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Shirai A, Kunimi H, Tsuchiya K. Antifungal action of the combination of ferulic acid and ultraviolet-A irradiation against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2957-2967. [PMID: 34894031 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the antifungal action of photocombination treatment with ferulic acid (FA) and ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light (wavelength, 365 nm) by investigating associated changes in cellular functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. METHODS AND RESULTS When pre-incubation of yeast cells with FA was extended from 0.5 to 10 min, its photofungicidal activity increased. Flow cytometry analysis of stained live and dead cells revealed that 10-min UV-A exposure combined with FA (1 mg ml-1 ) induced a ~99.9% decrease in cell viability although maintaining cell membrane integrity when compared with pre-exposure samples. When morphological and biochemical analysis were performed, treated cells exhibited an intact cell surface and oxidative DNA damage similar to control cells. Photocombination treatment induced cellular proteins oxidation, as shown by 2.3-fold increasing in immunostaining levels of ~49-kDa carbonylated proteins compared with pre-irradiation samples. Pyruvate kinase 1 (PK1) was identified by proteomics analysis as a candidate protein whose levels was affected by photocombination treatment. Moreover, intracellular ATP levels decreased following FA treatment both in darkness and with UV-A irradiation, thus suggesting a possible FA-induced delay in cell growth. CONCLUSIONS FA functions within the cytoplasmic membrane; addition of UV-A exposure induces increased oxidative modifications of cytosolic proteins such as PK1, which functions in ATP generation, without causing detectable genotoxicity, thus triggering inactivation of yeast cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Microbial contamination is a serious problem that diminishes the quality of fruits and vegetables. Combining light exposure with food-grade phenolic acids such as FA is a promising disinfection technology for applications in agriculture and food processing. However, the mode of photofungicidal action of FA with UV-A light remains unclear. This study is the first to elucidate the mechanism using S. cerevisiae. Moreover, proteomics analyses identified a specific cytosolic protein, PK1, which is oxidatively modified by photocombination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shirai
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruka Kunimi
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Aslam J, Hussain Lone I, Ansari F, Aslam A, Aslam R, Akram M. Molecular binding interaction of pyridinium based gemini surfactants with bovine serum albumin: Insights from physicochemical, multispectroscopic, and computational analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119350. [PMID: 33387804 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To study the interaction of the series of pyridinium based gemini surfactants (GS) (referred to as m-Py-m, m = 14, 16); 4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(1-(2-(tetradecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl) dipyridinium chloride (14-Py-14), and 4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl) bis(1-(2-(hexadecyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)dipyridinium chloride (16-Py-16) with bovine serum albumin (BSA), various physicochemical and spectroscopic tools such as tensiometry, steady-state fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, pyrene fluorescence, UV-visible, far-UV circular dichroism (CD) were utilized at physiological pH (7.4) and 298 K in combination with computational molecular modeling analysis. The tensiometric results show significant modifications in interfacial and thermodynamic parameters for m-Py-m GS upon BSA combination, deciphering the gemini surfactant-BSA interaction. Steady-state fluorescence analysis evaluates the structural alterations of BSA with the addition of m-Py-m GS. The plots of Stern-Volmer, modified Stern-Volmer, and thermodynamic parameters were used to determine the binding type of m-Py-m GS to BSA. The synchronous fluorescence spectra state a mild effect of gemini surfactants on the emission intensity of tyrosine (Tyr) residues, on the other hand, tryptophan (Trp) residues showed a significant effect. Post addition of GS, the plot of pyrene fluorescence reveals the mild micropolarity fluctuations via the probe (pyrene) molecules encapsulated in BSA. UV-visible experiments support the complex formation between the BSA and m-Py-m GS. Far-UV CD measurements revealed the modifications in the secondary structure of protein produced by m-Py-m GS. Furthermore, we also used the computational molecular modeling for attaining deep insight into BSA and m-Py-m GS binding and the results are supported with our experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeenat Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbu-30799, Taibah University, Al-Madina, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Irfan Hussain Lone
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbu-30799, Taibah University, Al-Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Afroz Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ruby Aslam
- Corrosion Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohd Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Shirai A, Yasutomo YK. Bactericidal action of ferulic acid with ultraviolet-A light irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 191:52-58. [PMID: 30580185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bactericidal activity of ferulic acid (FA) against various microorganisms was remarkably enhanced by ultraviolet-A (UV-A) irradiation (wavelength, 365 nm). However, the bactericidal mechanism in the photo-combination system has not been evaluated. In the present study, this combined treatment was characterized by investigating associated changes in cellular functions of Escherichia coli, including assessments of respiratory activity, lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability, and damage to DNA and the cell surface. FA adsorbed onto and was incorporated into bacterial membranes, and the affinity resulted in decreased respiratory activity and enhanced lipid peroxidation in the cytoplasmic membrane with low-fluence (1.0 J/cm2) UV-A irradiation. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that additional exposure (8 J/cm2) combined with FA (1 mg/mL) induced increased cell permeability, yielding a 4.8-log decrease in the viable cell count. Morphologically, the treated cells exhibited a bacterial membrane dysfunction, producing many vesicles on the cell surface. However, despite this effect on the cell surface, plasmid DNA transformed into FA-treated E. coli maintained supercoiled integrity with negligible DNA oxidation. Our data strongly suggested that FA functions inside and outside the bacterial membrane; UV-A exposure in the presence of FA then causes increased oxidative modification and subsequent disruption of the bacterial membrane, without causing detectable genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shirai
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
| | - Yu-Ko Yasutomo
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
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Obłąk E, Piecuch A, Rewak-Soroczyńska J, Paluch E. Activity of gemini quaternary ammonium salts against microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:625-632. [PMID: 30460534 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), as the surface active compounds, are widely used in medicine and industry. Their common application is responsible for the development of microbial resistance to QAS. To overcome, this issue novel surfactants, including gemini-type ones, were developed. These unique compounds are built of two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic parts. The double-head double-tail type of structure enhances their physicochemical properties (like surface activity) and biological activity and makes them a potential candidate for new drugs and disinfectants. Antimicrobial activity is mainly attributed to the biocidal action towards bacteria and fungi in their planktonic and biofilm forms, but the mode of action of gemini QAS is not yet fully understood. Moreover, gemini surfactants are of particular interest towards their application as gene carriers. Cationic charge of gemini QAS and their ability to form liposomes facilitate DNA compaction and transfection of the target cells. Multifunctional nature of gemini QAS is the reason of the long-standing research on mainly their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Obłąk
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agata Piecuch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Rewak-Soroczyńska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Emil Paluch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
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Adán C, Magnet A, Fenoy S, Pablos C, Del Águila C, Marugán J. Concomitant inactivation of Acanthamoeba spp. and Escherichia coli using suspended and immobilized TiO 2. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:512-521. [PMID: 30081334 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the application of photocatalytic disinfection to the inactivation of Acanthamoeba trophozoites, a free-living pathogenic amoeba. Two types of photocatalytic reactors configurations have been used: i) a slurry reactor using suspended titanium dioxide (TiO2); and, ii) a fixed-bed reactor using immobilized TiO2 onto glass Raschig rings. The effect of the chemical composition of water has been analysed, comparing the efficiency of the process in deionized water (DW) and synthetic wastewater treatment plant effluent (SWTPE). The inactivation of Acanthamoeba spp. has been compared to that of Escherichia coli bacteria, being also analysed the concomitant inactivation of both microorganisms. Our results show that 99% of inactivation of E. coli and Acanthamoeba spp. can be achieved using photocatalysis in both reactor configurations, but interestingly, the kinetics of inactivation of both microorganisms together differs from that found with them separately. Particularly, E. coli seems to be more resistant to the inactivation in the presence of Acanthamoeba spp. which has been justified by the screen effect caused by the bigger size of Acanthamoeba spp. This observation is more pronounced in DW as the composition of the SWTPE prevent the microorganisms from suffering osmotic and/or mechanical stress and protect cellular structures to the attack of reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, the difference between the inactivation rate of E. coli and Acanthamoeba, points out the importance of the different inactivation mechanisms, suggesting that the entry of small TiO2 particles into the cytoplasm of the Acanthamoeba cells provokes the attack of inner structures and as a consequence a faster inactivation. This mechanism is not possible when the catalyst is immobilized leading to a higher cell resistance to inactivation and consequently lower efficiency of the disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Adán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Magnet
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte (Montepríncipe), Ctra Boadilla del Monte Km. 5.3, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Fenoy
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte (Montepríncipe), Ctra Boadilla del Monte Km. 5.3, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Pablos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Del Águila
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte (Montepríncipe), Ctra Boadilla del Monte Km. 5.3, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology (ESCET), University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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Xu Y, Gao H, Shen Y, Chai S, Zhang J, Zou Q. Application of Gemini quaternary ammonium with ester groups in cationic P(St-co-BA) nanolatex and study on its antibacterial properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 80:417-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shirai A, Watanabe T, Matsuki H. Inactivation of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms using ultraviolet-A light in combination with ferulic acid. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:96-102. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Shirai
- Department of Bioresource Chemistry and Technology; Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
| | - T. Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
| | - H. Matsuki
- Department of Bioresource Chemistry and Technology; Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
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Antibacterial Metallic Touch Surfaces. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9090736. [PMID: 28773856 PMCID: PMC5457048 DOI: 10.3390/ma9090736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of the development of modern antibacterial metallic materials as touch surfaces in healthcare settings. Initially we compare Japanese, European and US standards for the assessment of antimicrobial activity. The variations in methodologies defined in these standards are highlighted. Our review will also cover the most relevant factors that define the antimicrobial performance of metals, namely, the effect of humidity, material geometry, chemistry, physical properties and oxidation of the material. The state of the art in contact-killing materials will be described. Finally, the effect of cleaning products, including disinfectants, on the antimicrobial performance, either by direct contact or by altering the touch surface chemistry on which the microbes attach, will be discussed. We offer our outlook, identifying research areas that require further development and an overview of potential future directions of this exciting field.
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Hou Y, Nakahashi M, Mawatari K, Shimohata T, Uebanso T, Harada Y, Tsunedomi A, Emoto T, Akutagawa M, Kinouchi Y, Takahashi A. Combined treatment of UVA irradiation and antibiotics induces greater bactericidal effects on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2016; 63:63-7. [PMID: 27040055 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.63.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in the environment and their subsequent impact on the development of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria has raised concerns globally. Consequently, much research is focused on a method to produce a better disinfectant. We have established a disinfectant system using UVA-LED that inactivates pathogenic bacteria. We assessed the bactericidal efficiency of a combination of UVA-LED and antibiotics against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Combined use of antibiotic drugs and UVA irradiation was more bactericidal than UVA irradiation or antibacterial drugs alone. The bactericidal synergy was observed at low concentrations of each drug that are normally unable to kill the bacteria. This combination has the potential to become a sterilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Hou
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
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Shirai A, Kajiura M, Omasa T. Synergistic Photobactericidal Activity Based on Ultraviolet-A Irradiation and Ferulic Acid Derivatives. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1422-8. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shirai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Biosystems Engineering; Institute of Technology and Science; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
| | - Masato Kajiura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Faculty of Engineering; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; Biosystems Engineering; Institute of Technology and Science; Tokushima University; Tokushima Japan
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Sheng H, Nakamura K, Kanno T, Sasaki K, Niwano Y. Bactericidal Effect of Photolysis of H2O2 in Combination with Sonolysis of Water via Hydroxyl Radical Generation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132445. [PMID: 26148024 PMCID: PMC4493093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bactericidal effect of hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated by combination of photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sonolysis of water was examined under the condition in which the yield of ·OH increased additively when H2O2 aqueous solution was concomitantly irradiated with laser and ultrasound. The suspension of Staphylococcus aureus mixed with the different concentrations of H2O2 was irradiated simultaneously with a laser light (wavelength: 405 nm, irradiance: 46 and 91 mW/cm2) and ultrasound (power: 30 w, frequency: 1.65 MHz) at 20 ± 1°C of the water bulk temperature for 2 min. The combination of laser and ultrasound irradiation significantly reduced the viable bacterial count in comparison with the laser irradiation of H2O2 alone. By contrast, the ultrasound irradiation alone exerted almost no bactericidal effect. These results suggested that the combination effect of photolysis of H2O2 and sonolysis of water on bactericidal activity was synergistic. A multi-way analysis of variance also revealed that the interaction of H2O2 concentration, laser power and ultrasound irradiation significantly affected the bactericidal activity. Since the result of oxidative DNA damage evaluation demonstrated that the combination of laser and ultrasound irradiation significantly induced oxidative damage of bacterial DNA in comparison with the laser irradiation of H2O2 alone, it was suggested that the combination effect of photolysis of H2O2 and sonolysis of water on bactericidal activity would be exerted via oxidative damage of cellular components such as DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keisuke Nakamura
- Laboratory for Redox Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Taro Kanno
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Niwano
- Laboratory for Redox Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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SHIRAI AKIHIRO, KAJIURA MASATO, MATSUMURA KYOHEI, OMASA TAKESHI. Improved Photobactericidal Activity of Ultraviolet-A Light in Combination with Isomerizable p-Coumaric Acid Derivatives. Biocontrol Sci 2015; 20:231-8. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AKIHIRO SHIRAI
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University
| | - MASATO KAJIURA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University
| | - KYOHEI MATSUMURA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University
| | - TAKESHI OMASA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University
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SHIRAI AKIHIRO, ONITSUKA MASAYOSHI, MASEDA HIDEAKI, OMASA TAKESHI. Effect of Polyphenols on Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Cell Growth of Human Dermal Fibroblasts after Irradiation with Ultraviolet-A Light. Biocontrol Sci 2015; 20:27-33. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AKIHIRO SHIRAI
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - MASAYOSHI ONITSUKA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - HIDEAKI MASEDA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - TAKESHI OMASA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
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