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Yuan J, Wang J, Chen Z, Chang Y, Chen L, Gao Z, Crommen J, Zhang T, Jiang Z. Establishment of an at-line nanofractionation-based screening platform by coupling HPLC-MS/MS with high-throughput fluorescence polarization bioassay for natural SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1728:464986. [PMID: 38797137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel at-line nanofractionation platform was established for screening SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors from natural products for the first time by combining HPLC-MS/MS with high-throughput fluorescence polarization (FP) bioassay. A time-course FP bioassay in 384 well-plates was conducted in parallel with MS/MS to simultaneously obtain chemical and biological information of potential fusion inhibitors in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) and Lianhua Qingwen capsules (LHQW). Semi-preparative liquid chromatography and orthogonal HPLC separation were employed to enrich and better identify the co-eluted components. After comprehensive evaluation and validation, 28 potential SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitors were screened out and identified. Several compounds at low micromolar activity were validated by in vitro inhibitory assay, molecular docking, cytotoxicity test, and pseudovirus assay. Moreover, four potential dual-target inhibitors against influenza and COVID-19 were discovered from LJF using this method, offering novel insights for the development of future pharmaceuticals targeting epidemic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research / International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jincai Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research / International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhixu Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research / International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuexiang Chang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research / International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Litong Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Zhizeng Gao
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research / International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research / International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Song R, Wang Y, Drolma G, Drolga N, Drolma D, Xia B, Zhou Y. Rapid analysis of the chemical constituents of traditional Tibetan medicine Sbyor-bzo-ghi-wang using ballpoint electrospray ionization technique. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9760. [PMID: 38682312 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The chemical constituents of traditional Tibetan medicines (TTM) can be identified using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) technique. However, the HPLC-MS/MS technique requires the sample to be pretreated and then separated using the specific liquid chromatography method, which is time consuming. This study developed a ballpoint electrospray ionization (BPESI) technique for analyzing the chemical constituents of Sbyor-bzo-ghi-wang. This technique is a simple and inexpensive method for the rapid identification of the chemical constituents of TTMs. METHODS After the important parameters of the homemade BPESI device were optimized, the chemical constituents of Sbyor-bzo-ghi-wang were quickly identified without sample pretreatment. The raw data were converted to mzML file using MSConvert and then identified using SIRIUS 5 software. RESULTS The results showed that 30 compounds were identified from Sbyor-bzo-ghi-wang, namely eight bile acids, six flavonoids, four alkaloids, three amino acids, and nine others. Compared to the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q/Orbitrap and high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS) technique, the BPESI technique identified almost similar types of compounds and also a comparable number of compounds. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the traditional HPLC-MS/MS methods, the BPESI technique does not require complex sample pretreatment and subsequent chromatographic separation steps; also it consumes a small quantity of samples. Therefore, BPESI can be used for the qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents of Sbyor-bzo-ghi-wang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gazang Drolma
- Xizang Institute for Food and Drug Control/NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, China
| | - Nima Drolga
- Xizang Institute for Food and Drug Control/NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, China
| | - Dawa Drolma
- Xizang Institute for Food and Drug Control/NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Wang S, Taledaohan A, Tuohan M, Zhang J, Li Y, Song W, Wang Y, Liang X, Wu Q. Jinmaitong alleviates diabetic neuropathic pain by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling in microglia of diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118442. [PMID: 38852640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jinmaitong (JMT) is a prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine that is composed of 12 crude drugs. It has been used in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) for more than 30 years. AIM OF STUDY Microglia are thought to play an important role in neuropathic pain. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of JMT against DNP and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in which the microglia and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were mainly involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of JMT was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The diabetes model was constructed using 11 to 12-week-old male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat (fa/fa). The model rats were divided into 5 groups and were given JMT at three dosages (11.6, 23.2, and 46.4 g/kg, respectively, calculated as the crude drug materials), JAK inhibitor AG490 (positive drug, 10 μg/day), and placebo (deionized water), respectively, for eight weeks (n = 6). Meanwhile, Zucker lean controls (fa/+) were given a placebo (n = 6). Body weight was tested weekly and blood glucose was monitored every 2 weeks. The mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia were assessed using mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) tests. After treatment, the microglia activation marker Iba-1, CD11B, CD68, neuroinflammatory mediators, and mediators of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were compared between different groups. The mRNA and protein levels of target genes were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western Blot, respectively. RESULTS We found that JMT significantly inhibited the overactivation of microglia in spinal cords, and suppressed neuroinflammation of DNP model rats, thereby ameliorating neurological dysfunction and injuries. Furthermore, these effects of JMT could be attributed to the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that JMT effectively ameliorated DNP by modulating microglia activation via inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. The present study provided a basis for further research on the therapeutic strategies of DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Ayijiang Taledaohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Maermaer Tuohan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jiyi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yaoyang Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xiaochun Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Qunli Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Yalkun I, Wan H, Ye L, Yu L, He Y, Li C, Wan H. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Chemical Components in Yinhua Pinggan Granule with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Q-Exactive Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:2300. [PMID: 38792164 PMCID: PMC11124461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Yinhua Pinggan Granule (YPG) is an approved compounded traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription for the treatment of cold, cough, viral pneumonia, and related diseases. Due to its complicated chemical composition, the material basis of YPG has not been systematically investigated. In this study, an analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Q-Exactive mass spectrometry was established. Together with the help of a self-built compound database and Compound Discoverer software 3.1, the chemical components in YPG were tentatively identified. Subsequently, six main components in YPG were quantitatively characterized with a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method. As a result, 380 components were annotated, including 19 alkaloids, 8 organic acids, 36 phenolic acids, 27 other phenols, 114 flavonoids, 75 flavonoid glycoside, 72 terpenes, 11 anthraquinones, and 18 other compounds. Six main components, namely, chlorogenic acid, puerarin, 3'-methoxypuerarin, polydatin, glycyrrhizic acid, and emodin, were quantified simultaneously. The calibration curves of all six analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9990) within the test ranges. The precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery values were all in acceptable ranges. In addition, the total phenol content and DPPH scavenging activity of YPG were also determined. The systematic elucidation of the chemical components in YPG in this study may provide clear chemical information for the quality control and pharmacological research of YPG and related TCM compounded prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Yang Y, Sun S, Yang S, Yang Q, Lu X, Wang X, Yu Q, Huo X, Qian X. Structural annotation of unknown molecules in a miniaturized mass spectrometer based on a transformer enabled fragment tree method. Commun Chem 2024; 7:109. [PMID: 38740942 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Structural annotation of small molecules in tandem mass spectrometry has always been a central challenge in mass spectrometry analysis, especially using a miniaturized mass spectrometer for on-site testing. Here, we propose the Transformer enabled Fragment Tree (TeFT) method, which combines various types of fragmentation tree models and a deep learning Transformer module. It is aimed to generate the specific structure of molecules de novo solely from mass spectrometry spectra. The evaluation results on different open-source databases indicated that the proposed model achieved remarkable results in that the majority of molecular structures of compounds in the test can be successfully recognized. Also, the TeFT has been validated on a miniaturized mass spectrometer with low-resolution spectra for 16 flavonoid alcohols, achieving complete structure prediction for 8 substances. Finally, TeFT confirmed the structure of the compound contained in a Chinese medicine substance called the Anweiyang capsule. These results indicate that the TeFT method is suitable for annotating fragmentation peaks with clear fragmentation rules, particularly when applied to on-site mass spectrometry with lower mass resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuyuan Yang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- CHIN Instrument (Hefei) Co., Ltd., Hefei, 231200, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinming Huo
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Xiang Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Chen Y, Dong Y, Song L, Bai C, Wang B, Sa C. The Analysis of Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauv. Chemical Composition by GC/MS and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS. Int J Anal Chem 2024; 2024:3525212. [PMID: 38745727 PMCID: PMC11093689 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3525212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauv. (L. leontopodioides.) has been used to treat lung diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, a systematic analysis of its chemical components has not been reported so far. In this study, UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS and GC-MS were applied to investigate the chemical composition of the water extracts and essential oils of L. leontopodioides. UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS adopts a heating electrospray ionization source, collecting primary and secondary mass spectrometry data in positive and negative ions, respectively, and uses Compound Discoverer 3.2 software to analyze the collected raw data. As a result, a total of 39 compounds were identified from their high-resolution mass spectra in both positive and negative ionization modes, including 13 flavonoids and their glycosides, 15 phenolic acids, 4 oligosaccharides and glycosides, 4 pentacyclic triterpenoids, and 3 other compounds. Among them, 18 chemical components have not been reported in L. leontopodioides. In the GC-MS section, two common organic solvents (n-hexane and diethyl ether) were used to extract essential oils, and the mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV (electron impact) and scanned in the range of 35∼450 m/z. Compounds were identified using NIST (version 2017), and the peak area normalization method was used to calculate their relative amounts. Finally, 17 components were identified in the volatile oil extracted with n-hexane, accounting for 80.38% of the total volatile oil, including monoterpenoids, phenylpropene, fatty acids, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. In the volatile oil extracted with diethyl ether, 16 components were identified, accounting for 73.50% of the total volatile oil, including phenylpropene, aliphatic hydrocarbons, monoterpenoids, fatty acids, and esters. This study was the first to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of the L. leontopodioides water extract and its essential oil, and a comprehensive chemical composition spectrum was constructed, to lay a foundation for its further pharmacodynamic material basis and quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Yu Dong
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Changxi Bai
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Buhechaolu Wang
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Chula Sa
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
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Liu T, Lin S. Comprehensive characterization of the chemical constituents of Lianhua Qingwen capsule by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27352. [PMID: 38496865 PMCID: PMC10944244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lianhua Qingwen capsule is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that is widely used for the treatment of respiratory diseases in China. To facilitate in-depth and global characterization of the chemical constituents of Lianhua Qingwen capsule, a profiling method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UHPLC-FT-ICR-MS) was applied in both positive and negative ion modes for the comprehensive characterization of the chemical profiles of Lianhua Qingwen capsule. A total of 596 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized, including 137 flavonoids, 46 phenylpropanoids, 43 phenylethanoid glycosides, 145 terpenoids, 83 organic acids and their derivatives, 15 quinones, 39 alkaloids, 32 alcohol glycosides and 56 other compounds. Thus, this results widely extended and enriched the chemical constituents of Lianhua Qingwen capsule, which will provide comprehensive and valuable information for its quality control and further pharmacological study, facilitate understanding the effective substance and pharmacodynamic material basis, thereby providing a solid foundation for further development of the Lianhuaqingwen capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Shu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
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Zeng J, Li X, Cai R, Chen B, Li C, Hu Q, Sun Y. Proposing anti-counterfeiting pharmacopoeia quality markers for Shenlingbaizhu granule based on UHPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS identification. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:220-238. [PMID: 37735858 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shenlingbaizhu granule, a Traditional Chinese Medicine prescription comprising Renshen, Gancao, and Shanyao, is widely consumed in China nowadays. OBJECTIVE The study tries to propose pharmacopoeia quality markers (Q-markers) to prevent counterfeiting involving Renshen, Gancao, and Shanyao. METHODOLOGY A novel strategy, that is, library-based ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry, was used to analyse the lyophilised aqueous powder of Shenlingbaizhu granule. Subsequently, quantum chemistry calculation and UV-vis spectra scanning were also performed through theoretical or experimental approaches. RESULT Thirty-two isomers have been strictly distinguished, especially positional isomeric isochlorogenic acid B versus isochlorogenic acid C, positional isomeric schaftoside versus isoschaftoside, positional isomeric ginsenoside Rg2 versus 20S-ginsenoside Rg3, and stereoisomeric 20S-ginsenoside Rg3 versus 20R-ginsenoside Rg3. Seventeen compounds were unexpectedly observed, particularly scoparone and pectolinarigenin, while a total of 76 bioactive compounds have been putatively identified in the study. The quantum chemistry calculation and UV-vis spectra scanning results revealed that glycyrrhizic acid, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1, and diosgenin displayed different dipole moment values and maximum absorption wavelengths from each other. CONCLUSION The study recommends glycyrrhizic acid, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1, and diosgenin as four anti-counterfeiting Q-markers for the pharmacopoeia. The anti-counterfeiting Q-markers can be detected using conventional HPLC. The observation of 17 unexpected compounds updates our knowledge regarding the bioactives of Shenlingbaizhu granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zeng
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongxin Cai
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ban Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhou Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Han C, Zhang Z, Feng Z, Zhai C, Li X, Shi Y, Li X, Li M, Wang Y, Luo G, Gao X. The "depict" strategy for discovering new compounds in complex matrices: Lycibarbarspermidines as a case. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:416-426. [PMID: 38618244 PMCID: PMC11010613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive detection and identification of active ingredients in complex matrices is a crucial challenge. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is the most prominent analytical platform for the exploration of novel active compounds from complex matrices. However, the LC-HRMS-based analysis workflow suffers from several bottleneck issues, such as trace content of target compounds, limited acquisition for fragment information, and uncertainty in interpreting relevant MS2 spectra. Lycibarbarspermidines are vital antioxidant active ingredients in Lycii Fructus, while the reported structures are merely focused on dicaffeoylspermidines due to their low content. To comprehensively detect the new structures of lycibarbarspermidine derivatives, a "depict" strategy was developed in this study. First, potential new lycibarbarspermidine derivatives were designed according to the biosynthetic pathway, and a comprehensive database was established, which enlarged the coverage of lycibarbarspermidine derivatives. Second, the polarity-oriented sample preparation of potential new compounds increased the concentration of the target compounds. Third, the construction of the molecular network based on the fragmentation pathway of lycibarbarspermidine derivatives broadened the comprehensiveness of identification. Finally, the weak response signals were captured by data-dependent scanning (DDA) followed by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), and the efficiency of acquiring MS2 fragment ions of target compounds was significantly improved. Based on the integrated strategy above, 210 lycibarbarspermidine derivatives were detected and identified from Lycii Fructus, and in particular, 170 potential new compounds were structurally characterized. The integrated strategy improved the sensitivity of detection and the coverage of low-response components, and it is expected to be a promising pipeline for discovering new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiyang Feng
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chuanjia Zhai
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yulian Shi
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Chinese Medicine Analysis, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
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Zhang C, Cao X, Zhao L, Ni Z, Du H, Qu J, Zhu J, Sun H, Sun Y, Ouyang Z. Traditional Chinese Medicine Shi-Bi-Man ameliorates psoriasis via inhibiting IL-23/Th17 axis and CXCL16-mediated endothelial activation. Chin Med 2024; 19:38. [PMID: 38429819 PMCID: PMC10905932 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory genetic disease, mainly manifesting in the skin. Conventional therapies, such as glucocorticosteroids and corticosteroids, have adverse effects that limit drug use. Hence, it is imperative to identify a new therapeutic strategy that exhibits a favorable safety profile. Shi-Bi-Man (SBM) is a safe herbal supplement sourced from various natural plants, including ginseng, angelica sinensis, polygonum multiflorum, and aloe vera. PURPOSE We aimed to find a potential treatment for psoriasis and investigate the underlying mechanism through which SBM alleviates psoriatic-like skin inflammation in mice. METHODS We investigated the effects of supplementing with SBM through intragastric administration or smear administration in a murine model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis. The changes in body weight and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score were recorded throughout the entire process. Additionally, we used hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe the skin structure and performed single-cell RNA sequencing to explore the underlying mechanism of SBM in influencing the psoriasis-like phenotype. Immunofluorescence was conducted to verify our findings. Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to investigate the impact of Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside (TSG) on the expression levels of IL23 in HaCaT cells. RESULTS SBM remarkably alleviated the psoriasis-like phenotype by inhibiting IL-23/Th17 cell axis. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of Il17 and Il23 in keratinocytes and T cells, concomitant with a reduction in the proportion of Th17 cells. Meanwhile, the activation of endothelial cells was inhibited, accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Cxcl16. In vitro, the addition of TSG to HaCaT cells resulted in significant suppression of IL23 expression stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinran Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zitong Ni
- Jinling High School, 169 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Haojie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianxia Zhu
- Shenzhen Sipimo Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- School of Food and Drug, Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, 7098 Liuxian Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Zijun Ouyang
- School of Food and Drug, Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, 7098 Liuxian Avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Zhao B, Zhang Q, He Y, Cao W, Song W, Liang X. Targeted metabolomics reveals the aberrant energy status in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the neuroprotective mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine JinMaiTong. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:225-243. [PMID: 38464790 PMCID: PMC10921333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and devastating complication of diabetes, for which effective therapies are currently lacking. Disturbed energy status plays a crucial role in DPN pathogenesis. However, the integrated profile of energy metabolism, especially the central carbohydrate metabolism, remains unclear in DPN. Here, we developed a metabolomics approach by targeting 56 metabolites using high-performance ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPIC-MS/MS) to illustrate the integrative characteristics of central carbohydrate metabolism in patients with DPN and streptozotocin-induced DPN rats. Furthermore, JinMaiTong (JMT), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, was found to be effective for DPN, improving the peripheral neurological function and alleviating the neuropathology of DPN rats even after demyelination and axonal degeneration. JMT ameliorated DPN by regulating the aberrant energy balance and mitochondrial functions, including excessive glycolysis restoration, tricarboxylic acid cycle improvement, and increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. Bioenergetic profile was aberrant in cultured rat Schwann cells under high-glucose conditions, which was remarkably corrected by JMT treatment. In-vivo and in-vitro studies revealed that these effects of JMT were mainly attributed to the activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and downstream peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). Our results expand the therapeutic framework for DPN and suggest the integrative modulation of energy metabolism using TCMs, such as JMT, as an effective strategy for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yiqian He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weifang Cao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Song
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaochun Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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12
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Jiang M, Yang L, Zou L, Zhang L, Wang S, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Li P. A comprehensive quality evaluation for Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction by integrating UPLC-DAD/MS chemical profile and pharmacodynamics combined with chemometric analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117325. [PMID: 37852340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction (HGWD), a classical Chinese formula originally recorded in Jin Kui Yao Lue, was used for the treatment of human "blood impediment" (a type of "Bi" syndrome). In clinical practice, HGWD has been applied to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). AIM OF THE STUDY The characterization of chemical markers reflecting both efficacy and chemical characteristics is of great significance for TCM quality control. With the anti-RA effects of HGWD as an example, the aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive strategy combining the overall chemical profile and biological activity data to identify chemical markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) fingerprint was established and validated to evaluate the holistic quality of HGWD of different origins. Characteristic markers associated with HGWD from different geographical origins were screened by a combination of UPLC-DAD fingerprint and chemometrics methods. Second, the chemical profiles of the 15 batches of HGWD samples were characterized by UPLC coupled tohybrid linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The in vitro anti-RA activities of the 15 HGWD samples were then evaluated. Third, spectrum-effect relationship analysis was performed to identify bioactive compounds that could potentially be used as quality markers. Finally, a UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry approach was optimized and established for quantitative analysis of the characteristic and quality markers in 15 batches of HGWD. RESULTS In total, 30 common peaks were assigned in the UPLC-DAD fingerprint. Nine peaks were recognized and considered characteristic markers: protocatechuic acid, coumarin, cinnamic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorin, calycosin, formononetin, catechin, and albiflorin. Furthermore, ninety-five common compounds were identified in the UPLC-HRMS chemical profile. The pharmacological analysis indicated that the anti-RA activities of the 15 HGWD samples were vastly different. The spectrum-effect relationship analysis revealed 30 potential bioactive constituents positively correlated with anti-RA activity. Among them, five compounds with relative amounts >1%, paeoniflorin, astragaloside IV, hexahydrocurcumin, formononetin and calycosin-7-glucoside, were selected as quality markers, and their activity was verified in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Finally, the above 12 representative components were simultaneously quantified in the 15 batches of HGWD samples. CONCLUSION Combining a holistic chemical profile with representative component evaluation, this systematic strategy could be a reliable and effective method to improve quality evaluations of HGWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Lele Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
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Zhang Z, Yan X, Kang L, Leng Z, Ji Y, Yang S, Du X, Fang K, Wang Z, Li Z, Sun M, Zhao Z, Feng A, Chen Z, Zhang S, Wan D, Chen T, Xu M. TRPM8 inhibits substance P release from primary sensory neurons via PKA/GSK-3beta to protect colonic epithelium in colitis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:91. [PMID: 38280896 PMCID: PMC10821925 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a cold sensory receptor in primary sensory neurons that regulates various neuronal functions. Substance P (SP) is a pro-inflammatory neuropeptide secreted by the neurons, and it aggravates colitis. However, the regulatory role of TRPM8 in SP release is still unclear. Our study aimed to investigate TRPM8's role in SP release from primary sensory neurons during colitis and clarify the effect of SP on colonic epithelium. We analyzed inflammatory bowel disease patients' data from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2.5%)-induced colitis in mice, mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, ND7/23 cell line, and mouse or human colonic organoids were used for this experiment. Our study found that TRPM8, TAC1 and WNT3A expression were significantly correlated with the severity of ulcerative colitis in patients and DSS-induced colitis in mice. The TRPM8 agonist (menthol) and the SP receptor antagonist (Aprepitant) can attenuate colitis in mice, but the effects were not additive. Menthol promoted calcium ion influx in mouse DRG neurons and inhibited the combination and phosphorylation of PKAca from the cAMP signaling pathway and GSK-3β from the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the effect of Wnt3a-driven β-catenin on promoting SP release in ND7/23 cells. Long-term stimulation with SP inhibited proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in both mouse and human colonic organoids. Conclusively, TRPM8 inhibits SP release from primary sensory neurons by inhibiting the interaction between PKAca and GSK-3β, thereby inhibiting the role of SP in promoting colonic epithelial apoptosis and relieving colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Yan
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuyun Leng
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Ji
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangzhu Yang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Fang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxing Li
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingchuang Sun
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Zhao
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Feng
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhukai Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Meidong Xu
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Yao L, Liu Y, Cui Y, Sun J, Xia X, Wang J, Wei Y, Chen W. Characterization and quality evaluation of QiXueShuFu Decoction based on fingerprint and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300606. [PMID: 38095460 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
QiXueShuFu Decoction (QXSFD) modified from the Bazhen Decoction which was originally from the classic Ming Dynasty is a traditional folk formula that boosts the body's immune system. However, its ambiguous chemical components limited its quality control evaluation. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) fingerprint combined with multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the quality of 15 batches of QXSFD, and UPLC quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry was used to further examine the chemical components in QXSFD, after which representative compounds from each disassembled prescription were selected for comparison. Fifteen batches of samples had 33 common peaks in which 11 differential components could be used as a reference for subsequent quality control. One hundred forty-three components were identified from QXSFD. Saponins were mainly derived from the monarch, terpenes from the minister, and polysaccharides and glycosides from the assistant. In addition, quantitative assay revealed that the content of ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside and 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose in the whole prescription were higher than the contents of each disassembled prescription. This is the first comprehensive quality report on the chemical components of QXSFD, which is important for pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
| | - Julin Sun
- Anhui Province Maanshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Anhui Province Maanshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Junping Wang
- Center of Pharmacy, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yougang Wei
- Anhui Province Maanshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ma'anshan, China
| | - WeiDong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
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15
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Yang L, Sun Y, Wei S, Wen H, Liu R, Wang X. Chemical profiling of Simiao pill and quantification of main effective constituents in it by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive Orbitrap and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300615. [PMID: 38234033 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Simiao pill is one of the most commonly used prescriptions in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. However, methods based on more accurate and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analyses of the active ingredients are not yet perfect due to limited methodology. This not only hinders the elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism of Simiao pill, but also its comprehensive clinical development and utilization. In this study, we employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap-mass spectrometry technology to perform rapid analysis and identification of the chemical constituents in Simiao pill. A total of 101 chemical components were identified, including 26 alkaloids, 15 terpenoids, 11 flavonoids, eight steroids, six fatty acids, five limonoids, four saponins, five phenylpropanoids, and 21 other compounds. In addition, we established a new method by high-throughput ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap-mass spectrometry combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry technology for quantification of 14 main active ingredients, such as adenosine (1), phellodendrine (2), mangnoflorine (3), β-ecdysterone (4), 25R-inokosterone (5), 25S-inokosterone (6), jatrorrhizine (7), palmatine (8), chikusetsu saponin IVa (9), limonin (10), atractylenolide III (11), atractylenolide I (12), obacunone (13), and atractylenolide II (14) in Simiao pill. This work laid a foundation for further analysis and quality control of effective components in Simiao pill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ye Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Ruicheng Liu
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P. R. China
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16
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Dai R, Lu JY, Chen WD, Hong BZ, Zhang L, Cheng M, Wang YP, Zhang Y. Simultaneous determination of multiple constituents, serum composition, and tissue distribution of Qingshen granule using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300159. [PMID: 37525329 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Qingshen granule, composed of 14 herbal drugs, is primarily used as the assistant therapy for chronic kidney disease. Qingshen granule chemical composition was complex, but its chemical constituents and the pharmacodynamic material basis remain unreported. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to recognize the chemical constituents of Qingshen granule. The analysis was performed using the ACQUITY UHPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The data were collected using heated electrospray ionization in positive and negative ion modes. This study successfully applied the UPHLC-quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry technique with the Compound Discoverer 3.3 platform to analyze Qingshen granule chemical composition. A total of 127 and 42 chemical components were identified in Qingshen granule in vitro and in vivo, respectively. In the tissue distribution of Qingshen granule, 9, 10, 11, 10, and 18 prototype components were detected in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys, respectively. Qingshen granule chemical constituents were characterized rapidly for the first time in this study, laying a foundation for further research on the substance basis and quality control of Qingshen granule in treating chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Dai
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Yuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Bang-Zhen Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
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17
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Zhao Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Geng Z, Su R, Zhou L, Han C, Wang Z, Ma S, Li W. Evaluation of the chemical profile from four germplasms sources of Pruni Semen using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and multivariate analysis. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:733-742. [PMID: 36320598 PMCID: PMC9615524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pruni Semen, the seed of several unique Prunus plants, is a traditional purgative herbal material. To determine the authentic sources of Pruni Semen, 46 samples from four species were collected and analyzed. Ten compounds including multiflorin A (Mul A), a notable purative compound, were isolated and identified by chemical separation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Seventy-six communal components were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and acetyl flavonoid glycosides were recognized as characteristic constituents. The flavonoids were distributed in the seed coat and cyanogenic glycosides in the kernel. Based on this, methods for identifying Pruni Semen from different sources were established using chemical fingerprinting, quantitative analysis of the eight principal compounds, hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results showed that the samples were divided into two categories: one is the small seeds from Prunus humilis (Ph) and Prunus japonica (Pj), and the other is the big seeds from Prunus pedunculata (Pp) and Prunus triloba (Pt). The average content of Mul A was 3.02, 6.93, 0.40, and 0.29 mg/g, while the average content of amygdalin was 18.5, 17.7, 31.5, and 30.9 mg/g in Ph, Pj, Pp, and Pt, respectively. All the above information suggests that small seeds might be superior sources of Pruni Semen. This is the first comprehensive report on the identification of chemical components in Pruni Semen from different species. Chemical constituents of Pruni semen from four Prunus species were compared. Acetyl flavonoid glycosides were identified as the characteristic components. Flavonoids were present in the seed coat and cyanogenic glycosides in the kernel. The content of acetyl flavonoid in small seeds is significant higher than those in big ones.
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18
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Xie G, Zhou R, Huang L, Zhang S, Tan Z. In Vitro Biotransformation of Total Glycosides in Qiwei Baizhu Powder by the Gut Microbiota of Normal and Diarrheal Mice: Novel Insight Into the Biotransformation of Multi-Glycosides by the Gut Microbiota. Front Chem 2022; 10:907886. [PMID: 35795223 PMCID: PMC9251009 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.907886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is involved in the metabolism of glycosides and is beneficial for enhancing their bioactivity. However, the metabolism of multi-glycosides by the GM under normal and pathological conditions is unclear. In this study, the total glycosides (TG) of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula Qiwei Baizhu Powder (QWBZP) were extracted to represent a multi-glycoside system. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to rapidly identify the components and in vitro metabolites of QWBZP-TG. The metabolic profiles of QWBZP-TG in the GM of normal and diarrheal mice were also compared. A total of 68 compounds and seven metabolites were identified in the QWBZP-TG and metabolic samples, respectively. Deglycosylation was the main metabolic pathway of in vitro multi-glycoside metabolism. Liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin apioside, liquiritin, protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type, and oleanane (OLE)-type ginsenosides were relatively easy to metabolize by the GM. At first, the deglycosylation capability of the GM of normal mice was superior to that of diarrheal mice, but the deglycosylation capability of diarrheal mice gradually recovered and produced abundant deglycosylation metabolites. In conclusion, deglycosylation metabolites may be the bioactive components of QWBZP. Glycoside-bacteria interaction may be a key mechanism for QWBZP to therapy diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lili Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- College of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhoujin Tan, , , orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-073X
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19
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Gao J, Xiao G, Fan G, Zhang H, Zhu Y, lu: M. “三药三方”治疗COVID-19的临床和药理研究进展. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Cao S, Hu M, Yang L, Li M, Shi Z, Cheng W, Zhang Y, Chen F, Wang S, Zhang Q. Chemical Constituent Analysis of Ranunculus Sceleratus L. Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103299. [PMID: 35630779 PMCID: PMC9145087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranunculus sceleratus L.(RS) has shown various pharmacological effects in traditional Chinese medicine. In our previous study, the positive therapeutic effect on α-naphthylisothiocyanate induced intrahepatic cholestasis in rats was obtained using TianJiu treatment with fresh RS. However, the chemical profile of RS has not been clearly clarified, which impedes the research progress on the therapeutic effect of RS. Herein, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) method was developed to rapidly separate and identify multiple constituents in the 80% methanol extract of RS. A total of sixty-nine compounds (19 flavonoids, 22 organic acids, 6 coumarins, 4 lignans, 14 nitrogenous compounds, and 4 anthraquinones) were successfully characterized. A total of 12 of these compounds were unambiguously identified by standard samples. Their mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways were investigated. It is worth noting that flavonoids and lignans were identified for the first time in RS. In this study, we successfully provide the first comprehensive report on identifying major chemical constituents in RS by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The obtained results enrich the RS chemical profile, paving the way for further phytochemical study, quality control, and pharmacological investigation of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Min Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Lingli Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Meiqin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Zhen Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Wenming Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yazhong Zhang
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China;
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China;
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (S.C.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (M.L.); (Z.S.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (Q.Z.)
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21
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Guo DA, Yao CL, Wei WL, Zhang JQ, Bi QR, Li JY, Khan I, Bauer R. Traditional Chinese medicines against COVID-19: A global overview. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2311-8571.353502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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22
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Song C, Yang C, Meng S, Li M, Wang X, Zhu Y, Kong L, Lv W, Qiao H, Sun Y. Deciphering the mechanism of Fang-Ji-Di-Huang-Decoction in ameliorating psoriasis-like skin inflammation via the inhibition of IL-23/Th17 cell axis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114571. [PMID: 34464701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the etiology of psoriasis is assigned to damp-heat internal depression, blood poisoning, Yin deficiency and loss of nourishment. Fang-Ji-Di-Huang-Decoction (FJDH), a well-known Chinese traditional formula, is recorded in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber (in the Eastern Han Dynasty). This decoction is composed of dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., dried roots of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., dried twigs of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl and dry roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. FJDH has the function of clearing heat, removing dampness, and nourishing blood. Therefore, in modern medical theory, FJDH can regulate the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the process of psoriasis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated whether FJDH treated psoriasis and its specific mechanism for the efficacy in mice. At the same time, it clarified s what important role of the copperware played s in the curative effect of FJDH. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used imiquimod (IMQ) to induce psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Mice were treated with imiquimod for one week, and FJDH was given by intragastric administration one week in advance. Record the weight change and psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score of the mouse during the whole process to assess the severity of psoriasis were recored mouse. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate skin tissue structure change. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe the expressions of Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in skin tissue. In order to further explore the mechanism of FJDH in the treatment of psoriasis, we used network pharmacology to predict the therapeutic target. TCMSP and Uniprot were used to collect compounds and genes of FJDH. Genecards was used for obtaining genes of psoriasis. String was used to analyze the relationship between genes. Metascape was used for gene enrichment and pathway prediction. Using molecular biological detection methods, we verified whether FJDH could regulate Interleukin 17 signaling pathway and T helper cell 17 (Th17) cell differentiation. Flow cytometry was used to detect Th17 cell differentiation in mouse spleen. Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of IL-17 signaling pathway-related inflammatory factors in mouse skin tissues. UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS and Phenol-Sulphate colorimetry were used to explore the main components of FJDH, and further elaborate the mechanism of FJDH in the treatment of psoriasis. RESULTS FJDH with copper was found to improve psoriasis-related pathological symptoms in a dose-dependent manner, possibly by inhibiting IL-23/Th17 cell axis and reducing inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22 and TNF-α. Furthermore, R. glutinosa polysaccharide in FJDH was the main substance that exerted the drug effect and it work by forming a complex with copper. Experimental data proved that Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide and copper complex had the same pharmacological activity and therapeutic effect as FJDH. CONCLUSIONS FJDH may attenulated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice by inhibiting IL-23/Th17 cell axis. The material basis for the therapeutic effect may be the formation of complexes between the polysaccharides of R. glutinosa and copper in FJDH to produce the effect. These findings suggest that FJDH can be used as an effective Chinese medicine to treat psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Siwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Manru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaoxuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen Lv
- Department of Gynecology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 234 Gucui Road, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Hongzhi Qiao
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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