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Muchakayala SK, Katari NK, Saripella KK, Schaaf H, Marisetti VM, Kowtharapu LP, Jonnalagadda SB. AQbD based green UPLC method to determine mycophenolate mofetil impurities and Identification of degradation products by QToF LCMS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19138. [PMID: 36352016 PMCID: PMC9646803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an ideal method for quantifying impurities in mycophenolate mofetil drug substances and their oral suspension preparations. We developed a systematic and eco-friendly analytical approach utilizing quality by design (QbD) and green chemistry principles. Initially, the critical method parameters (CMPs) were screened using a D-optimal design. The robust final method conditions were optimized using a systematic central composite design (CCD). Through graphical and numerical optimization, the protocol conditions were augmented. The pH of mobile phase buffer (25 mM KH2PO4) (MP-A), initial gradient composition (% MP-A), flow rate (mL min-1), and column oven temperatures (°C) are 4.05, 87, 0.4, and 30, respectively. The best possible separation between the critical pairs was achieved while using the Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 × 2.1) mm, 1.7 µm analytical column. A mixture of water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70 (v/v) was used as mobile phase-B for the gradient elution. The analytical method was validated in agreement with ICH and USP guidelines. The specificity results revealed that no peaks interfered with the impurities and MPM. The mean recovery of the impurities ranged between 96.2 and 102.7%, and the linearity results r > 0.999 across the range of LOQ - 150%. The precision results (%RSD) ranged between 0.8 and 4.5%. The degradation products formed during the base-induced degradation were identified as isomers of mycophenolic acid and sorbitol esters using Q-ToF LC-MS and their molecular and fragment ion peaks. The developed method eco-friendliness and greenness were assessed using analytical greenness (AGREE), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical eco score, and found it is green.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Douglas Pharma US Inc, 1035 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 USA ,Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | | | - Henele Schaaf
- Douglas Pharma US Inc, 1035 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 USA
| | - Vishnu Murthy Marisetti
- Analytical Research and Development, ScieGen Pharmaceuticals Inc, 89 Arkay Drive, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
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Klotsman M, Sathyan G, Anderson WH. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid following administration of immediate-release mycophenolate mofetil in healthy Beagle dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:650-656. [PMID: 33580714 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunomodulating agent commonly used in human medicine for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. There is growing evidence that the immunomodulating properties of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a prodrug of MPA, are therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases in dogs. A narrow therapeutic index and high inter-and intra-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability complicate the use of MMF. A better characterization of MPA pharmacokinetics is needed to help establish dosing regimens and standardized treatment protocols for canine patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of MPA in dogs. MMF oral suspension (10 mg/kg) was administered to five healthy beagle dogs. Serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 18 hours after administration. The simultaneous quantification of MPA, and its metabolites MPA-7-O-glucuronide (MPAG), and acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG) was determined by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS. MPA peak concentrations were achieved rapidly (median Tmax of 0.5 h). Concentrations fell through 3 hours post-dose and then plateaued around 20% of Cmax. The mean elimination half-life was rapid (5.8 hours) and notable variability was observed in all PK parameters. The PK profiles for the MPAG and AcMPAG metabolites followed a similar pattern as MPA concentration. Future repeat-dose studies will be needed to evaluate steady-state PK parameters and to define therapeutic MPA dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wayne H Anderson
- Okava Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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3
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Determination and validation of mycophenolic acid by a UPLC-MS/MS method: Applications to pharmacokinetics and tongue tissue distribution studies in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1136:121930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Salting-out liquid–liquid microextraction to the determination of mycophenolic acid in plasma samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-01018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) in practice: analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-019-0007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
UHPLC-MS/MS is connected in various research facilities for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of a pharmaceutical substance, pharmaceutical items, and biological specimen.
Main body
The commence review article is an endeavor to offer pervasive awareness around assorted aspects and details about the UHPLC-MS/MS and related techniques with the aim on practice to an estimation of medicinal active agents in the last 10 years. The article also focused on isolation, separation, and characterization of present impurity in drug and biological samples.
Conclusion
Review article compiles a general overview of medicinally important drugs and their analysis with UHPLC-MS/MS. It gives fundamental thought regarding applications of UHPLC-MS/MS for the study on safety limit. The summary of developed UHPLC-MS/MS methods gives a contribution to the future trend and limitations in this area of research.
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Riahi K, Hosni K, Raies A, Oliveira R. Unique secondary metabolites of a
Streptomyces
strain isolated from extreme salty wetland show antioxidant and antibacterial activities. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1727-1740. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Riahi
- LR03ES03 Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Faculté des Sciences de Tunis Université de Tunis El‐ManarEl‐Manar II Tunis Tunisie
- Department of Biology Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‐Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - K. Hosni
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico‐chimique Biotechpôle de Sidi Thabet Tunisia
| | - A. Raies
- LR03ES03 Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Faculté des Sciences de Tunis Université de Tunis El‐ManarEl‐Manar II Tunis Tunisie
| | - R. Oliveira
- Department of Biology Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‐Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) University of Minho Braga Portugal
- Department of Biology Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
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Reséndiz-Galván JE, Romano-Aguilar M, Medellín-Garibay SE, Milán-Segovia RDC, Chevaile-Ramos A, Romano-Moreno S. Determination of mycophenolic acid in human plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its pharmacokinetic application in kidney transplant patients. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4681. [PMID: 31419321 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To implement and validate an analytical method by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC MS/MS) to quantify mycophenolic acid (MPA) in kidney transplant patients. Quantification of MPA was performed in an ACQUITY UPLC H Class system coupled to a Xevo TQD detector and it was extracted from plasma samples by protein precipitation. The chromatographic separation was achieved through an ACQUITY HSS C18 SB column with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (60:40 vol/vol) as mobile phase. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis of MPA plasma concentrations from 10 kidney transplant patients. The linear range for MPA quantification was 0.2-30 mg/L with a limit of detection of 0.07 mg/L; the mean extraction recovery was 99.99%. The mean intra- and inter-day variability were 2.98% and 3.4% with a percentage of deviation of 8.4% and 6.6%, respectively. Mean maximal concentration of 10 mg/L at 1.5 h, area under the concentration-time curve of 36.8 mg·h/L, elimination half-life of 3.9 h, clearance of 0.32 L/h/kg and volume of distribution of 1.65 L/kg were obtained from MPA pharmacokinetics profiles. A simple, fast and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method to quantify MPA in plasma was validated and has been applied for pharmacokinetic analysis in kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Eduardo Reséndiz-Galván
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Melissa Romano-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | - Rosa Del Carmen Milán-Segovia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | - Silvia Romano-Moreno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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8
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Simultaneous electrochemical sensing of warfarin and maycophenolic acid in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Zwart TC, Gokoel SRM, van der Boog PJM, de Fijter JW, Kweekel DM, Swen JJ, Guchelaar HJ, Moes DJAR. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in outpatient renal transplant recipients using a volumetric dried blood spot sampling device. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2889-2902. [PMID: 30176064 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid dosing after renal transplantation is individualized through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Home-based dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has the potential to replace conventional TDM sampling at the clinic. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed to quantify tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in DBS and clinically validated for abbreviated area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) monitoring using an innovative volumetric DBS sampling device. METHODS Clinical validation was performed by direct comparison of paired DBS and whole blood (WB) (tacrolimus) and plasma (mycophenolic acid) concentrations and AUCs. Agreement was evaluated using Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman analysis and DBS-to-WB predictive performance. TDM dosing recommendations based on both methods were compared to assess clinical impact. RESULTS Paired tacrolimus (n = 200) and mycophenolic acid (n = 192) DBS and WB samples were collected from 65 kidney(-pancreas) transplant recipients. Differences for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid were within ±20% for 84.5% and 76.6% of concentrations and 90.5% and 90.7% of AUCs, respectively. Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid dosing recommendation differences occurred on 44.4% and 4.7% of occasions. Tacrolimus DBS dosing recommendations were 0.35 ± 0.14 mg higher than for WB and 8 ± 3% of the initial dose. Mycophenolic acid DBS dosing recommendations were 23.3 ± 31.9 mg lower than for plasma and 2 ± 3.5% of the initial dose. CONCLUSIONS Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid TDM for outpatient renal transplant recipients, based on abbreviated AUC collected with a DBS sampling device, is comparable to conventional TDM based on WB sampling. Patient training and guidance on good blood-spotting practices is essential to ensure method feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Zwart
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sumit R M Gokoel
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J M van der Boog
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W de Fijter
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dina M Kweekel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan A R Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Łuszczyńska P, Pawiński T, Kunicki PK, Sikorska K, Marszałek R. Free mycophenolic acid determination in human plasma ultrafiltrate by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Łuszczyńska
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Pawiński
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł K. Kunicki
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical Biology, (previous name: Department of Clinical Biochemistry); Institute of Cardiology; Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ryszard Marszałek
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw Poland
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Development and validation of an ultrafast chromatographic method for quantification of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid in canine, feline and human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Zhang D, Chow DSL, Renbarger JL. Simultaneous quantification of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide metabolites in human plasma by an UPLC-MS/MS assay. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1648-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Houston College of Pharmacy; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Diana S-L. Chow
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Houston College of Pharmacy; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Jamie L. Renbarger
- Department of Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
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13
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Giebułtowicz J, Nałęcz-Jawecki G. Occurrence of immunosuppressive drugs and their metabolites in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata Rivers and in tap water from the Warsaw region (Poland). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:137-147. [PMID: 26803579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppresive therapy following organ transplant frequently includes treatment with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid derivatives. These pharmaceuticals may enter the environment through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and may have a potentially harmful effect on aquatic biota. Tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid and their metabolites were measured at specific points of a large Polish river (Vistula), a smaller river (Utrata) and in tap water samples from the Warsaw region. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, after solid phase extraction for water samples, or QuEChERS extraction for sediments. Residues of tacrolimus were below quantitation limits in both water and sediment samples. However, in water samples mycophenolic acid concentrations were measured at up to 180 ng L(-1) downstream of WWTP outfalls. No immunosuppressive drugs were detected in tap water. Concentrations of mycophenolic acid exceeded the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) value in some Polish surface water, and risk calculations predicted at least twice higher concentrations in some other countries of the European Union. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of these immunosuppressive drug concentrations in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, PL-02097, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, PL-02097, Poland.
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