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Wang J, Liu M, Zhang X, Wang X, Xiong M, Luo D. Stimuli-responsive linkers and their application in molecular imaging. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230027. [PMID: 39175888 PMCID: PMC11335469 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a non-invasive imaging method that is widely used for visualization and detection of biological events at cellular or molecular levels. Stimuli-responsive linkers that can be selectively cleaved by specific biomarkers at desired sites to release or activate imaging agents are appealing tools to improve the specificity, sensitivity, and efficacy of molecular imaging. This review summarizes the recent advances of stimuli-responsive linkers and their application in molecular imaging, highlighting the potential of these linkers in the design of activatable molecular imaging probes. It is hoped that this review could inspire more research interests in the development of responsive linkers and associated imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Xinning Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Menghua Xiong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouP. R. China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Dong Luo
- School of Biomedical Sciences and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouP. R. China
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Yan T, Weng F, Ming Y, Zhu S, Zhu M, Wang C, Guo C, Zhu K. Luminescence Probes in Bio-Applications: From Principle to Practice. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:333. [PMID: 39056609 PMCID: PMC11274413 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Bioanalysis based on optical imaging has gained significant progress in the last few decades. Luminescence probes are capable of detecting, monitoring, and tracing particular biomolecules in complex biological systems to figure out the roles of these molecules in organisms. Considering the rapid development of luminescence probes for bio-applications and their promising future, we have attempted to explore the working principles and recent advances in bio-applications of luminescence probes, in the hope of helping readers gain a detailed understanding of luminescence probes developed in recent years. In this review, we first focus on the current widely used luminescence probes, including fluorescence probes, bioluminescence probes, chemiluminescence probes, afterglow probes, photoacoustic probes, and Cerenkov luminescence probes. The working principles for each type of luminescence probe are concisely described and the bio-application of the luminescence probes is summarized by category, including metal ions detection, secretion detection, imaging, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (T.Y.); (F.W.); (Y.M.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Changfa Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (T.Y.); (F.W.); (Y.M.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (T.Y.); (F.W.); (Y.M.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.)
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Fu Q, Yang X, Wang M, Zhu K, Wang Y, Song J. Activatable Probes for Ratiometric Imaging of Endogenous Biomarkers In Vivo. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3916-3968. [PMID: 38258800 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic variations in the concentration and abnormal distribution of endogenous biomarkers are strongly associated with multiple physiological and pathological states. Therefore, it is crucial to design imaging systems capable of real-time detection of dynamic changes in biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Recently, ratiometric imaging has emerged as a widely used technique for sensing and imaging of biomarkers due to its advantage of circumventing the limitations inherent to conventional intensity-dependent signal readout methods while also providing built-in self-calibration for signal correction. Here, the recent progress of ratiometric probes and their applications in sensing and imaging of biomarkers are outlined. Ratiometric probes are classified according to their imaging mechanisms, and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging, ratiometric optical imaging including photoluminescence imaging and self-luminescence imaging, ratiometric magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-modal ratiometric imaging are discussed. The applications of ratiometric probes in the sensing and imaging of biomarkers such as pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), glutathione (GSH), gas molecules, enzymes, metal ions, and hypoxia are discussed in detail. Additionally, this Review presents an overview of challenges faced in this field along with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Fu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Jibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Wang B, Tian X, Li XC, Cheng K, Xu M. Thiol-Chromene "Click" Reaction-Activated Chemiluminescent Probe for Thiol Detection In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37378515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols are biomolecules found in a higher content in cancer cells compared to normal cells, marking them useful cancer biomarkers. Chemiluminescence is widely used in biological imaging due to its excellent sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this study, we designed and prepared a chemiluminescent probe that is activated by a thiol-chromene "click" nucleophilic reaction. This probe is initially chemiluminescent but turned off and releases extremely strong chemiluminescence in the presence of thiols. It has high selectivity to thiol compared with other analytes. Real-time imaging of mice tumor sites showed significant chemiluminescence after the probe was injected, and the chemiluminescence of osteosarcoma tissues was also significantly stronger than that in adjacent tissues. We conclude that this chemiluminescent probe has potential to detect thiol, diagnose cancer, especially in its early stages, and aid in the development of related cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqu Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoxue Tian
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xing-Cong Li
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China
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Small-Molecules as Chemiluminescent Probes to Detect Lipase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169039. [PMID: 36012304 PMCID: PMC9409280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The set-up of highly sensitive detection tools to evaluate lipase activity remains a central goal in different fields. In this context, we proposed new chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane luminophores, sharing an octanoyl triggerable group, to monitor lipase activity. We herein report the synthesis and both the evaluation of their luminescence emission profile and their enzyme-substrate specificity, generated by three different commercial lipases (Candida cylindracea, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Mucor miehei) and one esterase (porcine liver esterase, PLE, as a literature control). Remarkably, the present study confirmed the applicability of these 1,2-dioxetane luminophores as (i) highly efficient, broad-range, chemiluminescent probes for the detection and the enzymatic activity evaluation of lipases and as (ii) promising candidates for the future development of both flash- and glow-type luminescence assays.
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Sun R, Wu X, Mao Y, Wang H, Bian C, Lv P, Zhao Z, Li X, Fu W, Lu J, Cao Z. A facile turn-on chemiluminescence probe for sensitive imaging on aminopeptidase N activity. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1335-1342. [PMID: 35671536 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N, as a target for drug discovery, shows remarkable relationship with many diseases, especially liver injury and cancer. Herein, we explored a chemiluminescence (CL) probe for sensing APN by tethering APN-specific substrate group to the ortho-acrylated phenoxy-dioxetane scaffold. In this manner, two CL probes (APN-CL and BAPN-CL) were designed with non-capped leucine and butoxy-carbonyl capped leucine as the protecting group to preserve the chemiexcitation energy. The uncovered leucine was demonstrated to be essential for detection of APN activity by comparing the CL intensity of two CL probes. Probe APN-CL was turned on upon APN cleavage, resulting in a high chemiluminescent emission, while the chemiexcitation energy of probe BAPN-CL was still restrained even with the high-level APN. The result was elucidated by molecular docking simulation in further. Probe APN-CL exhibited fast response and high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.068 U/L, and an excellent specificity for the discrimination of APN from biological ions, small molecules and other proteases commonly found in living system. By virtue of good stability and cell viability, probe APN-CL imaged abnormal level of APN in tumor cells and tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, this probe APN-CL could be easily used to evaluate APN inhibitors and APN level in plasma samples from 20 patients. Overall, as a facile and cost-effective probe, APN-CL will be a promising alternative in the early diagnosis of pathologies and cost-effective screening on inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanjia Mao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chong Bian
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Lv
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhijuan Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Kagalwala HN, Reeves RT, Lippert AR. Chemiluminescent spiroadamantane-1,2-dioxetanes: Recent advances in molecular imaging and biomarker detection. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102134. [PMID: 35367777 PMCID: PMC9133077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triggered chemiluminescence emission of spiroadamantane-1,2-dioxetanes to detect bioanalytes has fueled the emerging popularity of chemiluminescence imaging in live animals and cells. Recently, a structural evolution of the dioxetane scaffolds towards near-infrared emitters has been observed, and efforts have been made for quantitative and semi-quantitative detection of a wide range of analytes. In this review, we summarize the current chemiluminescence imaging developments of spiroadamantane-1,2-dioxetanes. Specifically, we look at examples which depict whole animal or cellular chemiluminescence imaging of small molecules and enzymes, as well as those that portray their potential diagnostic and therapeutic abilities, with an emphasis on analyte quantification and experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain N Kagalwala
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, United States
| | - R Tate Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, United States.
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