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Chaves I, Morais FMP, Vieira C, Bartolomeu M, Faustino MAF, Neves MGMS, Almeida A, Moura NMM. Can Porphyrin-Triphenylphosphonium Conjugates Enhance the Photosensitizer Performance Toward Bacterial Strains? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:5541-5552. [PMID: 39008849 PMCID: PMC11337165 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) offers an alternative option for combating microbial pathogens, and in this way, addressing the challenges of growing antimicrobial resistance. In this promising and effective approach, cationic porphyrins and related macrocycles have emerged as leading photosensitizers (PS) for aPDT. In general, their preparation occurs via N-alkylation of nitrogen-based moieties with alkyl halides, which limits the ability to fine-tune the features of porphyrin-based PS. Herein, is reported that the conjugation of porphyrin macrocycles with triphenylphosphonium units created a series of effective cationic porphyrin-based PS for aPDT. The presence of positive charges at both the porphyrin macrocycle and triphenylphosphonium moieties significantly enhances the photodynamic activity of porphyrin-based PS against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Moreover, bacterial photoinactivation is achieved with a notable reduction in irradiation time, exceeding 50%, compared to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP), used as the reference and known as good PS. The improved capability of the porphyrin macrocycle to generate singlet oxygen combined with the enhanced membrane interaction promoted by the presence of triphenylphosphonium moieties represents a promising approach to developing porphyrin-based PS with enhanced photosensitizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Chaves
- CESAM,
Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Filipe M. P. Morais
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- CESAM,
Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Maria Bartolomeu
- CESAM,
Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM,
Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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2
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Ko YJ, Lee ME, Cho BH, Kim M, Hyeon JE, Han JH, Han SO. Bioproduction of porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins using microbial cell factories: engineering, metabolic regulations, challenges, and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:373-387. [PMID: 36775664 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2168512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins have abundant π-electrons and strongly absorb visible light, some of which bind a metal ion in the center. Because of the structural and optical properties, they not only play critical roles as an essential component in natural systems but also have attracted much attention as a high value specialty chemical in various fields, including renewable energy, cosmetics, medicines, and foods. However, their commercial application seems to be still limited because the market price of porphyrins and phycobilins is generally expensive to apply them easily. Furthermore, their petroleum-based chemical synthesis is energy-intensive and emits a pollutant. Recently, to replace petroleum-based production, many studies on the bioproduction of metalloporphyrins, including Zn-porphyrin, Co-porphyrin, and heme, porphyrin derivatives including chlorophyll, biliverdin, and phycobilins, and their proteins including hemoproteins, phycobiliproteins, and phytochromes from renewable carbon sources using microbial cell factories have been reported. This review outlines recent advances in the bioproduction of porphyrins, phycobilins, and their proteins using microbial cell factories developed by various microbial biotechnology techniques, provides well-organized information on metabolic regulations of the porphyrin metabolism, and then critically discusses challenges and future perspectives. Through these, it is expected to be able to achieve possible solutions and insights and to develop an outstanding platform to be applied to the industry in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Hyeon
- Department of Next Generation Applied Sciences, The Graduate School of Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Han
- Department of Next Generation Applied Sciences, The Graduate School of Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tuchin VV, Genina EA, Tuchina ES, Svetlakova AV, Svenskaya YI. Optical clearing of tissues: Issues of antimicrobial phototherapy and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114037. [PMID: 34752842 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review presents principles and novelties in the field of tissue optical clearing (TOC) technology, as well as application for optical monitoring of drug delivery and effective antimicrobial phototherapy. TOC is based on altering the optical properties of tissue through the introduction of immersion optical cleaning agents (OCA), which impregnate the tissue of interest. We also analyze various methods and kinetics of delivery of photodynamic agents, nanoantibiotics and their mixtures with OCAs into the tissue depth in the context of antimicrobial and antifungal phototherapy. In vitro and in vivo studies of antimicrobial phototherapies, such as photodynamic, photothermal plasmonic and photocatalytic, are summarized, and the prospects of a new TOC technology for effective killing of pathogens are discussed.
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4
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Zhang H, Esquivel Guzman JA, Feng X, Rivera E, Lavertu M, Zhu X. Protoporphyrin IX copolymer with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and its thermoresponsive properties. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and their derivatives have been widely used in catalysis, energy conversion, photonics, and biomedicine; however, their use in biological applications is restricted by their limited solubility in aqueous systems. We have prepared a water-soluble copolymer containing moieties of naturally occurring protoporphyrin IX using direct copolymerization of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) methacrylate monomer with protoporphyrin IX via free-radical polymerization. The content of protoporphyrin IX in the copolymer was determined by 1H NMR and UV–vis absorption spectroscopies. Their solution properties and the photostability of the protoporphyrin IX moiety in the copolymer provide direct evidence of the covalent incorporation of protoporphyrin IX within the copolymer. The copolymer showed a reversible phase transition in aqueous solution due to the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The phase transition temperature varies with the pH of the solutions because of the protonation of the carboxylic acid groups. This copolymer may be useful as an alternative thermoresponsive material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Xiantao Feng
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Département de génie chimique, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - X.X. Zhu
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Soliman M, Salah M, Fadel M, Nasr M, El-Azab H. Contrasting the efficacy of pulsed dye laser and photodynamic methylene blue nanoemulgel therapy in treating acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol Res 2020; 313:173-180. [PMID: 32449013 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of acne remains a challenge for dermatologists. A variety of conventional therapies are available for acne treatment such as topical and systemic medications. Although many of these traditional acne treatments are effective, the wide-spread nature of the disease and its sometimes resistant nature delineate the need for alternative therapies. Therefore, over the past decade, phototherapy has been introduced for the treatment of acne, such as pulsed dye lasers (PDLs) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of PDL and methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy (MB-PDT) in the treatment of mild to moderate acne. Split-face clinical trial including fifteen patients presenting with mild to moderate acne were treated with 585 nm PDL on the right side of the face and MB-PDT with 665-nm diode laser on the left side. The photosensitizer MB was prepared in nanoemulgel formulation, and the treatment was carried out for three sessions maximum at 2-weeks intervals. Results revealed that both PDL and MB-PDT were effective therapies in the treatment of acne, as manifested by the reduction of inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions throughout the treatment period. However, the latter therapy was proven more potent in the reduction of acne severity, and in terms of patients' tolerance. Therefore, it can be concluded that MB in the nanoemulgel form is a promising treatment approach for acne, and can be further experimented in the treatment of other dermatological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Soliman
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical Applications of Lasers, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Salah
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical Applications of Lasers, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Fadel
- Pharmaceutical Technology Unit, Department of Medical Applications of Lasers, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Monazamet El Wehda El Afrikia St., El Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Heba El-Azab
- Department of Dermatology, Electricity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Doustvandi MA, Mohammadnejad F, Mansoori B, Tajalli H, Mohammadi A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbani E, Khaze V, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Moghaddam MM, Hamblin MR, Baradaran B. Photodynamic therapy using zinc phthalocyanine with low dose of diode laser combined with doxorubicin is a synergistic combination therapy for human SK-MEL-3 melanoma cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:88-97. [PMID: 31454716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a generally used anticancer strategy for melanoma and it may have improved outcomes in combination with other approaches. One such strategy is photodynamic therapy (PDT), where a photosensitizer (PS) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) after illumination of target cells. Interestingly, in low doses and high doses of light sources, special cellular responses can be induced. Regarding this fact, in this study, the combination of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)-PDT and Doxorubicin (DOX) was applied at low and high dose of diode laser to treat SK-MEL-3 cells. Cytotoxic effects were determined by MTT assay for assessment synergistic effects were estimated by calculation of Combination Index (CI); that synergistic effects were observed in most groups. In low dose of laser irradiation higher synergism effects were observed. Significant changes of ROS were not observed with combinations, but autophagy, subG1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, decreased cell migration ability and apoptosis induction were significantly increased compared to either treatment alone. The expression of caspase-8, -9, -3 and Bcl-2 genes revealed caspase-dependent apoptosis in all groups. Moreover, ZnPc-PDT and chemo-PDT down-regulated the expression of MMP-9 and Vimentin genes that impaired cell migration. In conclusion, it can be suggested that pre-treatment with ZnPc-PDT has high effects to sensitize SK-MEL-3 cells to DOX, in particular with low dose of diode laser.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fateme Mohammadnejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Habib Tajalli
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Biophotonic Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Vahid Khaze
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Amos-Tautua BM, Songca SP, Oluwafemi OS. Application of Porphyrins in Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:E2456. [PMID: 31277423 PMCID: PMC6650910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used to control, treat, or prevent bacterial infections, however bacterial resistance to all known classes of traditional antibiotics has greatly increased in the past years especially in hospitals rendering certain therapies ineffective. To limit this emerging public health problem, there is a need to develop non-incursive, non-toxic, and new antimicrobial techniques that act more effectively and quicker than the current antibiotics. One of these effective techniques is antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This review focuses on the application of porphyrins in the photo-inactivation of bacteria. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance and some of the current 'greener' methods of synthesis of meso-phenyl porphyrins are discussed. In addition, significance and limitations of aPDT are also discussed. Furthermore, we also elaborate on the current clinical applications and the future perspectives and directions of this non-antibiotic therapeutic strategy in combating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele M Amos-Tautua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Sandile P Songca
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi S Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
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8
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Porphyrinoid photosensitizers mediated photodynamic inactivation against bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:72-106. [PMID: 31096157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The multi-drug resistant bacteria have become a serious problem complicating therapies to such a degree that often the term "post-antibiotic era" is applied to describe the situation. The infections with methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, third generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, third generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa have become commonplace. Thus, the new strategies of infection treatment have been searched for, and one of the approaches is based on photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Photodynamic protocols require the interaction of photosensitizer, molecular oxygen and light. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy by porphyrinoid photosensitizers. In the first part of the review information on the mechanism of photodynamic action and the mechanism of the bacteria resistance to the photodynamic technique were described. In the second one, it was described porphyrinoids photosensitizers like: porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines useable in photodynamic bacteria inactivation.
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Combined photodynamic and antibiotic therapy for skin disorder via lipase-sensitive liposomes with enhanced antimicrobial performance. Biomaterials 2017; 141:243-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moftah NH, Ibrahim SM, Wahba NH. Intense pulsed light versus photodynamic therapy using liposomal methylene blue gel for the treatment of truncal acne vulgaris: a comparative randomized split body study. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:263-8. [PMID: 26993345 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is an extremely common skin condition. It often leads to negative psychological consequences. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using intense pulsed light has been introduced for effective treatment of acne. The objective was to study the effect of PDT in truncal acne vulgaris using liposomal methylene blue (LMB) versus IPL alone. Thirty-five patients with varying degrees of acne were treated with topical 0.1 % LMB hydrogel applied on the randomly selected one side of the back, and after 60 min the entire back was exposed to IPL. The procedure was done once weekly for three sessions and patients were re-evaluated 1 month after the third session by two independent dermatologists. Acne severity was graded using the Burton scale. Patient satisfaction using Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) was recorded before and after treatment. On LMB-pretreated side, inflammatory acne lesion counts were significantly decreased by 56.40 % compared with 34.06 % on IPL alone. Marked improvement was seen on LMB-pretreated side in 11.5 % of patients compared with 2.8 % on IPL alone. There was a correlation between CADI score and overall improvement. Our study concluded that LMB-IPL is more effective than IPL alone, safe with tolerable pain in the treatment of acne vulgaris on the back. LMB-IPL is more effective than IPL alone, safe with tolerable pain in the treatment of acne vulgaris on the back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayera Hassan Moftah
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shady Mahmoud Ibrahim
- Dermatology and Venereology Department, Faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nadine Hassan Wahba
- Cairo Hospital for Dermatology and Venereology (Al-Haud Al-Marsoud), Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Park H, Park H, Na K. Dual Propionibacterium acnes therapy using skin penetration-enhanced liposomes loaded with a photosensitizer and an antibiotic. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various antibiotics and photosensitizers are used for Propionibacterium acnes therapy. However, the success rate of therapy is limited because of antibiotic resistance, side-effects of photodynamic therapy using photosensitizer and the low skin-penetration efficiency of antibiotics and photosensitizers. In this study, to enhance the skin penetration efficiency, maintain their photodynamic activity and induce dual antibacterial therapeutic effects, we prepare erythromycin and branched polyethyleneimin-hematoporphyrin (bPEI-HPP) conjugates were loaded into liposomes (cationic photosensitizer-erythromycin loaded liposomes, CP-L (bPEI-HPP 10 mg; CP-L 1 and 20 mg; CP-L 2)). The tissue penetration efficiency of CP-Ls was determined by the Franz cell diffusion system and fluorescence microscopy. The penetration efficiency of CP-Ls is greater than that of bPEI-HPP, unloaded cationic photosensitizer and free HPP because CP-Ls comprised phospholipids that are similar to the cell membrane lipid composition. For in vitro antibacterial effects, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) were used. The loss of viability rate of P. acnes by CP-L 2 (95%) from the colony forming unit (CFU) assay, was 2.4-fold higher than erythromycin-loaded liposomes (39%) and 1.9-fold higher than bPEI-HPP-loaded liposomes (50%). Therefore, we suggest that polycationic photosensitizer and antibiotic-loaded liposomes have potential applications in clinical photodynamic anti-bacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Park
- Center for Photomedicine, Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Korea
| | - Hyung Park
- Center for Photomedicine, Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Center for Photomedicine, Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Korea
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12
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Craig RA, McCoy CP, Gorman SP, Jones DS. Photosensitisers - the progression from photodynamic therapy to anti-infective surfaces. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:85-101. [PMID: 25247277 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.962512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The application of light as a stimulus in pharmaceutical systems and the associated ability to provide precise spatiotemporal control over location, wavelength and intensity, allowing ease of external control independent of environmental conditionals, has led to its increased use. Of particular note is the use of light with photosensitisers. AREAS COVERED Photosensitisers are widely used in photodynamic therapy to cause a cidal effect towards cells on irradiation due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. These cidal effects have also been used to treat infectious diseases. The effects and benefits of photosensitisers in the treatment of such conditions are still being developed and further realised, with the design of novel delivery strategies. This review provides an overview of the realisation of the pharmaceutically relevant uses of photosensitisers, both in the context of current research and in terms of current clinical application, and looks to the future direction of research. EXPERT OPINION Substantial advances have been and are being made in the use of photosensitisers. Of particular note are their antimicrobial applications, due to absence of resistance that is so frequently associated with conventional treatments. Their potency of action and the ability to immobilise to polymeric supports is opening a wide range of possibilities with great potential for use in healthcare infection prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Craig
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy , 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL , UK
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13
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Abstract
The emergence of microbial resistance is becoming a global problem in clinical and environmental areas. As such, the development of drugs with novel modes of action will be vital to meet the threats created by the rise in microbial resistance. Microbial photodynamic inactivation is receiving considerable attention for its potentialities as a new antimicrobial treatment. This review addresses the interactions between photosensitizers and bacterial cells (binding site and cellular localization), the ultrastructural, morphological and functional changes observed at initial stages and during the course of photodynamic inactivation, the oxidative alterations in specific molecular targets, and a possible development of resistance.
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Jain AK, Jain A, Garg NK, Agarwal A, Jain A, Jain SA, Tyagi RK, Jain RK, Agrawal H, Agrawal GP. Adapalene loaded solid lipid nanoparticles gel: an effective approach for acne treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 121:222-9. [PMID: 25016424 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salient features such as controlled release, target ability, potential of penetration, improved physical stability, low cost compared to phospholipids, and ease of scaling-up makes solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) a viable alternative to liposomes for effective drug delivery. Adapalene (ADA) is a second generation retinoid effective in treating various dermatologic disorders such as Acne vulgaris with a few noticeable dose-mediated side effects. The present study was aimed at developing and characterizing ADA loaded SLNs for effective topical delivery. The formulated SLN system was characterized for particle size, poly dispersity index, entrapment efficiency and drug release properties. The resultant formulation (ADA loaded SLNs incorporated into carbopol hydrogel) was evaluated for in vitro drug release, skin permeation and bio-distribution, rheological behaviour, and texture profile analysis. The SLNs based ADA gel has shown its potential in targeting skin epidermal layer, and reducing systemic penetration. The developed system can avoid systemic uptake of ADA in skin layers, and can localize drug in skin epidermis as confirmed by rat skin model. Our results advocate potential of SLNs as a novel carrier for topical delivery of ADA in topical therapeutic approaches. This study open new avenues for drug delivery which better meets the need of anti-acne research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Bhagyoday tirth Pharmacy College, Khurai Road, Sagar, MP 470001, India
| | - Ashay Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Neeraj K Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Abhinav Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Atul Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Som Akshay Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Bhagyoday tirth Pharmacy College, Khurai Road, Sagar, MP 470001, India
| | - Rajeev K Tyagi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Bhagyoday tirth Pharmacy College, Khurai Road, Sagar, MP 470001, India
| | - Himanshu Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Govind P Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470003, India.
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15
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Johnson GA, Ellis EA, Kim H, Muthukrishnan N, Snavely T, Pellois JP. Photoinduced membrane damage of E. coli and S. aureus by the photosensitizer-antimicrobial peptide conjugate eosin-(KLAKLAK)2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91220. [PMID: 24608860 PMCID: PMC3946741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Upon irradiation with visible light, the photosensitizer-peptide conjugate eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 kills a broad spectrum of bacteria without damaging human cells. Eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 therefore represents an interesting lead compound for the treatment of local infection by photodynamic bacterial inactivation. The mechanisms of cellular killing by eosin-(KLAKLAK)2, however, remain unclear and this lack of knowledge hampers the development of optimized therapeutic agents. Herein, we investigate the localization of eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 in bacteria prior to light treatment and examine the molecular basis for the photodynamic activity of this conjugate. Methodology/Principal Findings By employing photooxidation of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB), (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) methodologies, eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 is visualized at the surface of E. coli and S. aureus prior to photodynamic irradiation. Subsequent irradiation leads to severe membrane damage. Consistent with these observations, eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 binds to liposomes of bacterial lipid composition and causes liposomal leakage upon irradiation. The eosin moiety of the conjugate mediates bacterial killing and lipid bilayer leakage by generating the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen and superoxide. In contrast, the (KLAKLAK)2 moiety targets the photosensitizer to bacterial lipid bilayers. In addition, while (KLAKLAK)2 does not disrupt intact liposomes, the peptide accelerates the leakage of photo-oxidized liposomes. Conclusions/Significance Together, our results suggest that (KLAKLAK)2 promotes the binding of eosin Y to bacteria cell walls and lipid bilayers. Subsequent light irradiation results in membrane damage from the production of both Type I & II photodynamic products. Membrane damage by oxidation is then further aggravated by the (KLAKLAK)2 moiety and membrane lysis is accelerated by the peptide. These results therefore establish how photosensitizer and peptide act in synergy to achieve bacterial photo-inactivation. Learning how to exploit and optimize this synergy should lead to the development of future bacterial photoinactivation agents that are effective at low concentrations and at low light doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - E. Ann Ellis
- Microscopy & Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hansoo Kim
- Microscopy & Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nandhini Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Snavely
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Given the problem of increasing antimicrobial--especially antibacterial--drug resistance and the paucity of new agents, it is sensible to consider alternative approaches to infection control to aid in conservation. Photoantimicrobials are highly active agents, regardless of the conventional drug resistance status of the intended organism. Their use in infection control, via topical or local treatment protocols, has thus far received far from proper assessment and requires a wider audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, and Pharmalucia Ltd, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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