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Buttermore E, Campanella V, Priefer R. The increasing trend of Type 2 diabetes in youth: An overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102253. [PMID: 34419856 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in incidence, largely in correlation with global childhood obesity crisis. COMPLICATIONS Early detection and treatment are vital as diabetes has been shown to progress rapidly and aggressively amongst children. ETIOLOGY Higher than expected insulin levels compared to adults, leads to more rapid β cell decline. TREATMENTS New treatments to control glycemic levels among youth with T2DM are being evaluated. This review summarizes the current understanding of causes, complications, and treatments for youth diagnosed with T2DM. OR. Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in incidence, largely in correlation with the global childhood obesity crisis. With increase in cases comes new challenges for medical professionals. Early detection and treatment are vital as the disease has been shown to progress aggressively and bring complications to children at a rapid rate. New treatments are currently being studied to control glycemic levels among youth with T2DM, as current options are not as effective chronically in children as in adults. This review summarizes the current understanding of causes, complications, and treatments for youth diagnosed with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Buttermore
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy And Health Sciences, BOSTON, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Ronny Priefer
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy And Health Sciences, BOSTON, MA, 02115, USA.
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Liu Y, Chen T, Zhou F, Mu D, Liu S. Interleukin-38 increases the insulin sensitivity in children with the type 2 diabetes. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106264. [PMID: 32087495 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing in the children population. It is well known that inflammation contributes to the type 2 DM pathogenesis. Interleukin 38 (IL-38) is one newly identified anti-inflammatory factor. Therefore, we investigated whether the expression level of IL-38 is associated with type 2 DM in the children and the underlying mechanism. Children with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited and studied. The healthy subjects without glucose metabolism abnormalities were used as controls. The IL-38 expression level was determined by quantitative PCR and ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunoassay). Statistic analysis showed that the IL-38 level was significantly associated with type 2 DM and insulin resistance in the children. The patients were then divided into two groups, one group sensitive to insulin therapy while the other resistant to insulin therapy. Data showed that the IL-38 was highly expressed in the group sensitive to insulin therapy. In the mice model, overexpressing the IL-38 could suppress the expression of IL-36, a pro-inflammatory factor, and also the diabetes development. Thus our results showed that higher IL-38 was associated with the increased insulin sensitive in children with type 2 DM and inhibited T2DM development in the mouse model through suppressing the function of IL-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shanling Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Xu J, Jiang ZH, Liu XB, Ma Y, Ma W, Ma L. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics reveals Huangqiliuyi decoction attenuates abnormal metabolism as a novel therapeutic opportunity for type 2 diabetes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39858-39870. [PMID: 35541427 PMCID: PMC9076227 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09386a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As a typical chronic metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus causes a heavy health-care burden to society. In this study, we applied the metabolomics strategy to explore the potential molecular mechanism of the Huangqiliuyi decoction (HQLYD) for type-2 diabetes (T2D). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) combined with pattern recognition methods was utilized to select specific metabolites closely associated with HQLYD. Biomarker pathway analysis and biological network were utilized to uncover the therapeutic effect and action mechanism related to HQLYD. A total of twenty-five biomarkers were identified in the animal model, in which sixteen biomarkers are associated with HQLYD treatment for T2D. They attenuated the abnormalities of metabolic pathways such as phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and the citrate cycle. HQLYD also significantly elevated the serum FINS and SOD, GSP-x level in the liver and kidney, and reduced the serum TC, TG, HDL, LDL, urea, Scr, AST, ALT, FBG, IRS, MDA, and CAT level. We found that the therapeutic mechanism of HQLYD against T2D affected amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. Metabolomics revealed that the Huangqiliuyi decoction attenuates abnormal metabolism as a novel therapeutic opportunity for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Harbin 150040 China
| | - Zhe-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xiu-Bo Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Business Administration, Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150040 China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Harbin 150040 China
| | - Ling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 China
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McGavock J, Durksen A, Wicklow B, Malik S, Sellers EA, Blydt-Hansen T, Chateau D, Dart A. Determinants of Readiness for Adopting Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Among Indigenous Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes in Manitoba, Canada: A Cross-Sectional Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018. [PMID: 29533530 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the readiness for adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors was associated with mental health and comorbid conditions in youth with T2D. METHODS A cross-sectional comparison of various measures of mental health (distress, stress, resilience) and comorbid conditions (glycated hemoglobin, adiposity, hypertension) was conducted within a cohort of indigenous youth with T2D living in Canada, stratified according to their readiness to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors based on Prochaska's transtheoretical model. RESULTS Within the entire cohort (n = 162), only 14% were considered ready to adopt all healthy lifestyle behaviors. The readiness to adopt all lifestyle behaviors was associated with higher positive mental health (47 vs. 39 units; P < 0.05) and sense of mastery (40 vs. 37 units; P < 0.05), lower perceived stress (27 vs. 29 units; P < 0.05) and distress (8 vs. 10 units; P < 0.05), and better glycemic control (HbA1c: 8.4 ± 2.6% vs. 9.7 ± 2.8%; P < 0.05) compared with youth who were not ready to adopt all lifestyle behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The readiness for adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors is low among adolescents with T2D. Being ready to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors is associated with better mental health and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McGavock
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anita Durksen
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sayma Malik
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Ac Sellers
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tom Blydt-Hansen
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dan Chateau
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Allison Dart
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Gourgari E, Wilhelm EE, Hassanzadeh H, Aroda VR, Shoulson I. A comprehensive review of the FDA-approved labels of diabetes drugs: Indications, safety, and emerging cardiovascular safety data. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:1719-1727. [PMID: 28939018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS FDA-approved drug labels are an important source of information for clinicians who prescribe medications for treatment of diabetes. We reviewed drug labels to (1) understand the landscape of classes of medications approved for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), (2) explore the indications and safety information and (3) examine their cardiovascular safety. METHODS We searched four public references and reviewed all FDA-approved labels for "indication and usage," "adverse effects," "warnings and precautions," and "cardiovascular outcomes" from October 1982 to July 2016. We also reviewed FDA drug-safety communications from January 2015 to May 2017. RESULTS The labels reveal 12 classes of medications approved for T2DM with only 2 classes approved for T1DM. There is emerging evidence about cardiovascular safety and risk reduction from diabetes medications which is now being incorporated in drug labels. CONCLUSIONS All currently available diabetes medications are approved for adults with T2DM with a remarkably limited number for adults with T1DM and children with T1DM or T2DM. The incorporation of emerging data on cardiovascular outcomes in FDA drug labels is expected to influence the way physicians treat patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Gourgari
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Program for Regulatory Science & Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Erin E Wilhelm
- Program for Regulatory Science & Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hamid Hassanzadeh
- Program for Regulatory Science & Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vanita R Aroda
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, United States
| | - Ira Shoulson
- Program for Regulatory Science & Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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