1
|
Kim KE, Joo HM, Lee TK, Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Kim BK, Ha SY, Jung SW. Covariance of Marine Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses with Eukaryotic Plankton Communities in the Sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden Ecosystem: A Metagenomic Analysis of Marine Microbial Ecosystems. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010169. [PMID: 36677461 PMCID: PMC9862967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) infect various marine eukaryotes. However, little is known about NCLDV diversity and their relationships with eukaryotic hosts in marine environments, the elucidation of which will advance the current understanding of marine ecosystems. This study characterizes the interplay between NCLDVs and the eukaryotic plankton community (EPC) in the sub-Arctic area using metagenomics and metabarcoding to investigate NCLDVs and EPC, respectively, in the Kongsfjorden ecosystem of Svalbard (Norway) in April and June 2018. Gyrodinium helveticum (Dinophyceae) is the most prevalent eukaryotic taxon in the EPC in April, during which time Mimiviridae (31.8%), Poxviridae (25.1%), Phycodnaviridae (14.7%) and Pandoraviridae (13.1%) predominate. However, in June, the predominant taxon is Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae), and the NCLDVs, Poxviridae (32.9%), Mimiviridae (29.1%), and Phycodnaviridae (18.5%) appear in higher proportions with an increase in Pelagophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Chlorophyta groups. Thus, differences in NCLDVs may be caused by changes in EPC composition in response to environmental changes, such as increases in water temperature and light intensity. Taken together, these findings are particularly relevant considering the anticipated impact of NCLDV-induced EPC control mechanisms on polar regions and, therefore, improve the understanding of the Sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Eun Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Min Joo
- Unit of Next Generation IBRV Building Program, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Kim
- Division of Polar Ocean Science Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yong Ha
- Division of Polar Ocean Science Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.H.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Seung Won Jung
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.H.); (S.W.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim BK, Park MO, Min JO, Kang SH, Shin KH, Yang EJ, Ha SY. The Interplay of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids between Phytoplankton Groups and Northern Krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in a High-Latitude Fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040238. [PMID: 35447908 PMCID: PMC9028281 DOI: 10.3390/md20040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated pigment and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) concentrations of phytoplankton and Northern krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations in the surface and middle-layer water were 0.44 μg L−1 (±0.17 μg L−1) and 0.63 μg L−1 (±0.25 μg L−1), respectively. Alloxanthin (Allo, a marker of cryptophytes) was observed at all stations, and its mean values for surface and middle-layer water were 0.09 μg L−1 (±0.05 μg L−1) and 0.05 (±0.02 μg L−1), respectively. The mean MAA-to-Chl-a ratios at the surface (3.31 ± 2.58 μg (μg Chl-a)−1) were significantly higher than those in the middle-layer water (0.88 ± 0.49 μg (μg Chl-a)−1), suggesting that these compounds play an important role in reducing UV photodamage. In gut pigment levels of Northern krill, the most abundant accessory pigment was Allo (2.79 ± 0.33 μg g−1 dry weight; d.w.), as was the accumulation of Chl-a (8.29 ± 1.13 μg g−1 d.w.). The average concentration of MAAs was 1.87 mg g−1 d.w. (±0.88 mg g−1 d.w.) in krill eyes, which was higher than that in all other body parts (0.99 ± 0.41 mg g−1 d.w.), except for the gut. Thysanoessa sp. was found to contain five identified MAAs (shinorine, palythine, porphyra-334, mycosporine-glycine, and M-332) in the krill eye, whereas shinorine and porphyra-334 were only observed in the krill body, not the eyes and gut. These findings suggest that Northern krill accumulate MAAs of various compositions through the diet (mainly cryptophytes) and translocate them among their body parts as an adaptation for photoprotection and physiological demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Kim
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Mi-Ok Park
- Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Jun-Oh Min
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Sun-Yong Ha
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-760-5341
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matthes LC, Mundy CJ, L.-Girard S, Babin M, Verin G, Ehn JK. Spatial Heterogeneity as a Key Variable Influencing Spring-Summer Progression in UVR and PAR Transmission Through Arctic Sea Ice. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 7. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
|
4
|
Retelletti Brogi S, Jung JY, Ha SY, Hur J. Seasonal differences in dissolved organic matter properties and sources in an Arctic fjord: Implications for future conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133740. [PMID: 31400694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean is undergoing drastic changes due to the effects of climate change. Arctic fjords are preferred systems to study these changes as they respond quickly to variations in ocean, land and atmosphere conditions. In this study, we investigated for the first time the seasonal variability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties and its origin in an Arctic fjord, which allows for an assessment of the future potential effects of climate change in this environment. We conducted an integrated analysis of the concentrations, optical properties (absorption and fluorescence), and molecular size distributions of DOM in two seasons (October 2017 and April 2018) and in eight to ten stations in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) along with the related environmental parameters such as chlorophyll-a, inorganic nutrients, particulate organic carbon (POC), temperature, and salinity. Our results showed that, in both seasons, the DOM in the fjord was predominately of autochthonous origin with a seasonally variable terrestrial input. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were consistently higher in October than in April at each station. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a marked seasonal variability depending on the DOM fluorophore types and size fractions. In October, humic-like and tryptophan-like substances were dominant whereas in April, tyrosine-like compounds represented, on average, 58% of the DOM fluorescence. This study points out the key role of spring sea ice melting in determining the DOM properties of the fjord in spring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Young Jung
- Division of Polar Ocean Science Research, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Sun-Yong Ha
- Division of Polar Ocean Science Research, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids by a size-fractionated marine phytoplankton community of the arctic beaufort sea. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 188:87-94. [PMID: 30237008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the RV-ARAON cruise, a comparative study on the biosynthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) was conducted for the size-fractionated phytoplankton of the Beaufort Sea (Arctic). The MAAs contents in the micro-phytoplankton community (>20 μm size) is considerably higher than that observed in the nano- (20-2 μm size) and pico-phytoplankton (<2 μm size) communities. The micro-phytoplankton of the Mackenzie Shelf had a relatively higher Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration. Considering the total phytoplankton community, the MAAs concentration as well as net production of individual MAAs (such as shinorine and palythine) were higher at the Mackenzie Shelf rather than at the sites located beyond the Beaufort Sea; precisely, the highest net production rates of shinorine and palythine were 0.211 (±0.02) ng C L-1 d-1 and 0.136 (±0.001) ng C L-1 d-1 respectively (No other MAAs were detected). The micro-phytoplankton used around 0.5% of the total carbon uptake for the synthesis of MAAs. Compared to the smaller phytoplankton community, the micro-phytoplankton utilized more of their energy for the biosynthesis of MAAs; on the other hand, nano- and pico-phytoplankton focused on cellular activity and had poor biosynthesis of MAAs. This clearly indicates the phytoplankton size-dependent variation in the biosynthesis of MAA in the natural phytoplankton community. This study revealed the environmental adaptation of the various sizes of phytoplankton community as well as their physiological response in the Arctic Beaufort Sea.
Collapse
|
6
|
Seasonal Changes in Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid Production Rate with Respect to Natural Phytoplankton Species Composition. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6740-58. [PMID: 26561820 PMCID: PMC4663551 DOI: 10.3390/md13116740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After in situ incubation at the site for a year, phytoplanktons in surface water were exposed to natural light in temperate lakes (every month); thereafter, the net production rate of photoprotective compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) was calculated using (13)C labeled tracer. This is the first report describing seasonal variation in the net production rate of individual MAAs in temperate lakes using a compound-specific stable isotope method. In the mid-latitude region of the Korean Peninsula, UV radiation (UVR) usually peaks from July to August. In Lake Paldang and Lake Cheongpyeong, diatoms dominated among the phytoplankton throughout the year. The relative abundance of Cyanophyceae (Anabaena spiroides) reached over 80% during July in Lake Cheongpyeong. Changes in phytoplankton abundance indicate that the phytoplankton community structure is influenced by seasonal changes in the net production rate and concentration of MAAs. Notably, particulate organic matter (POM) showed a remarkable change based on the UV intensity occurring during that period; this was because of the fact that cyanobacteria that are highly sensitive to UV irradiance dominated the community. POM cultured in Lake Paldang had the greatest shinorine (SH) production rate during October, i.e., 83.83 ± 10.47 fgC·L(-1)·h(-1). The dominance of diatoms indicated that they had a long-term response to UVR. Evaluation of POM cultured in Lake Cheongpyeong revealed that there was an increase in the net MAA production in July (when UVR reached the maximum); a substantial amount of SH, i.e., 17.62 ± 18.34 fgC·L(-1)·h(-1), was recorded during this period. Our results demonstrate that both the net production rate as well as the concentration of MAAs related to photoinduction depended on the phytoplankton community structure. In addition, seasonal changes in UVR also influenced the quantity and production of MAAs in phytoplanktons (especially Cyanophyceae).
Collapse
|
7
|
Häder DP, Williamson CE, Wängberg SÅ, Rautio M, Rose KC, Gao K, Helbling EW, Sinha RP, Worrest R. Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with other environmental factors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:108-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Combined effects of anthropogenic changes in the environmental condition in marine ecosystems, including UV, CO2and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donat-P. Häder
- Emeritus from Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Dept. Biology
- 91096 Möhrendorf
- Germany
| | | | - Sten-Åke Wängberg
- Dept. Biological and Environmental Science
- University of Gothenburg
- SE-40530 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Milla Rautio
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales and Centre for Northern Studies (CEN)
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
- Saguenay
- Canada
| | - Kevin C. Rose
- Department of Zoology
- University of Wisconsin, Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science
- Xiamen University (XiangAn Campus, ZhouLongQuan A1-211)
- Xiamen
- China
| | | | - Rajeshwar P. Sinha
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ha SY, Min JO, Joo HM, Chung KH, Shin KH, Yang E, Kang SH. Production rate estimation of mycosporine-like amino acids in two Arctic melt ponds by stable isotope probing with NAH(13) CO3. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:901-907. [PMID: 26988644 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The net carbon uptake rate and net production rate of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were measured in phytoplankton from 2 different melt ponds (MPs; closed and open type pond) in the western Arctic Ocean using a (13) C stable isotope tracer technique. The Research Vessel Araon visited ice-covered western-central basins situated at 82°N and 173°E in the summer of 2012, when Arctic sea ice declined to a record minimum. The average net carbon uptake rate of the phytoplankton in polycarbonate (PC) bottles in the closed MP was 3.24 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) (SD = ±1.12 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) ), while that in the open MP was 1.3 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) (SD = ±0.05 mg C · m(-3) · h(-1) ). The net production rate of total MAAs in incubated PC bottles was highest (1.44 (SD = ±0.24) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) ) in the open MP and lowest (0.05 (SD = ±0.003) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) ) in the closed MP. The net production rate of shinorine and palythine in incubated PC bottles at the open MP presented significantly high values 0.76 (SD = ±0.12) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) and 0.53 (SD = ±0.06) ng C · L(-1) · h(-1) . Our results showed that high net production rate of MAAs in the open MP was enhanced by a combination of osmotic and UVR stress and that in situ net production rates of individual MAA can be determined using (13) C tracer in MPs in Arctic sea ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yong Ha
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 406-840, South Korea
| | - Jun-Oh Min
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 406-840, South Korea
| | - Hyun Min Joo
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 406-840, South Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Chung
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 406-840, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Marine Environmental Science Department, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa-3 dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do, 425-791, Korea
| | - EunJin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 406-840, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Environment, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 406-840, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|