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Fakayode SO, Bolton B, Dassow B, Galvez K, Chohan H. Rapid screening and multicomponent quantifications of active components of oral syrup over-the-counter medications by Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy and multivariate regression analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123447. [PMID: 37742594 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Over-the-counter medications (OTCMs) are frequently recommended as a first-line treatment for common ailments, diseases, and illnesses. Oral liquid dosage forms are advantageous for rapid absorption with no dissolution time and are easier for pediatric and geriatric consumers to swallow. The production of these medicines by pharmaceutical industry makes them readily available to the public. Although the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides strict guidelines to drug manufacturers of these products; the risk of counterfeiting is a global issue. This can lead to several adverse effects and health issues. Here, we report a fast screening and quality assurance method using Raman and UV-visible spectroscopy combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial-Least-Square (PLS) regression of commonly used OTCM oral syrups. PLS regressions of UV-visible absorption spectra were used for multicomponent quantifications of the active component (acetaminophen, guaifenesin, dextromethorphan HBr, and phenylephrine HCl) concentrations of OTMCs in flavored (sugar or sugar-free) oral syrups. Raman and UV-visible spectral responses varied based on the type and concentration of the active component analyzed. PCA of the spectral data provided pattern recognition of the oral syrup OTCM. The developed PLS method demonstrated good linearity with an R2 > 0.9784 and high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.02 mg/mL for acetaminophen and guaifenesin. Moreover, the simultaneous quantification of concentrations of all active components by the described method yielded good accuracies ranging from 88 to 94%. This study provides an example of the benefits of the combined use of Raman and UV-vis spectral profiling, PCA, and PLS regression for the quality analysis of oral syrups OTCM providing multicomponent quantification of active components with no need for sample extraction. The reported method can be easily adapted and scaled for online detection analysis used in the drug manufacturing industry, both in-situ and field analysis, and for the quality control of syrups OTCM by regulatory agencies and quality control officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo O Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States.
| | - Brinkley Bolton
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States
| | - Bailey Dassow
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States
| | - Kairy Galvez
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College, and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, United States
| | - Harmeet Chohan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue State University, Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, United States
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Natural deep eutectic solvent: A novelty alternative as multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersing agent for the determination of paracetamol in urine. Talanta 2022; 242:123290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pavlov J, Zheng Z, Douce D, Bajic S, Attygalle AB. Helium-Plasma-Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Metallocenes and Their Derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:548-559. [PMID: 33395292 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene and its derivatives and nickelocene undergo facile ionization when exposed directly to the ionizing plasma of a helium-plasma ionization (HePI) source. Mass spectra recorded from such samples under ambient positive-ion-generating conditions show intense peaks for the respective molecular ions [M+•] and protonated species [(M + H)+]. The protonation process occurs most efficiently when traces of water are present in the heated nitrogen used as the "heating gas." In fact, the relative population of the two categories of ions generated in this way can be manipulated by regulating the heating-gas flow. Moreover, rapid and highly efficient gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) reactions can be performed in the ion source by passing the heating gas through a vial with D2O before it reaches the HePI source. Moreover, the ionized species generated in this way can be subjected to in-source CID fragmentation in the QDa-HePI source very efficiently by varying the sampling-cone voltage. By this procedure, ions generated from ferrocene and nickelocene could be stripped so far as to ultimately generate the bare-metal cation. Other typical fragment-ions produced from protonated metallocenes included the M(cp)1+ ions (M = Fe or Ni), by elimination of a cyclopentadiene molecule, or the molecular cation, by loss of a H• radical. Moreover, H/D exchanges and subsequent tandem mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the central metal core participates in the initial protonation process of ferrocene under HePI conditions. However, in compounds such as ferrocene carboxaldehyde and ferrocene boronic acid, the protonation takes place at the peripheral functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Pavlov
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Zhaoyu Zheng
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - David Douce
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Steve Bajic
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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Paracetamol Sensing with a Pencil Lead Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Polyvinylpyrrolidone. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The determination of paracetamol is a common need in pharmaceutical and environmental samples for which a low-cost, rapid, and accurate sensor would be highly desirable. We develop a novel pencil graphite lead electrode (PGE) modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer (PVP/SWCNT/PGE) for the voltammetric quantification of paracetamol. The sensor shows remarkable analytical performance in the determination of paracetamol at neutral pH, with a limit of detection of 0.38 μM and a linear response from 1 to 500 μM using square-wave voltammetry (SWV), which are well suited to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations. The introduction of the polymer PVP can cause dramatic changes in the sensing performance of the electrode, depending on its specific architecture. These effects were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the co-localization and dispersion of PVP throughout the carbon nanotubes on the electrode are key to its superior electrochemical performance, facilitating the electrical contact between the nanotubes and with the electrode surface. The application of this sensor to commercial syrup and tablet preparations is demonstrated with excellent results.
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Boumya W, Taoufik N, Achak M, Barka N. Chemically modified carbon-based electrodes for the determination of paracetamol in drugs and biological samples. J Pharm Anal 2020; 11:138-154. [PMID: 34012690 PMCID: PMC8116204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug widely used in pharmaceutical applications for its sturdy, antipyretic and analgesic action. However, an overdose of paracetamol can cause fulminant hepatic necrosis and other toxic effects. Thus, the development of advantageous analytical tools to detect and determine paracetamol is required. Due to simplicity, higher sensitivity and selectivity as well as costefficiency, electrochemical sensors were fully investigated in last decades. This review describes the advancements made in the development of electrochemical sensors for the paracetamol detection and quantification in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The progress made in electrochemical sensors for the selective detection of paracetamol in the last 10 years was examined, with a special focus on highly innovative features introduced by nanotechnology. As the literature is rather extensive, we tried to simplify this work by summarizing and grouping electrochemical sensors according to the by which manner their substrates were chemically modified and the analytical performances obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Boumya
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Research Group in Environmental Sciences and Applied Materials (SEMA), FP Khouribga, B.P. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco.,Chouaib Doukkali University, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Energie, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Nawal Taoufik
- Sultan Moulay Slimane University of Beni Mellal, Research Group in Environmental Sciences and Applied Materials (SEMA), FP Khouribga, B.P. 145, 25000, Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Mounia Achak
- Chouaib Doukkali University, Ecole Nationale des Sciences Appliquées, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Energie, El Jadida, Morocco.,Chemical & Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering, CBS, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Barka
- Chemical & Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering, CBS, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
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Herath IS, O’Donnell TE, Pavlov J, Attygalle AB. Screening freshness of seafood by measuring trimethylamine (TMA) levels using helium-plasma ionization mass spectrometry (HePI-MS). J Anal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-019-0190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Trimethylamine (TMA) is a marker used for monitoring the quality of seafood because it is the primary component of the “fishy” odor.
Methods
The levels of TMA in seafood samples were directly measured by helium-plasma ionization mass spectrometry (HePI-MS). Each sample was directly exposed to the HePI source, and the intensity of the m/z 60 signal for protonated TMA was monitored by a selected-ion-recording (SIR) protocol. Using a set of TMA-spiked water standards, the TMA levels in seafood samples were quantified.
Results
The signal intensity of the m/z 60 ion from shrimp samples maintained at room temperature for 2 days can be attenuated to baseline levels by adding lime juice. The amounts of TMA in samples of salmon and shrimp recovered from some sushi preparations, and in squid samples, were found to be 0.24 μg, 0.16 μg, and 17.2 μg per gram, respectively.
Conclusions
HePI-MS is an efficient technique to screen and monitor the TMA content and assess the quality of seafood.
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Hassan I, Pavlov J, Errabelli R, Attygalle AB. Oxidative Ionization Under Certain Negative-Ion Mass Spectrometric Conditions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:270-277. [PMID: 27822704 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Hydroquinone and several other phenolic compounds generate (M - 2) -• radical-anions, rather than deprotonated molecules, under certain negative-ion mass spectrometric conditions. In fact, spectra generated under helium-plasma ionization (HePI) conditions from 1,4-hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone (by electron capture) were practically indistinguishable. Because this process involves a net loss of H• and H+, it can be termed oxidative ionization. The superoxide radical-anion (O2-•), known to be present in many atmospheric-pressure plasma ion sources operated in the negative mode, plays a critical role in the oxidative ionization process. The presence of a small peak at m/z 142 in the spectrum of 1,4-hydroquinone, but not in that of 1,4-benzoquinone, indicated that the initial step in the oxidative ionization process is the formation of an O2-• adduct. On the other hand, under bona fide electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions, 1,4-hydroquinone generates predominantly an (M - 1) - ion. It is known that at sufficiently high capillary voltages, corona discharges begin to occur even in an ESI source. At lower ESI capillary voltages, deprotonation predominates; as the capillary voltage is raised, the abundance of O2-• present in the plasma increases, and the source in turn increasingly behaves as a composite ESI/APCI source. While maintaining post-ionization ion activation to a minimum (to prevent fragmentation), and monitoring the relative intensities of the m/z 109 (due to deprotonation) and 108 (oxidative ionization) peaks recorded from 1,4-hydroquinone, a semiquantitative estimation of the APCI contribution to the overall ion-generation process can be obtained. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Hassan
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Julius Pavlov
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Ramu Errabelli
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
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