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Krysiak M, Węgrzyn A, Kowalewska Ł, Kulik A, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Mazur J, Garstka M, Mazur R. Light-independent pathway of STN7 kinase activation under low temperature stress in runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:513. [PMID: 38849759 PMCID: PMC11157908 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphorylation of the Light-Harvesting Complex of photosystem II (LHCII) driven by STATE TRANSITION 7 (STN7) kinase is a part of one of the crucial regulatory mechanisms of photosynthetic light reactions operating in fluctuating environmental conditions, light in particular. There are evidenced that STN7 can also be activated without light as well as in dark-chilling conditions. However, the biochemical mechanism standing behind this complex metabolic pathway has not been deciphered yet. RESULTS In this work, we showed that dark-chilling induces light-independent LHCII phosphorylation in runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). In dark-chilling conditions, we registered an increased reduction of the PQ pool which led to activation of STN7 kinase, subsequent LHCII phosphorylation, and possible LHCII relocation inside the thylakoid membrane. We also presented the formation of a complex composed of phosphorylated LHCII and photosystem I typically formed upon light-induced phosphorylation. Moreover, we indicated that the observed steps were preceded by the activation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) enzymes and starch accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a direct connection between photosynthetic complexes reorganization and dark-chilling-induced activation of the thioredoxin system. The proposed possible pathway starts from the activation of OPPP enzymes and further NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) activation. In the next steps, NTRC simultaneously activates ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and thylakoid membrane-located NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex. These results in starch synthesis and electron transfer to the plastoquinone (PQ) pool, respectively. Reduced PQ pool activates STN7 kinase which phosphorylates LHCII. In this work, we present a new perspective on the mechanisms involving photosynthetic complexes while efficiently operating in the darkness. Although we describe the studied pathway in detail, taking into account also the time course of the following steps, the biological significance of this phenomenon remains puzzling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Krysiak
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Anna Węgrzyn
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Jan Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland.
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Devadasu E, Kanna SD, Neelam S, Yadav RM, Nama S, Akhtar P, Polgár TF, Ughy B, Garab G, Lambrev PH, Subramanyam R. Long- and short-term acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to salinity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The role of Stt7 protein kinase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1051711. [PMID: 37089643 PMCID: PMC10113551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1051711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress triggers an Stt7-mediated LHCII-phosphorylation signaling mechanism similar to light-induced state transitions. However, phosphorylated LHCII, after detaching from PSII, does not attach to PSI but self-aggregates instead. Salt is a major stress factor in the growth of algae and plants. Here, our study mainly focuses on the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus to the long-term responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to elevated NaCl concentrations. We analyzed the physiological effects of salt treatment at a cellular, membrane, and protein level by microscopy, protein profile analyses, transcripts, circular dichroism spectroscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence transients, and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We have ascertained that cells that were grown in high-salinity medium form palmelloids sphere-shaped colonies, where daughter cells with curtailed flagella are enclosed within the mother cell walls. Palmelloid formation depends on the presence of a cell wall, as it was not observed in a cell-wall-less mutant CC-503. Using the stt7 mutant cells, we show Stt7 kinase-dependent phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) in both short- and long-term treatments of various NaCl concentrations-demonstrating NaCl-induced state transitions that are similar to light-induced state transitions. The grana thylakoids were less appressed (with higher repeat distances), and cells grown in 150 mM NaCl showed disordered structures that formed diffuse boundaries with the flanking stroma lamellae. PSII core proteins were more prone to damage than PSI. At high salt concentrations (100-150 mM), LHCII aggregates accumulated in the thylakoid membranes. Low-temperature and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the stt7 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress, suggesting that LHCII phosphorylation has a role in the acclimation and protection of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsinraju Devadasu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sai Divya Kanna
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Satyabala Neelam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranay Mohan Yadav
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srilatha Nama
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás F. Polgár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Petar H. Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Rajagopal Subramanyam,
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Popova AV, Stefanov M, Ivanov AG, Velitchkova M. The Role of Alternative Electron Pathways for Effectiveness of Photosynthetic Performance of Arabidopsis thaliana, Wt and Lut2, under Low Temperature and High Light Intensity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172318. [PMID: 36079699 PMCID: PMC9460638 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A recent investigation has suggested that the enhanced capacity for PSI-dependent cyclic electron flow (CEF) and PSI-dependent energy quenching that is related to chloroplast structural changes may explain the lower susceptibility of lut2 to combined stresses—a low temperature and a high light intensity. The possible involvement of alternative electron transport pathways, proton gradient regulator 5 (PGR5)-dependent CEF and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX)-mediated electron transfer to oxygen in the response of Arabidopsis plants—wild type (wt) and lut2—to treatment with these two stressors was assessed by using specific electron transport inhibitors. Re-reduction kinetics of P700+ indicated that the capacity for CEF was higher in lut2 when this was compared to wt. Exposure of wt plants to the stress conditions caused increased CEF and was accompanied by a substantial raise in PGR5 and PTOX quantities. In contrast, both PGR5 and PTOX levels decreased under the same stress conditions in lut2, and inhibiting PGR5-dependent pathway by AntA did not exhibit any significant effects on CEF during the stress treatment and recovery period. Electron microscopy observations demonstrated that under control conditions the degree of grana stacking was much lower in lut2, and it almost disappeared under the combined stresses, compared to wt. The role of differential responses of alternative electron transport pathways in the acclimation to the stress conditions that are studied is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta V. Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Martin Stefanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander G. Ivanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Str. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Maya Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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STN7 Kinase Is Essential for Arabidopsis thaliana Fitness under Prolonged Darkness but Not under Dark-Chilling Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094531. [PMID: 35562922 PMCID: PMC9100030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of photosystem II light harvesting complexes (LHCII) is a well-established protective mechanism enabling efficient response to changing light conditions. However, changes in LHCII phosphorylation were also observed in response to abiotic stress regardless of photoperiod. This study aimed to investigate the impact of dark-chilling on LHCII phosphorylation pattern in chilling-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana and to check whether the disturbed LHCII phosphorylation process will impact the response of Arabidopsis to the dark-chilling conditions. We analyzed the pattern of LHCII phosphorylation, the organization of chlorophyll–protein complexes, and the level of chilling tolerance by combining biochemical and spectroscopy techniques under dark-chilling and dark conditions in Arabidopsis mutants with disrupted LHCII phosphorylation. Our results show that during dark-chilling, LHCII phosphorylation decreased in all examined plant lines and that no significant differences in dark-chilling response were registered in tested lines. Interestingly, after 24 h of darkness, a high increase in LHCII phosphorylation was observed, co-occurring with a significant FV/FM parameter decrease. The highest drop of FV/FM was detected in the stn7-1 line–mutant, where the LHCII is not phosphorylated, due to the lack of STN7 kinase. Our results imply that STN7 kinase activity is important for mitigating the adverse effects of prolonged darkness.
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Tan Y, Zhang QS, Zhao W, Liu Z, Ma MY, Zhong MY, Wang MX. The highly efficient NDH-dependent photosystem I cyclic electron flow pathway in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:49-62. [PMID: 32152819 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Zostera marina, a fully submerged marine angiosperm with a unique evolutionary history associated with its terrestrial origin, has distinct photochemical characteristics caused by its oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) being prone to deactivation in visible light. Based on the present phylogenetic analysis, the chloroplast NADPH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex was found to be completed in of Z. marina, unlike other marine plants, suggesting its crucial role. Thus, the responses of electron transport to irradiation were investigated through multiple chlorophyll fluorescence techniques and Western blot analysis. Moreover, the respective contribution of the two photosystem I cyclic electron flow (PSI-CEF) pathways to the generation of trans-thylakoid proton gradient (∆pH) was also examined using inhibitors. The contributions of the two PSI-CEF pathways to ∆pH were similar; furthermore, there was a trade-off between the two pathways under excess irradiation: the PGR5/L1-dependent PSI-CEF decreased gradually following its activation during the initial illumination, while NDH-dependent PSI-CEF was activated gradually with exposure duration. OEC inactivation was continuously under excess irradiation, which exhibits a positive linear correlation with the activation of NDH-dependent PSI-CEF. We suggest that PGR5/L1-dependent PSI-CEF was preferentially activated to handle the excess electron caused by the operation of OEC during the initial illumination. Subsequently, the increasing OEC inactivation with exposure duration resulted in a deficit of electrons. Limited electrons from PSI might preferentially synthesize NADPH, which could support the function of NDH-dependent PSI-CEF to generate ∆pH and ATP via reducing ferredoxin, thereby maintaining OEC stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Sheng Zhang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yu Ma
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yu Zhong
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xin Wang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
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Madireddi SK, Nama S, Devadasu E, Subramanyam R. Thylakoid membrane dynamics and state transitions in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under elevated temperature. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:215-226. [PMID: 30030686 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Moderately elevated temperatures can induce state transitions in higher plants by phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII). In this study, we exposed unicellular algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to moderately elevated temperatures (38 °C) for short period of time in the dark to understand the thylakoid membrane dynamics and state transition mechanism. Here we report that under elevated temperatures (1) LHCII gets phosphorylated similar to higher plants and (2) there is decreased absorption cross section of photosystem II (PSII), whereas (3) there is no change in absorption cross section of photosystem I (PSI) indicating that LHCII trimers are largely disconnected with both photosystems under moderately elevated temperatures and (4) on return to room temperature after elevated temperature treatment there is a formation of state transition complex comprising of PSII-LHCII-PSI. The temperature-induced state transition mechanism also depends on stt7 kinase-like in light-induced state transition. The protein content was stable at the moderately elevated temperature treatment of 40 °C; however, at 45 °C severe downregulation in photosynthetic performance and protein content was observed. In addition to the known changes to photosynthetic apparatus, elevated temperatures can destabilize the PSII-LHCII complex that can result in decreased photosynthetic efficiency in C. reinhardtii. We concluded that the membrane dynamics of light-induced state transitions differs considerably from temperature-induced state transition mechanisms in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kiran Madireddi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Srilatha Nama
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Elsinraju Devadasu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Ivanov AG, Velitchkova MY, Allakhverdiev SI, Huner NPA. Heat stress-induced effects of photosystem I: an overview of structural and functional responses. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 133:17-30. [PMID: 28391379 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main factors controlling the formation, development, and functional performance of the photosynthetic apparatus in all photoautotrophs (green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria) on Earth. The projected climate change scenarios predict increases in air temperature across Earth's biomes ranging from moderate (3-4 °C) to extreme (6-8 °C) by the year 2100 (IPCC in Climate change 2007: The physical science basis: summery for policymakers, IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report 2007; Climate change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, IPCC WG3 Fifth Assessment Report 2014). In some areas, especially of the Northern hemisphere, even more extreme warm seasonal temperatures may occur, which possibly will cause significant negative effects on the development, growth, and yield of important agricultural crops. It is well documented that high temperatures can cause direct damages of the photosynthetic apparatus and photosystem II (PSII) is generally considered to be the primary target of heat-induced inactivation of photosynthesis. However, since photosystem I (PSI) is considered to determine the global amount of enthalpy in living systems (Nelson in Biochim Biophys Acta 1807:856-863, 2011; Photosynth Res 116:145-151, 2013), the effects of elevated temperatures on PSI might be of vital importance for regulating the photosynthetic response of all photoautotrophs in the changing environment. In this review, we summarize the experimental data that demonstrate the critical impact of heat-induced alterations on the structure, composition, and functional performance of PSI and their significant implications on photosynthesis under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Ivanov
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Maya Y Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, 142290, Russia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Matbuat Avenue 2a, 1073, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Norman P A Huner
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Labs M, Rühle T, Leister D. The antimycin A-sensitive pathway of cyclic electron flow: from 1963 to 2015. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:231-8. [PMID: 26781235 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow has puzzled and divided the field of photosynthesis researchers for decades. This mainly concerns the proportion of its overall contribution to photosynthesis, as well as its components and molecular mechanism. Yet, it is irrefutable that the absence of cyclic electron flow has severe effects on plant growth. One of the two pathways mediating cyclic electron flow can be inhibited by antimycin A, a chemical that has also widely been used to characterize the mitochondrial respiratory chain. For the characterization of cyclic electron flow, antimycin A has been used since 1963, when ferredoxin was found to be the electron donor of the pathway. In 2013, antimycin A was used to identify the PGRL1/PGR5 complex as the ferredoxin:plastoquinone reductase completing the last puzzle piece of this pathway. The controversy has not ended, and here, we review the history of research on this process using the perspective of antimycin A as a crucial chemical for its characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Labs
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany.
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre (CPSC), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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