1
|
Abstract
UVB is a causative factor for severe skin damage, such as cell aging, death, and inflammation. UVB easily permeates into the epidermis layer of human skin, which is mainly composed of keratinocyte cells. In previous results, we found that purple corn silk (PCS) extract showed the potential to inhibit keratinocyte damages of UVB-treated cells. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of PCS extract against the inflammation of UVB-induced keratinocyte cells using the HaCaT cell line. HaCaT cells were treated with PCS extract at various concentrations for 1 h, then exposed to 25 mJ/cm2 UVB before subsequent experiments. Fragmented DNA was observed using flow cytometry. The inflammatory response was investigated through NF-κB activity by immunofluorescence staining and related protein expression by Western blotting. The results demonstrated that PCS extract decreased the sub-G1 DNA content. Interestingly, PCS extract attenuated NF-κB activity via suppressed NF-κB nuclear translocation and protein expression. Moreover, PCS extract remarkably decreased c-Jun phosphorylation and decreased proinflammatory cytokines, along with iNOS and COX-2 levels in UVB-treated cells compared to the UVB-control group. This finding exhibited that PCS extract minimized inflammation in keratinocyte cells induced by UVB radiation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Poorahong W, Innalak S, Ungsurungsie M, Watanapokasin R. Protective effect of purple corn silk extract against ultraviolet-B-induced cell damage in human keratinocyte cells. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:140-146. [PMID: 34159144 PMCID: PMC8177152 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_238_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UVB) could lead to inflammation and cell death induction. Purple corn silk (PCS), part of female flower of corn has multiple pharmacological properties. This investigation focused on determining the preventive effects of PCS extract on human keratinocyte HaCaT cell damage induced by UVB irradiation. Cells were irradiated with 25 mJ/cm2 UVB after pre-treated with PCS extract for 1 h. Then, the cells were then placed in culture medium followed by subsequent experiments. Cell survival was determined by MTT assay. The immunofluorescence, DCFH-DA, JC-1, and Hoeshst33342 staining assays were used to determine γ-H2AX, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential of mitochondria, and nuclear condensation, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the proteins expression. The statistically significant comparison was calculated by analysis of variance at P < 0.05. The fluorescence and protein band intensity were quantified by Image J densitometer. The results indicated cell survival was increased upon PCS extract pretreatment followed by UVB exposure. PCS extract decreased γ-H2AX expression, intracellular ROS overproduction, and nuclear condensation in cells induced by UVB. Furthermore, The PCS extract pretreatment attenuated apoptosis response through stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased apoptosis mediator proteins including Bax, Bak, cleaved-caspases, and cleaved-PARP, and increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression comparing to the UVB-treated control. This finding demonstrated that the PCS extract can reduce the deleterious effects from UVB exposure through decreased intracellular ROS, DNA damage, and apoptosis induction on HaCaT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Watcharaporn Poorahong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukanda Innalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malyn Ungsurungsie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li C, Liu W, Wang F, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. DNA damage-triggered activation of cGAS-STING pathway induces apoptosis in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:180-190. [PMID: 33423764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) from sunlight causes DNA damage, serious cellular inflammation and aging, and even cell death in the skin, commonly known as sunburn, leading to cutaneous tissue disorders. DNA damage can be sensed as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) by the innate immune system. It has not been studied, however, whether cGAS-STING activation is involved in the apoptosis induced by UVB irradiation or by cisplatin treatment. Here we report the findings that within hours of DNA damages keratinocytes show an innate immune response, which involves the activation of cGAS-STING; a cytosolic DNA receptor, cGAS (cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase), cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase, and DNA sensing adaptor, STING (protein stimulator of interferon genes). Either UVB irradiation or cisplatin treatment can cause DNA damages, releasing fragmented DNA from nucleus and/or mitochondria. Roles of cGAS-STING were examined in the HaCaT cells with DNA damages caused by UVB irradiation or cisplatin treatment. Silencing STING by siRNA rescued HaCaT cells from UVB or cisplatin-induced apoptosis. NF-κB, one of the major downstream components of STING pathway, which usually regulates the classical STING apoptotic pathway, was translocated to nucleus in the HaCaT cells irradiated with UVB. This translocation was attenuated by STING silencing. Treatment with BAY, an inhibitor of NF-κB pathway, blocked UVB-induced apoptosis. cGAS-STING-mediated production of IFNβ was induced by nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). UVB irradiation inceased the nuclear translocation of IRF3, accompanied by enhanced expression level of IFNβ mRNA. The nuclear translocation of IRF3 and expression of IFNβ mRNA were attenuated by STING silencing. Treatment with MRT67307, an inhibitor of TBK1-IRF3-IFNβ pathway, blocked UVB-induced apoptosis. Therefore, we conclude that NF-κB pathway and IFNβ pathway residing in the downstream of STING are resposible for apoptosis of UVB-irradiated or cisplatin-treated HaCaT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cui X, Ma Y, Wang H, Huang J, Li L, Tang J, Cheng B. The Anti-photoaging Effects of Pre- and Post-treatment of Platelet-rich Plasma on UVB-damaged HaCaT Keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:589-599. [PMID: 33174201 DOI: 10.1111/php.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has seen wide clinical use owing to its regenerative and repair abilities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-photoaging effects of pre- and post-treatment of PRP on UVB-damaged HaCaT cells. METHODS HaCaT cells were irradiated with 80 mJ/cm2 UVB, before or after PRP treatment (1000 × 107 /L), and following measurements were taken: survival rate of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Western blot was used to determine the effect of different PRP intervention on the expression of PI3K, AKT, ERK, MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and γ-H2AX in the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. RESULTS pre- and post-PRP treatment reduced MDA content and increased the activities of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT in photoaged HaCaT cells. These changes resulted in reduced cytotoxic effects. Besides, different PRP intervention promoted cell proliferation via PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, PRP application suppressed the expression of γ-H2AX. Also, PRP intervention alleviated photoaging effects by upregulating the expression level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) while downregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression level in photoaged HaCaT cells. CONCLUSION pre- and post-PRP treatment play anti-photoaging role through strengthening cellular oxidative defense capacity, mitigating MMP expression, alleviating DNA damages and promoting proliferation of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshi Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfang Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Tang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bianchini Silva LS, Perasoli FB, Carvalho KV, Vieira KM, Paz Lopes MT, Bianco de Souza GH, Henrique Dos Santos OD, Freitas KM. Melaleuca leucadendron (L.) L. flower extract exhibits antioxidant and photoprotective activities in human keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B radiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 159:54-65. [PMID: 32745772 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a demand for the replacement of chemical sunscreens with natural compounds that could prevent or restore UV-induced skin damage. Here, we investigated the photoprotective influence of the Melaleuca leucadendron ethanolic flower extract (EEMec) on factors involved in cellular and molecular UVB-induced oxidative stress in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT). The phytochemical constituents, antioxidant potential by DPPH assay, content of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in EEMec were evaluated. HaCaT cells were treated with EEMec followed by irradiation with UVB. CAT activity; GSH and ROS levels; and SOD1, GPx, CAT and COX-2 expression assays were employed to verify the oxidative stress, as well as EEMec effect on transmembrane transport, and pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic protein expression. EEMec reverted the viability loss of HaCaT cells after irradiation with UVB, exhibited significant antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity in vitro, inhibited COX-2 expression and ensure protection of DNA-damage. EEMec shown a great photoprotective property to prevent keratinocytes damage induced by UV radiation and, thus a candidate potential to application as an adjuvant in sunscreen formulations as a strategy to reduce risk of sunburn and prevent skin diseases associated with UV-induced inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Silvestro Bianchini Silva
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, CEP 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barçante Perasoli
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, CEP 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Karen Vitor Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, CEP 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Karla Murata Vieira
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, CEP 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Miriam Teresa Paz Lopes
- Laboratório de Substâncias Antitumorais, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Bianco de Souza
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, CEP 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Orlando David Henrique Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, CEP 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Kátia Michelle Freitas
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, CEP 35400-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen C, Yao W, Wu S, Zhou S, Ge M, Gu Y, Li X, Chen G, Bellanti JA, Zheng SG, Yuan D, Hei Z. Crosstalk Between Connexin32 and Mitochondrial Apoptotic Signaling Pathway Plays a Pivotal Role in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1521-1538. [PMID: 29790387 PMCID: PMC7364332 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) resulting from renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) is not conducive to the postoperative surgical recovery. Our previous study demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) transmitted by gap junction (GJ) composed of connexin32 (Cx32) contributed to AKI. However, the precise underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms were largely unknown. This study focuses on the underlying mechanisms related to ROS transmitted by Cx32 responsible for AKI aggravation. Results: In a set of in vivo studies, renal IR was found to cause severe impairment in renal tissues with massive ROS generation, which occurred contemporaneously with activation of NF-κB/p53/p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA)-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Cx32 deficiency alleviated renal IR-induced AKI, and simultaneously attenuated ROS generation and distribution in renal tissues, which further inhibited NF-κB/p53/PUMA-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Correspondingly, in a set of in vitro studies, hypoxia reoxygenation (HR)-induced cellular injury, and cell apoptosis in both human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HK-2s) and rat kidney tubular epithelial cells (NRK52Es) were significantly attenuated by Cx32 inhibitors or Cx32 gene knockdown. More importantly, Cx32 inhibition not only decreased ROS generation and distribution in human or rat kidney tubular epithelial cells but also inhibited its downstream NF-κB/p53/PUMA-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway activation. Innovation and Conclusion: This is the first identification of the underlying mechanisms of IR-induced renal injury integrally which demonstrates the critical role played by Cx32 in IR-induced AKI. Moreover, GJ composed of Cx32 manipulates ROS generation and distribution between neighboring cells, and alters activation of NF-κB/p53/PUMA-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Both inhibiting Cx32 function and scavenging ROS effectively reduce mitochondrial apoptosis and subsequently attenuate AKI, providing effective strategies for kidney protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph A. Bellanti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yuedong Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang HM, Zhuo JY, Sun CY, Nie J, Yuan J, Liu YL, Lin RF, Lai XP, Su ZR, Li YC. Pogostone attenuates TNF-α-induced injury in A549 cells via inhibiting NF-κB and activating Nrf2 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
8
|
Nan W, Ding L, Chen H, Khan FU, Yu L, Sui X, Shi X. Topical Use of Quercetin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Ultraviolet B Radiation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:826. [PMID: 30140227 PMCID: PMC6095008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is a major risk factor for human skin damage, especially solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) which can induce inflammation, photoaging, and skin cancer. Quercetin (Qu), one of flavonoid family members, has showed protective effects against UVB radiation. However, its application for topical use is limited by low hydrophilicity and poor percutaneous absorption. Herein, we found that Qu, if entrapped into TPP-Chitosan nanoparticles (TCs), can be efficiently uptake by HaCaT cells and easily permeate through the epidermis layer, meanwhile display better stability and low cytotoxicity. We also found that Qu-loaded TCs (QTCs) could notably enhance the effect of Qu on inhibiting the NF-kB/COX-2 signaling pathway as well as ameliorating the skin edema caused by UVB radiation. Therefore, this study provided a method to get rid of Qu's low hydrophilicity, enhance its percutaneous absorption and retention in the skin, and further improve its anti-UVB effect, and demonstrated that Qu-loaded chitosan nanoparticles can be used as the therapeutic agent for topical use against UVB radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Nan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Houjie Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fahim U. Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Shenzhen Modo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Otkur W, Liu W, Wang J, Jia X, Huang D, Wang F, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Sub-lethal ultraviolet B irradiation and Poly I:C treatment synergistically induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells through NF-κB pathway. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:19-29. [PMID: 29674236 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation exerts multiple effects on skin cells, inducing apoptosis, senescence and carcinogenesis. Toll-like receptor 3, a member of pattern recognition receptors, is reported to initiate inflammation by recognizing double-strand RNA (dsRNA) released from UVB-irradiated cells. It has not been studied, however, whether apoptosis induction in UVB irradiation is attributed to TLR3 activation. Here, we report on the pro-apoptotic role of TLR3 in UVB-irradiated epidermal cells. Poly I:C, an analogue of dsRNA that activates TLR3, was used in combination with sub-lethal UVB (4.8 mJ/cm2) irradiation for investigating the effects of TLR3 activation on human immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Although sub-lethal dose of either Poly I:C or UVB alone did not induce cell death, UVB-Poly I:C co-treatment synergistically induced cell death by activation of caspase-3 and cleavages of ICAD and PARP, with apoptotic features when stained with Annexin V/PI or Hoechst 33342. Treatment with pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD, attenuated UVB-Poly I:C-induced cell death. Silencing TLR3 by siRNA rescued HaCaT cells from UVB-Poly I:C-induced apoptosis. NF-κB, a major downstream component of TLR3 pathway, that usually negatively regulates the classical TLR3 apoptotic pathway, was analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The results indicate to our surprise that NF-κB is translocated to nucleus in the cells co-treated with UVB-Poly I:C. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB is attenuated by TLR3 silencing. Treatment with BAY, an inhibitor of NF-κB pathway, blocked UVB-Poly I:C-induced apoptosis. Therefore, we conclude that NF-κB pathway plays a cytotoxic role in UVB-Poly I:C-treated HaCaT cells, mediating TLR3-related apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wuxiyar Otkur
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jinda Wang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xingfan Jia
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dianchao Huang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fang Wang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education & Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajiicho 465, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He Y, Hu Y, Jiang X, Chen T, Ma Y, Wu S, Sun J, Jiao R, Li X, Deng L, Bai W. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside inhibits the UVB-induced ROS/COX-2 pathway in HaCaT cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 177:24-31. [PMID: 29031211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight, especially UVB (290-320nm), is one of the most important environmental factors that destroys the integrity of the skin and causes epidermal cell apoptosis, potentially even leading to skin cancer. UVB irradiation can cause skin damage by stimulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Anthocyanins are flavonoids that are common in many vegetable foods, and have also demonstrated chemopreventive effects. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, as a typical anthocyanin, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects, as well as the underlying mechanisms, of treating UVB-exposed HaCaT cells with Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. We demonstrated that Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside could effectively prevent the UVB-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells. This protective effect can be explained by the scavenging of ROS and the suppression of COX-2 expression by interaction with the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways. Furthermore, we used Celecoxib as a positive control, and results showed that Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was more effective at decreasing EGFR phosphorylation than Celecoxib, which translated into a stronger inhibitory effect against the downstream elements p38, ERK, and JNK. Taken together, these results indicate that Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside can protect HaCaT cells against UVB radiation, which could provide a basis for the development of a potent nutritional therapy for UVB-induced skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuetang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxia Sun
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim BH, Choi MS, Lee HG, Lee SH, Noh KH, Kwon S, Jeong AJ, Lee H, Yi EH, Park JY, Lee J, Joo EY, Ye SK. Photoprotective Potential of Penta-O-Galloyl-β-DGlucose by Targeting NF-κB and MAPK Signaling in UVB Radiation-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Mouse Skin. Mol Cells 2015; 38:982-90. [PMID: 26537189 PMCID: PMC4673413 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin damage with various pathological changes including inflammation. In the present study, we identified the skin-protective activity of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (pentagalloyl glucose, PGG) in ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts and mouse skin. PGG exhibited antioxidant activity with regard to intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging. Furthermore, PGG exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, resulting in inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Topical application of PGG followed by chronic exposure to UVB radiation in the dorsal skin of hairless mice resulted in a significant decrease in the progression of inflammatory skin damages, leading to inhibited activation of NF-κB signaling and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study demonstrated that PGG protected from skin damage induced by UVB radiation, and thus, may be a potential candidate for the prevention of environmental stimuli-induced inflammatory skin damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hak Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21 PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Mi Sun Choi
- Department of Herbal Biotechnology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610,
Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722,
Korea
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Kum Hee Noh
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Sunho Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Ae Jin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Eun Hee Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Jung Youl Park
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 305-719,
Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutical Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610,
Korea
| | - Eun Young Joo
- Department of Herbal Biotechnology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610,
Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- Biomedical Science Project (BK21 PLUS), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
- Neuro-Immune Information Storage Network Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhong F, Xie J, Zhang D, Han Y, Wang C. Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri suppresses ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced apoptosis through restoring ER redox homeostasis, scavenging ROS generation, and suppressing the PERK-eIF2a-CHOP pathway in HaCaT cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 151:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
13
|
Han Y, Zhao H, Jiang Q, Gao H, Wang C. Chemopreventive mechanism of polypeptides from Chlamy Farreri (PCF) against UVB-induced malignant transformation of HaCaT cells. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:287-96. [PMID: 25392149 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate polypeptide from Chlamy Farreri (PCF)'s protective effect against skin cancer, we used a cellular model of ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced malignant transformation. The human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT was repeatly exposed to UVB (10 mJ/cm(2), 20 times) and malignant transformation was confirmed by Gimesa staining, cell cycle analysis and various assays [anchorage independent growth, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activity, plating efficiency]. The malignant transformation was found to be effectively prevented by PCF pretreatment (2.84mM for 2h prior to each UVB exposure). We investigated the mechanism of PCF-mediated action by determining its effect on DNA methylation status of the tumour suppressor genes [P16 and ras association domain family 1 A (RASSF1A)] in the UVB-transformed cells. Both genes were found to be hypermethylated by chronic UVB exposure. The expression levels of P16, RASSF1A, DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and DNA damage inducible protein a (GADD45a) were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. While chronic UVB exposure was found to suppress the expression of P16 and RASSF1A, it enhanced the expression of DNMT3b. In the early phase of UVB-induced malignant transformation, the GADD45a expression was increased, however, it declined with a continued irradiation of the cells. The UVB-induced DNA hypermethylation of P16 and RASSF1A and subsequent gene silencing was reversed by PCF treatment. The inhibition of DNMTs expression suggested that PCF blocked DNA methylation and thereby the silencing of tumour suppressor genes. Furthermore, the PCF-mediated substantial increase in GADD45a expression indicated that PCF promoted demethylation of tumour suppressor genes via GADD45a induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Han
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu W, Otkur W, Li L, Wang Q, He H, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Autophagy induced by silibinin protects human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells from UVB-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 123:23-31. [PMID: 23608670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) in the sun light is a major cause of skin damage, which accompanies complex alterations in irradiated skin cells, including DNA lesions, oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase activation. The protection against UVB damage requires multiple interruptions such as repair of the DNA lesions, scavenging of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), repression of the inflammation and others. Silibinin is suggested as an anti-UVB reagent, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found a role of autophagy in the anti-UVB effect of silibinin in A431 cells. Autophagy was reduced after UVB-irradiation while restored by silibinin through the suppression of the IGF-1R signalling pathway. The protective effect of silibinin in UVB-irradiated A431 cells was further enhanced by pre-treatment with an autophagy inducer, rapamycin, while it was reversed by an autophagy inhibitor, wortmannin, indicating that elevated autophagy contributed to the cell survival. Consistently, cell apoptosis was augmented by siRNAs targeting Beclin 1 and Atg5, supporting the hypothesis that autophagy induced by silibinin plays a protective role against UVB-induced epidermal apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li X, Zhang L, Xu YW, Wang C, Zhao Y, Yu P, Lv SW, Yan GL, Liu JQ, Luo GM. The protective effects of 6-CySeCD with GPx activity against UVB-induced injury in HaCaT cells. Australas J Dermatol 2012; 54:120-5. [PMID: 23094659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2012.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by UVB irradiation could induce cell apoptosis and change the cell cycle. 6A,6A'-dicyclohexylamine-6B,6B'-diselenide-bis-β-cyclodextrin (6-CySeCD) is a novel glutathione peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9) mimic. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidative effects of 6-CySeCD in cultured immortalised human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT). METHODS HaCaT cells were treated with 30 mJ/cm(2) UVB to establish a damage model. The cultured HaCaT cells were randomly assigned to the control, UVB and treatment groups. The treatment group was incubated with 20 μmol/L of GPx mimics before UVB irradiation. Cell viability was detected by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, the level of lipid peroxidation was determined by the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA fragmentation was observed using agarose gel electrophoresis and the levels of intracellular ROS and cell cycle progression were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS The levels of cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS, lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage significantly increased after UVB irradiation in the HaCaT cells. UVB irradiation caused pre-G1 -phase arrest in HaCaT cells and significantly reduced the number of HaCaT cells in the S phase. The GPx mimics 6-CySeCD and 2-phenyl-l,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (ebselen) significantly blocked UVB-induced apoptosis and changed the cell cycle of the HaCaT cells. The blocked effect of pretreatment 6-CySeCD in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells was better than that of pretreatment with ebselen. CONCLUSION 6-CySeCD can relieve the damage induced by UVB irradiation in HaCaT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zuo Z, Ouyang W, Li J, Costa M, Huang C. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediates arsenite inhibition of UVB-induced cellular apoptosis in mouse epidermal Cl41 cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2012; 12:607-16. [PMID: 22463588 DOI: 10.2174/156800912801784802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is an environmental human carcinogen, and has been shown to act as a co-carcinogen with solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation in mouse skin tumor induction even at low concentrations. However, the precise mechanism of its co-carcinogenic action is largely unknown. Apoptosis plays an essential role as a protective mechanism against neoplastic development in the organism by eliminating genetically damaged cells. Thus, suppression of apoptosis is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis. It is known that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can promote carcinogenesis by inhibiting cell apoptosis under stress conditions; and our current studies investigated the potential contribution of COX-2 to the inhibitory effect of arsenite in UV-induced cell apoptosis in mouse epidermal Cl41 cells. We found that treatment of cells with low concentration (5 μM) arsenite attenuated cellular apoptosis upon UVB radiation accompanied with a coinductive effect on COX-2 expression and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) transactivation. Our results also showed that the COX-2 induction by arsenite and UVB depended on an NFκB pathway because COX-2 co-induction could be attenuated in either p65-deficient or p50-deficient cells. Moreover, UVB-induced cell apoptosis could be dramatically reduced by the introduction of exogenous COX-2 expression, whereas the inhibitory effect of arsenite on UVB-induced cell apoptosis could be impaired in COX-2 knockdown C141 cells. Our results indicated that COX-2 mediated the anti-apoptotic effect of arsenite in UVB radiation through an NFκB-dependent pathway. Given the importance of apoptosis evasion during carcinogenesis, we anticipated that COX-2 induction might be at least partially responsible for the co-carcinogenic effect of arsenite on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Zuo
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, 10987, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anti-inflammatory effects of Clematis chinensis Osbeck extract(AR-6) may be associated with NF-κB, TNF-α, and COX-2 in collagen-induced arthritis in rat. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:3119-25. [PMID: 21932136 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The root of Clematis chinensis Osbeck has been used widely in rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese traditional medicine, and AR-6 is a triterpene saponin isolated from it. In this present study, we investigated the in vivo effects of oral AR-6 in chronic rat with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and possible molecular mechanism. CIA was induced by immunizing 56 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with chicken typeIIcollagen (CII). Following eighteen days, the immunization rats with CIA were treated with AR-6 (32, 16, 8 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (7 mg/kg), and TGP (Total Glucosides of Paeonia) (180 mg/kg) for 7 days, and rats without CIA were given the same volume of purified water. TNF-α and IL-1β levels in peripheral blood will be measured by ELISA, and Western blot analysis will be used to detect the expression of NF-κB p65 subunits, TNF-α and COX-2, in synovial membrane. We found that therapeutic treatment with AR-6 markedly improves the paw swelling and histopathological changes. Moreover, the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were markedly lowered, and the expression of NF-κB p65 subunits, TNF-α and COX-2, in the synovial membrane of CIA rats was significantly inhibited in the AR-6-treated groups. These results enable to prove that AR-6 has a potential anti-inflammatory effect in CIA rats, and its mechanism may relate to the inhibition of the expression of NF-κB p65 subunits, TNF-α and COX-2.
Collapse
|