China Communication Technology (Jiang Men) Corporation, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- China Communication Technology (Jiang Men) Corporation, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
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Cheng X, Ji H, Cheng X, Wang D, Li T, Ren K, Qu S, Pan Y, Liu X. Characterization, Classification, and Authentication of Polygonatum sibiricum Samples by Volatile Profiles and Flavor Properties. Molecules 2021; 27:25. [PMID: 35011257 PMCID: PMC8746527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of monitoring key aroma compounds as food characteristics to solve sample classification and authentication is increasing. The rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum (PR, Huangjing in Chinese) has great potential to serve as an ingredient of functional foods owing to its tonic effect and flavor properties. In this study, we aimed to characterize and classify PR samples obtained from different processing levels through their volatile profiles and flavor properties by using electronic nose, electronic tongue, and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nine flavor indicators (four odor indicators and five taste indicators) had a strong influence on the classification ability, and a total of 54 volatile compounds were identified in all samples. The traditional Chinese processing method significantly decreased the contents of aldehydes and alkanes, while more ketones, nitrogen heterocycles, alcohols, terpenoids, sulfides, and furans/pyrans were generated in the processing cycle. The results confirmed the potential applicability of volatile profiles and flavor properties for classification of PR samples, and this study provided new insights for determining the processing level in food and pharmaceutical industries based on samples with specific flavor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xile Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.C.); (H.J.); (K.R.); (S.Q.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hongyuan Ji
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.C.); (H.J.); (K.R.); (S.Q.); (Y.P.)
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Bozhou Vocational and Technical College, Bozhou 236000, China;
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianshi Li
- Bozhou Yonggang Pieces Factory Co., Ltd., Bozhou 236000, China;
| | - Kun Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.C.); (H.J.); (K.R.); (S.Q.); (Y.P.)
| | - Shouhe Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.C.); (H.J.); (K.R.); (S.Q.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yingni Pan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.C.); (H.J.); (K.R.); (S.Q.); (Y.P.)
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.C.); (H.J.); (K.R.); (S.Q.); (Y.P.)
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