Validated stability indicating methods for determination of nitazoxanide in presence of its degradation products

Determination of Sulphasalazine and its Related Compounds by Simple Smart Validated Green Spectrophotometric Methods

BACKGROUND

Sulphasalazine as a prodrug, its active metabolite (mesalazine) which also is available in pharmaceutical formulations, and the major active metabolite of mesalazine; N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic aid are commonly used for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

OBJECTIVES

Two accurate, precise, sensitive and specific spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for determination of the studied components.

METHODS

The first method was modified ratio difference spectrophotometric method. In this method, SZ was determined by measuring the peak area from 410-500 nm, while MZ and AS were determined by measuring the difference of the selected amplitudes values. The second one was mean centering of ratio spectra spectrophotometric method.

RESULTS

The developed method were linear over the concentration range of (2-35), (2-30) and (1-25) µg/mL for sulphasalazine, mesalazine, and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. They were successfully applied for determination of studied analytes. Greenness assessment was evaluated using three different tools.

HIGHLIGHTS

Spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of SZ and its related compounds for the first time. They were designated to be green and ecofriendly ones and their greenness profiles were evaluated using green solvents to keep the environment clean.

Identification of degradation impurity of TGR5 receptor agonist-ZY12201 by LC-MS technique during force degradation study

Forced degradation study is a systemic characterization of degradation products of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at conditions which posses more harsh environment that accelerates degradation of API. Forced degradation and stability studies would be useful in selection of proper, packaging material and storage conditions of the API. These are also useful to demonstrate degradation pathways and degradation products of the API and further characterisation of the degradation products using mass spectrometry. TGR5 is a G protein-coupled receptor, activation of which promotes secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and modulates insulin secretion. The potent and orally bioavailable TGR5 agonist, ZY12201, shows activation of TGR5 which increase secretion of GLP-1 and help in lowering blood glucose level in animal models. Hence it is necessary to establish and study degradation pathway and stability of API for better handling and regulatory approval. Force degradation studies of ZY12201 have shown presence of one oxidative impurity during oxidative degradation in HPLC analysis. The oxidized product is further characterized by LC-MS to elucidate structure of impurity and characterize its degradation pathway.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42452-021-04660-y.

Application of PAT-Based Feedback Control Approaches in Pharmaceutical Crystallization

Crystallization is one of the important unit operations for the separation and purification of solid products in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and pesticide industries, especially for realizing high-end, high-value solid products. The precise control of the solution crystallization process determines the polymorph, crystal shape, size, and size distribution of the crystal product, which is of great significance to improve product quality and production efficiency. In order to develop the crystallization process in a scientific method that is based on process parameters and data, process analysis technology (PAT) has become an important enabling platform. In this paper, we review the development of PAT in the field of crystallization in recent years. Based on the current research status of drug crystallization process control, the monitoring methods and control strategies of feedback control in the crystallization process were systematically summarized. The focus is on the application of model-free feedback control strategies based on the solution and solid information collected by various online monitoring equipment in product engineering, including improving particle size distribution, achieving polymorphic control, and improving purity. In this paper, the challenges of feedback control strategy in the crystallization process are also discussed, and the development trend of the feedback control strategy has been prospected.

Insights into flibanserin oxidative stress degradation pathway: in silico – in vitro toxicity assessment of its degradates

Characterization of the degradation products of pharmaceutical drugs is essential to assess their safety.

Enhancing the solubility of nitazoxanide with solid dispersions technique: formulation, evaluation, and cytotoxicity study

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a synthetic form of nitrothiazole with a broad range of applications as an antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral agent. NTZ is a highly low aqueous soluble drug which possesses solubility of 0.00755 mg/mL and typically low bioavailability of 1%. Low aqueous solubility is usually regarded as prime prerequisites for enhanced absorption and bioavailability. The purpose of this study is to improve in vitro dissolution of the poorly soluble drug NTZ through amorphous solid dispersion technology. Three solid dispersions of NTZ were successfully prepared by hot-melt technique. It was further evaluated for drug content, DSC, XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, in-vitro drug release study, in vitro MTT safety on HEK-293 and A-549 and stability study. The results of XRD showed after the formation of solid dispersions. The number of crystalline peaks has disappeared and confirmed the amorphous form of the drug. An in vitro release study showed that NTZ effectively released from solid dispersion into a simulated gastric releasing medium (pH 1.2). Further, the cytotoxicity study gave an indication of safe for human. Also, stability studies depicted no evident difference in the physical state of solid dispersion after six months. Hence, it can be concluded that the newly developed formulation was found to be safe and stable with enhanced solubility profile.

Different spectrophotometric and TLC-densitometric methods for determination of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide and their degradation products

In this work, multivariate calibration models and TLC-densitometric methods have been developed and validated for quantitative determination of olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) in presence of their degradation products, olmesartan (OL) and salamide (SAL), respectively. In the first method, multivariate calibration models including principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS) were applied. The wavelength range 210-343 nm was used and data was auto-scaled and mean centered as pre-processing steps for PCR and PLS models, respectively. These models were tested by application to external validation set with mean percentage recoveries 99.78, 100.01, 100.41 and 100.46% for OLM, HCZ, OL and SAL, respectively, for PLS model and also, 100.22, 100.40, 102.25 and 100.13% for them, respectively, for PCR model. The second method is TLC-densitometry at which the chromatographic separation was carried out using silica gel 60F254 TLC plates and the developing system consisted of a mixture of ethyl acetate:chloroform:methanol: formic acid:tri-ethylamine (60:40:4:4:1, by volume) with UV-scanning at 254 nm. The developed methods were successfully applied for determination of OLM and HCZ in their pharmaceutical dosage form. Also, statistical comparison was made between the developed methods and the reported method using student’s-t test and F-test and results showed that there was no significant difference between them concerning both accuracy and precision.

HPTLC Method for Quantitative Determination of Zopiclone and Its Impurity

This study was designed to establish, optimize and validate a sensitive, selective and accurate high-performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for determination of zopiclone (ZPC) and its main impurity, 2-amino-5-chloropyridine, one of its degradation products, in raw material and pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed method was applied for analysis of ZPC and its impurity over the concentration range of 0.3-1.4 and 0.05-0.8 µg/band with accuracy of mean percentage recovery 99.92% ± 1.521 and 99.28% ± 2.296, respectively. The method is based on the separation of two components followed by densitometric measurement of the separated peaks at 305 nm. The separation was carried out on silica gel HPTLC F254 plates, using chloroform-methanol-glacial acetic acid (9:1:0.1, by volume) as a developing system. The suggested method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and can be applied for routine analysis in quality control laboratories. The results obtained by the proposed method were statistically compared with the reported method revealing high accuracy and good precision.

Stability-indicating assay method for determination of actarit, its process related impurities and degradation products: Insight into stability profile and degradation pathways☆

The stability of the drug actarit was studied under different stress conditions like hydrolysis (acid, alkaline and neutral), oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation as recommended by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Drug was found to be unstable in acidic, basic and photolytic conditions and produced a common degradation product while oxidative stress condition produced three additional degradation products. Drug was impassive to neutral hydrolysis, dry thermal and accelerated stability conditions. Degradation products were identified, isolated and characterized by different spectroscopic analyses. Drug and the degradation products were synthesized by a new route using green chemistry. The chromatographic separation of the drug and its impurities was achieved in a phenomenex luna C18 column employing a step gradient elution by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC–PDA–MS). A specific and sensitive stability-indicating assay method for the simultaneous determination of the drug actarit, its process related impurities and degradation products was developed and validated.

Development of forced degradation and stability indicating studies of drugs-A review

Forced degradation is a degradation of new drug substance and drug product at conditions more severe than accelerated conditions. It is required to demonstrate specificity of stability indicating methods and also provides an insight into degradation pathways and degradation products of the drug substance and helps in elucidation of the structure of the degradation products. Forced degradation studies show the chemical behavior of the molecule which in turn helps in the development of formulation and package. In addition, the regulatory guidance is very general and does not explain about the performance of forced degradation studies. Thus, this review discusses the current trends in performance of forced degradation studies by providing a strategy for conducting studies on degradation mechanisms and also describes the analytical methods helpful for development of stability indicating method.

Selective separation, detection of zotepine and mass spectral characterization of degradants by LC-MS/MS/QTOF

A simple, precise, accurate stability-indicating gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP–HPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of zotepine (ZTP) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of its degradation products (DPs). The method was developed using Phenomenex C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) with a mobile phase containing a gradient mixture of solvents, A (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), pH=3.0) and B (acetonitrile). The eluted compounds were monitored at 254 nm; the run time was within 20.0 min, in which ZTP and its DPs were well separated, with a resolution of >1.5. The stress testing of ZTP was carried out under acidic, alkaline, neutral hydrolysis, oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. ZTP was found to degrade significantly in acidic, photolytic, thermal and oxidative stress conditions and remain stable in basic and neutral conditions. The developed method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and robustness as per ICH guidelines. This method was also suitable for the assay determination of ZTP in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The DPs were characterized by LC–MS/MS and their fragmentation pathways were proposed.