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Kumawat P, Agarwal LK, Sharma K. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Potential Targets, Inhibitors, and Computational Insights to Enrich the Promising Treatment Strategies. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:169. [PMID: 38733424 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emphasized the urgent need for effective therapies to combat COVID-19. Investigating the potential targets, inhibitors, and in silico approaches pertinent to COVID-19 are of utmost need to develop novel therapeutic agents and reprofiling of existing FDA-approved drugs. This article reviews the viral enzymes and their counter receptors involved in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, replication of genomic RNA, and controlling the host cell physiology. In addition, the study provides an overview of the computational techniques such as docking simulations, molecular dynamics, QSAR modeling, and homology modeling that have been used to find the FDA-approved drugs and other inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of virus-based and host-based druggable targets from a structural point of view, together with the reported therapeutic compounds against SARS-CoV-2 have also been presented. The current study offers future perspectives for research in the field of network pharmacology investigating the large unexplored molecular libraries. Overall, the present in-depth review aims to expedite the process of identifying and repurposing drugs for researchers involved in the field of COVID-19 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
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Gul I, Hassan A, Haq E, Ahmad SM, Shah RA, Ganai NA, Chikan NA, Abdul-Careem MF, Shabir N. An Investigation of the Antiviral Potential of Phytocompounds against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus through Template-Based Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040847. [PMID: 37112828 PMCID: PMC10144825 DOI: 10.3390/v15040847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is widely used to control Infectious Bronchitis in poultry; however, the limited cross-protection and safety issues associated with these vaccines can lead to vaccination failures. Keeping these limitations in mind, the current study explored the antiviral potential of phytocompounds against the Infectious Bronchitis virus using in silico approaches. A total of 1300 phytocompounds derived from fourteen botanicals were screened for their potential ability to inhibit the main protease, papain-like protease or RNA-dependent RNA–polymerase of the virus. The study identified Methyl Rosmarinate, Cianidanol, Royleanone, and 6,7-Dehydroroyleanone as dual-target inhibitors against any two of the key proteins. At the same time, 7-alpha-Acetoxyroyleanone from Rosmarinus officinalis was found to be a multi-target protein inhibitor against all three proteins. The potential multi-target inhibitor was subjected to molecular dynamics simulations to assess the stability of the protein–ligand complexes along with the corresponding reference ligands. The findings specified stable interactions of 7-alpha-Acetoxyroyleanone with the protein targets. The results based on the in silico study indicate that the phytocompounds can potentially inhibit the essential proteins of the Infectious Bronchitis virus; however, in vitro and in vivo studies are required for validation. Nevertheless, this study is a significant step in exploring the use of botanicals in feed to control Infectious Bronchitis infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Gul
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; (I.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Amreena Hassan
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; (I.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; (I.G.)
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; (I.G.)
| | - Nazir Ahmad Ganai
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; (I.G.)
| | - Naveed Anjum Chikan
- Division of Computational Biology, Daskdan Innovations, Pvt. Ltd., Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.-C.); (N.S.)
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.-C.); (N.S.)
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Linoleic acid binds to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and represses replication of seasonal human coronavirus OC43. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19114. [PMID: 36352079 PMCID: PMC9645759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids belong to a group of compounds already acknowledged for their broad antiviral efficacy. However, little is yet known about their effect on replication of human coronaviruses. To shed light on this subject, we first screened 15 fatty acids, three lipid-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol, on SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, and identified the four fatty acids with the highest RdRp inhibitory potential. Among them, linoleic acid was found to have the greatest interaction with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, with its direct binding to the cavity formed by the RNA double helix and protein. Linoleic acid forms hydrophobic interactions with multiple residues, and at the same time forms electrostatic interactions including the hydrogen bond with Lys593 and Asp865. In line with these results, a dose-dependent inhibition of HCoV-OC43 replication in vitro was observed, additionally strengthened by data from in vivo study, which also confirmed anti-inflammatory potential of linoleic acid. Based on these results, we concluded that our study provides a new understanding of the antiviral properties of fatty acids against human coronaviruses including the SARS-CoV-2 strain. Particularly, they lays down a new prospect for linoleic acid's RdRp-inhibitory activity, as a candidate for further studies, which are warranted to corroborate the results presented here.
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Perchiazzi G, Larina A, Hansen T, Frithiof R, Hultström M, Lipcsey M, Pellegrini M. Chest dual-energy CT to assess the effects of steroids on lung function in severe COVID-19 patients. Crit Care 2022; 26:328. [PMID: 36284360 PMCID: PMC9595078 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroids have been shown to reduce inflammation, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and lung edema. Based on evidence from clinical trials, steroids are widely used in severe COVID-19. However, the effects of steroids on pulmonary gas volume and blood volume in this group of patients are unexplored. OBJECTIVE Profiting by dual-energy computed tomography (DECT), we investigated the relationship between the use of steroids in COVID-19 and distribution of blood volume as an index of impaired HPV. We also investigated whether the use of steroids influences lung weight, as index of lung edema, and how it affects gas distribution. METHODS Severe COVID-19 patients included in a single-center prospective observational study at the intensive care unit at Uppsala University Hospital who had undergone DECT were enrolled in the current study. Patients' cohort was divided into two groups depending on the administration of steroids. From each patient's DECT, 20 gas volume maps and the corresponding 20 blood volume maps, evenly distributed along the cranial-caudal axis, were analyzed. As a proxy for HPV, pulmonary blood volume distribution was analyzed in both the whole lung and the hypoinflated areas. Total lung weight, index of lung edema, was estimated. RESULTS Sixty patients were analyzed, whereof 43 received steroids. Patients not exposed to steroids showed a more extensive non-perfused area (19% vs 13%, p < 0.01) and less homogeneous pulmonary blood volume of hypoinflated areas (kurtosis: 1.91 vs 2.69, p < 0.01), suggesting a preserved HPV compared to patients treated with steroids. Moreover, patients exposed to steroids showed a significantly lower lung weight (953 gr vs 1140 gr, p = 0.01). A reduction in alveolar-arterial difference of oxygen followed the treatment with steroids (322 ± 106 mmHg at admission vs 267 ± 99 mmHg at DECT, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The use of steroids might cause impaired HPV and might reduce lung edema in severe COVID-19. This is consistent with previous findings in other diseases. Moreover, a reduced lung weight, as index of decreased lung edema, and a more homogeneous distribution of gas within the lung were shown in patients treated with steroids. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials ID: NCT04316884, Registered March 13, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Perchiazzi
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Ing 40, 3 tr, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.412354.50000 0001 2351 3333Department of Anesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Larina
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.412354.50000 0001 2351 3333Department of Anesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hansen
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Section of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Frithiof
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.412354.50000 0001 2351 3333Department of Anesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Hultström
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.412354.50000 0001 2351 3333Department of Anesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miklos Lipcsey
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Ing 40, 3 tr, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.412354.50000 0001 2351 3333Department of Anesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mariangela Pellegrini
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Ing 40, 3 tr, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.412354.50000 0001 2351 3333Department of Anesthesia, Operation and Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hong H, Sloan L, Saxena D, Scott DA. The Antimicrobial Properties of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Compounds and Relevance to CB2-Targeted Neurodegenerative Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1959. [PMID: 36009504 PMCID: PMC9406052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is of interest as a much-needed target for the treatment or prevention of several neurogenerative diseases. However, CB2 agonists, particularly phytocannabinoids, have been ascribed antimicrobial properties and are associated with the induction of microbiome compositional fluxes. When developing novel CB2 therapeutics, CB2 engagement and antimicrobial functions should both be considered. This review summarizes those cannabinoids and cannabis-informed molecules and preparations (CIMPs) that show promise as microbicidal agents, with a particular focus on the most recent developments. CIMP-microbe interactions and anti-microbial mechanisms are discussed, while the major knowledge gaps and barriers to translation are presented. Further research into CIMPs may proffer novel direct or adjunctive strategies to augment the currently available antimicrobial armory. The clinical promise of CIMPs as antimicrobials, however, remains unrealized. Nevertheless, the microbicidal effects ascribed to several CB2 receptor-agonists should be considered when designing therapeutic approaches for neurocognitive and other disorders, particularly in cases where such regimens are to be long-term. To this end, the potential development of CB2 agonists lacking antimicrobial properties is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- HeeJue Hong
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lucy Sloan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - David A. Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Wang LG, Wang L. Current Strategies in Treating Cytokine Release Syndrome Triggered by Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Immunotargets Ther 2022; 11:23-35. [PMID: 35611161 PMCID: PMC9124488 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s360151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the treatments and management of the deadly COVID-19 disease have made great progress. The strategies for developing novel treatments against COVID-19 include antiviral small molecule drugs, cell and gene therapies, immunomodulators, neutralizing antibodies, and combination therapies. Among them, immunomodulators are the most studied treatments. The small molecule antiviral drugs and immunoregulators are expected to be effective against viral variants of SARS-CoV-2 as these drugs target either conservative parts of the virus or common pathways of inflammation. Although the immunoregulators have shown benefits in reducing mortality of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infections, extensive investigations on this class of treatment to launch novel therapies that substantially improve efficacy and reduce side effects are still warranted. Moreover, great challenges have emerged as the SARS-CoV-2 virus quickly, frequently, and continuously evolved. This review provides an update and summarizes the recent advances in the treatment of COVID-19 and in particular emphasized the strategies in managing CRS triggered by SARS-CoV-2. A brief perspective in the battle against the deadly disease was also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long G Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Natrogen Therapeutics International, Inc., Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinipace Clinical Research, Morrisville, NC, USA
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Effect of cannabidiol on apoptosis and cellular interferon and interferon-stimulated gene responses to the SARS-CoV-2 genes ORF8, ORF10 and M protein. Life Sci 2022; 301:120624. [PMID: 35568225 PMCID: PMC9091075 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study effects on cellular innate immune responses to ORF8, ORF10, and Membrane protein (M protein) from the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19, in combination with cannabidiol (CBD). MAIN METHODS HEK293 cells transfected with plasmids expressing control vector, ORF8, ORF10, or M protein were assayed for cell number and markers of apoptosis at 24 h, and interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression at 14 h, with or without CBD. Cells transfected with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) were also studied as a general model of RNA-type viral infection. KEY FINDINGS Reduced cell number and increased early and late apoptosis were found when expression of viral genes was combined with 1-2 μM CBD treatment, but not in control-transfected cells treated with CBD, or in cells expressing viral genes but treated only with vehicle. In cells expressing viral genes, CBD augmented expression of IFNγ, IFNλ1 and IFNλ2/3, as well as the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family members OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and OASL. CBD also augmented expression of these genes in control cells not expressing viral genes, but without enhancing apoptosis. CBD similarly enhanced the cellular anti-viral response to Poly (I:C). SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate a poor ability of HEK293 cells to respond to SARS-CoV-2 genes alone, but an augmented innate anti-viral response to these genes in the presence of CBD. Thus, CBD may prime components of the innate immune system, increasing readiness to respond to RNA-type viral infection without activating apoptosis, and could be studied for potential in prophylaxis.
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Bhattacharya K, Bordoloi R, Chanu NR, Kalita R, Sahariah BJ, Bhattacharjee A. In silico discovery of 3 novel quercetin derivatives against papain-like protease, spike protein, and 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:43. [PMID: 35262828 PMCID: PMC8905286 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The derivatives of quercetin is known for their immune-modulating antiviral, anti-blood clotting, antioxidant, and also for its anti-inflammatory efficacy. The current study was therefore conducted to examine the noted novel derivatives of quercetin present in plant sources as an immune modulator and as an antiviral molecule in the COVID-19 disease and also to study their affinity of binding with potential three targets reported for coronavirus, i.e., papain-like protease, spike protein receptor-binding domain, and 3C-like protease. Based on the high-positive drug-likeness score, the reported derivatives of quercetin obtained from an open-source database were further filtered. Compounds with positive and high drug-likeness scores were further predicted for their potential targets using DIGEP-Pred software, and STRING was used to evaluate the interaction between modulated proteins. The associated pathways were recorded based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database. Docking was performed finally using PyRx having AutoDock Vina to identify the efficacy of binding between quercetin derivatives with papain-like protease, spike protein receptor-binding domain, and 3C-like protease. The ligand that scored minimum binding energy was chosen to visualize the interaction between protein and ligand. Normal mode analysis in internal coordinates was done with normal mode analysis to evaluate the physical movement and stability of the best protein-ligand complexes using the iMODS server. RESULTS Forty bioactive compounds with the highest positive drug-likeness scores were identified. These 40 bioactives were responsible for regulating different pathways associated with antiviral activity and modulation of immunity. Finally, three lead molecules were identified based on the molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies with the highest anti-COVID-19 and immunomodulatory potentials. Standard antiviral drug remdesivir on docking showed a binding affinity of - 5.8 kcal/mol with PLpro, - 6.4 kcal/mol with 3CLpro, and - 8.6 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, the discovered hit molecules quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside showed binding affinity of - 8.2 kcal/mol with PLpro, whereas quercetin 3-[rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside] and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside was predicted to have a binding affinity of - 8.5 kcal/mol and - 8.8 kcal/mol with spike protein receptor-binding domain and 3CLpro respectively CONCLUSION: Docking study revealed quercetin 3-O-arabinoside 7-O-rhamnoside to possess the highest binding affinity with papain-like protease, quercetin 3-[rhamnosyl-(1- > 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside] with spike protein receptor-binding domain, and quercetin-3-neohesperidoside-7-rhamnoside with 3C-like protease and all the protein-ligand complexes were found to be stable after performing the normal mode analysis of the complexes in internal coordinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Bhattacharya
- NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Mirza, Guwahati, Assam, 781125, India.
| | - Ripunjoy Bordoloi
- NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Mirza, Guwahati, Assam, 781125, India
- Assam Science and Technology University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Ramen Kalita
- NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Mirza, Guwahati, Assam, 781125, India
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Takahashi M, Morimoto K, Nishizaki Y, Masumoto N, Sugimoto N, Sato K, Inoue K. Study on the Synthesis of Methylated Reference and Their Application in the Quantity of Curcuminoids Using Single Reference Liquid Chromatography Based on Relative Molar Sensitivity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:25-31. [PMID: 34980729 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report on the recommendation of the simple and versatility of methylated reference (MR) to improve applications in the single reference (SR)-LC based on relative molar sensitivity (RMS). Three curcuminoids (Curs) such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in turmeric products were determined using authentic standards and methylated curcumin. In addition, high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) purification is necessary to separate Curs for indicating the RMS. For HSCCC separation, a biphasic solvent system was used to obtain these fractions, which were then subjected to 1H quantitative NMR to determine their contents in each test solution. Using these solutions, the RMS of Curs are calculated from slopes ratios of calibration curves (three ranges from 0-100 µmol/L, r2 > 0.998). The averaged RMS of Curs were 8.92 (relative standard deviation (RSD), 1.17%), 8.97 (2.18%), and 9.61 (0.77%), respectively. Cur concentrations in turmeric products can be determined using RMS, peak area, and MR content added in these samples. This proposed method, which is based on chemical methylation and the SR-LC assay has been successfully applied for the simple and reliable estimation of Curs in turmeric products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Takahashi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Koji Morimoto
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | | | | | | | - Koichi Inoue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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Sabnis RW. Novel Compounds for Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Viral Replication and Treating COVID-19. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1887-1888. [PMID: 34917247 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell LLP, 1105 West Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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Gligorijevic N, Radomirovic M, Nedic O, Stojadinovic M, Khulal U, Stanic-Vucinic D, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Molecular Mechanisms of Possible Action of Phenolic Compounds in COVID-19 Protection and Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12385. [PMID: 34830267 PMCID: PMC8625847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 was caused by a pathogenic virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therapies against SARS-CoV-2 target the virus or human cells or the immune system. However, therapies based on specific antibodies, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, may become inefficient enough when the virus changes its antigenicity due to mutations. Polyphenols are the major class of bioactive compounds in nature, exerting diverse health effects based on their direct antioxidant activity and their effects in the modulation of intracellular signaling. There are currently numerous clinical trials investigating the effects of polyphenols in prophylaxis and the treatment of COVID-19, from symptomatic, via moderate and severe COVID-19 treatment, to anti-fibrotic treatment in discharged COVID-19 patients. Antiviral activities of polyphenols and their impact on immune system modulation could serve as a solid basis for developing polyphenol-based natural approaches for preventing and treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Gligorijevic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Mirjana Radomirovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Olgica Nedic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Marija Stojadinovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Urmila Khulal
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea
| | - Dragana Stanic-Vucinic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.S.-V.)
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Global Campus, Ghent University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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