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Light dependent synthesis of a nucleotide second messenger controls the motility of a spirochete bacterium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6825. [PMID: 35474318 PMCID: PMC9043183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide second messengers are universally crucial factors for the signal transduction of various organisms. In prokaryotes, cyclic nucleotide messengers are involved in the bacterial life cycle and in functions such as virulence and biofilm formation, mainly via gene regulation. Here, we show that the swimming motility of the soil bacterium Leptospira kobayashii is rapidly modulated by light stimulation. Analysis of a loss-of-photoresponsivity mutant obtained by transposon random mutagenesis identified the novel sensory gene, and its expression in Escherichia coli through codon optimization elucidated the light-dependent synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). GFP labeling showed the localization of the photoresponsive enzyme at the cell poles where flagellar motors reside. These findings suggest a new role for cAMP in rapidly controlling the flagella-dependent motility of Leptospira and highlight the global distribution of the newly discovered photoactivated cyclase among diverse microbial species.
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2
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Yang S, Constantin OM, Sachidanandan D, Hofmann H, Kunz TC, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Oertner TG, Nagel G, Kittel RJ, Gee CE, Gao S. PACmn for improved optogenetic control of intracellular cAMP. BMC Biol 2021; 19:227. [PMID: 34663304 PMCID: PMC8522238 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that transduces extracellular signals in virtually all eukaryotic cells. The soluble Beggiatoa photoactivatable adenylyl cyclase (bPAC) rapidly raises cAMP in blue light and has been used to study cAMP signaling pathways cell-autonomously. But low activity in the dark might raise resting cAMP in cells expressing bPAC, and most eukaryotic cyclases are membrane-targeted rather than soluble. Our aim was to engineer a plasma membrane-anchored PAC with no dark activity (i.e., no cAMP accumulation in the dark) that rapidly increases cAMP when illuminated. RESULTS Using a streamlined method based on expression in Xenopus oocytes, we compared natural PACs and confirmed bPAC as the best starting point for protein engineering efforts. We identified several modifications that reduce bPAC dark activity. Mutating a phenylalanine to tyrosine at residue 198 substantially decreased dark cyclase activity, which increased 7000-fold when illuminated. Whereas Drosophila larvae expressing bPAC in mechanosensory neurons show nocifensive-like behavior even in the dark, larvae expressing improved soluble (e.g., bPAC(R278A)) and membrane-anchored PACs exhibited nocifensive responses only when illuminated. The plasma membrane-anchored PAC (PACmn) had an undetectable dark activity which increased >4000-fold in the light. PACmn does not raise resting cAMP nor, when expressed in hippocampal neurons, affect cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) activity in the dark, but rapidly and reversibly increases cAMP and PKA activity in the soma and dendrites upon illumination. The peak responses to brief (2 s) light flashes exceed the responses to forskolin-induced activation of endogenous cyclases and return to baseline within seconds (cAMP) or ~10 min (PKA). CONCLUSIONS PACmn is a valuable optogenetic tool for precise cell-autonomous and transient stimulation of cAMP signaling pathways in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Yang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oana M Constantin
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Divya Sachidanandan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannes Hofmann
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias C Kunz
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Kittel
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstraße 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christine E Gee
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
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Photoreaction of photoactivated adenylate cyclase from cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 221:112252. [PMID: 34265548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical reaction of photoactivated adenylate cyclase from cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC 7420 (mPAC), which consists of a Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS), a light‑oxygene-voltage (LOV), and an adenylate cyclase (AC) domain, was investigated mainly using the time-resolved transient grating method. An absorption spectral change associated with an adduct formation between its chromophore (flavin mononucleotide) and a cysteine residue was observed with a time constant of 0.66 μs. After this reaction, a significant diffusion coefficient (D)-change was observed with a time constant of 38 ms. The determined D-value was concentration-dependent indicating a rapid equilibrium between the dimer and tetramer. Combining the results of size exclusion chromatography and CD spectroscopy, we concluded that the photoinduced D-change was mainly attributed to the equilibrium shift from the dimer rich to the tetramer rich states upon light exposure. Since the reaction rate does not depend on concentration, the rate determining step of the tetramer formation is not the collision of proteins by diffusion, but a conformation change. The roles of the PAS and AC domains as well as the N- and C-terminal flanking helices of the LOV domain (A'α- and Jα-helices) were investigated using various truncated mutants. The PAS domain was found to be a strong dimerization site and is related to efficient signal transduction. It was found that simultaneous existence of the A'α- and Jα-helices in mPAC is important for the light-induced conformation change to lead the conformation change which induces the tetramer formation. The results suggest that the angle changes of the coiled-coil structures in the A'α and Jα-helices are essential for this conformation change. The reaction scheme of mPAC is proposed.
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mem-iLID, a fast and economic protein purification method. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229021. [PMID: 34142112 PMCID: PMC8239496 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein purification is the vital basis to study the function, structure and interaction of proteins. Widely used methods are affinity chromatography-based purifications, which require different chromatography columns and harsh conditions, such as acidic pH and/or adding imidazole or high salt concentration, to elute and collect the purified proteins. Here we established an easy and fast purification method for soluble proteins under mild conditions, based on the light-induced protein dimerization system improved light-induced dimer (iLID), which regulates protein binding and release with light. We utilize the biological membrane, which can be easily separated by centrifugation, as the port to anchor the target proteins. In Xenopus laevis oocyte and Escherichia coli, the blue light-sensitive part of iLID, AsLOV2-SsrA, was targeted to the plasma membrane by different membrane anchors. The other part of iLID, SspB, was fused with the protein of interest (POI) and expressed in the cytosol. The SspB-POI can be captured to the membrane fraction through light-induced binding to AsLOV2-SsrA and then released purely to fresh buffer in the dark after simple centrifugation and washing. This method, named mem-iLID, is very flexible in scale and economic. We demonstrate the quickly obtained yield of two pure and fully functional enzymes: a DNA polymerase and a light-activated adenylyl cyclase. Furthermore, we also designed a new SspB mutant for better dissociation and less interference with the POI, which could potentially facilitate other optogenetic manipulations of protein-protein interaction.
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Tanwar M, Kateriya S, Nair D, Jose M. Optogenetic modulation of real-time nanoscale dynamics of HCN channels using photoactivated adenylyl cyclases. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:863-875. [PMID: 34458814 PMCID: PMC8341789 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger that activates several signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Alteration of basal levels of cAMP is known to activate protein kinases, regulate phosphodiesterases and modulate the activity of ion channels such as Hyper polarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels (HCN). Recent advances in optogenetics have resulted in the availability of novel genetically encoded molecules with the capability to alter cytoplasmic profiles of cAMP with unprecedented spatial and temporal precision. Using single molecule based super-resolution microscopy and different optogenetic modulators of cellular cAMP in both live and fixed cells, we illustrate a novel paradigm to report alteration in nanoscale confinement of ectopically expressed HCN channels. We characterized the efficacy of cAMP generation using ensemble photoactivation of different optogenetic modulators. Then we demonstrate that local modulation of cAMP alters the exchange of membrane bound HCN channels with its nanoenvironment. Additionally, using high density single particle tracking in combination with both acute and chronic optogenetic elevation of cAMP in the cytoplasm, we show that HCN channels are confined to sub 100 nm sized functional domains on the plasma membrane. The nanoscale properties of these domains along with the exchange kinetics of HCN channels in and out of these molecular zones are altered upon temporal changes in the cytoplasmic cAMP. Using HCN2 point mutants and a truncated construct of HCN2 with altered sensitivity to cAMP, we confirmed these alterations in lateral organization of HCN2 to be specific to cAMP binding. Thus, combining these advanced non-invasive paradigms, we report a cAMP dependent ensemble and single particle behavior of HCN channels mediated by its cyclic nucleotide binding domain, opening innovative ways to dissect biochemical pathways at the nanoscale and real-time in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tanwar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012 India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi-110067 India
| | - Deepak Nair
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012 India
| | - Mini Jose
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560012 India
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Photoactivated Adenylyl Cyclases: Fundamental Properties and Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33398810 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) was first discovered to be a sensor for photoavoidance in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. PAC is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the production of cAMP upon illumination with blue light, which enables us to optogenetically manipulate intracellular cAMP levels in various biological systems. Recent progress in genome sequencing has revealed several related proteins in bacteria and ameboflagellates. Among them, the PACs from sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa sp. and cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata have been well characterized, including their crystalline structure. Although there have not been many reported optogenetic applications of PACs so far, they have the potential to be used in various fields within bioscience.
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Hirano M, Takebe M, Ishido T, Ide T, Matsunaga S. The C-terminal region affects the activity of photoactivated adenylyl cyclase from Oscillatoria acuminata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20262. [PMID: 31889099 PMCID: PMC6937261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) is a unique protein that, upon blue light exposure, catalyzes cAMP production. The crystal structures of two PACs, from Oscillatoria acuminata (OaPAC) and Beggiatoa sp. (bPAC), have been solved, and they show a high degree of similarity. However, the photoactivity of OaPAC is much lower than that of bPAC, and the regulatory mechanism of PAC photoactivity, which induces the difference in activity between OaPAC and bPAC, has not yet been clarified. Here, we investigated the role of the C-terminal region in OaPAC, the length of which is the only notable difference from bPAC. We found that the photoactivity of OaPAC was inversely proportional to the C-terminal length. However, the deletion of more than nine amino acids did not further increase the activity, indicating that the nine amino acids at the C-terminal critically affect the photoactivity. Besides, absorption spectral features of light-sensing domains (BLUF domains) of the C-terminal deletion mutants showed similar light-dependent spectral shifts as in WT, indicating that the C-terminal region influences the activity without interacting with the BLUF domain. The study characterizes new PAC mutants with modified photoactivities, which could be useful as optogenetics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Hirano
- Bio Photonics Laboratory, The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, 1955-1 Kurematsu Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-1202, Japan.
| | - Masumi Takebe
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishido
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Toru Ide
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsunaga
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan.
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Naim N, White AD, Reece JM, Wankhede M, Zhang X, Vilardaga JP, Altschuler DL. Luminescence-activated nucleotide cyclase regulates spatial and temporal cAMP synthesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1095-1103. [PMID: 30559293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac118.004905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation, attachment, migration, and several other processes. It has become increasingly evident that tight regulation of cAMP accumulation and localization confers divergent yet specific signaling to downstream pathways. Currently, few tools are available that have sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to study location-biased cAMP signaling. Here, we introduce a new fusion protein consisting of a light-activated adenylyl cyclase (bPAC) and luciferase (nLuc). This construct allows dual activation of cAMP production through temporally precise photostimulation or chronic chemical stimulation that can be fine-tuned to mimic physiological levels and duration of cAMP synthesis to trigger downstream events. By targeting this construct to different compartments, we show that cAMP produced in the cytosol and nucleus stimulates proliferation in thyroid cells. The bPAC-nLuc fusion construct adds a new reagent to the available toolkit to study cAMP-regulated processes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyla Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; Molecular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Alex D White
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; Molecular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Jeff M Reece
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Mamta Wankhede
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | | | - Daniel L Altschuler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.
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Abstract
Optogenetics enables manipulation of biological processes with light at high spatio-temporal resolution to control the behavior of cells, networks, or even whole animals. In contrast to the performance of excitatory rhodopsins, the effectiveness of inhibitory optogenetic tools is still insufficient. Here we report a two-component optical silencer system comprising photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PACs) and the small cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel SthK. Activation of this ‘PAC-K’ silencer by brief pulses of low-intensity blue light causes robust and reversible silencing of cardiomyocyte excitation and neuronal firing. In vivo expression of PAC-K in mouse and zebrafish neurons is well tolerated, where blue light inhibits neuronal activity and blocks motor responses. In combination with red-light absorbing channelrhodopsins, the distinct action spectra of PACs allow independent bimodal control of neuronal activity. PAC-K represents a reliable optogenetic silencer with intrinsic amplification for sustained potassium-mediated hyperpolarization, conferring high operational light sensitivity to the cells of interest. Optogenetic tools enable precise experimental control of the behaviour of cells. Here, the authors introduce a genetically-encoded two-protein system that enables silencing of excitable cells such as neurons and cardiomyocytes using blue light, and demonstrate its utility both in vitro and In vivo.
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Blain-Hartung M, Rockwell NC, Moreno MV, Martin SS, Gan F, Bryant DA, Lagarias JC. Cyanobacteriochrome-based photoswitchable adenylyl cyclases (cPACs) for broad spectrum light regulation of cAMP levels in cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8473-8483. [PMID: 29632072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class III adenylyl cyclases generate the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP from ATP often in response to environmental or cellular cues. During evolution, soluble adenylyl cyclase catalytic domains have been repeatedly juxtaposed with signal-input domains to place cAMP synthesis under the control of a wide variety of these environmental and endogenous signals. Adenylyl cyclases with light-sensing domains have proliferated in photosynthetic species depending on light as an energy source, yet are also widespread in nonphotosynthetic species. Among such naturally occurring light sensors, several flavin-based photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PACs) have been adopted as optogenetic tools to manipulate cellular processes with blue light. In this report, we report the discovery of a cyanobacteriochrome-based photoswitchable adenylyl cyclase (cPAC) from the cyanobacterium Microcoleus sp. PCC 7113. Unlike flavin-dependent PACs, which must thermally decay to be deactivated, cPAC exhibits a bistable photocycle whose adenylyl cyclase could be reversibly activated and inactivated by blue and green light, respectively. Through domain exchange experiments, we also document the ability to extend the wavelength-sensing specificity of cPAC into the near IR. In summary, our work has uncovered a cyanobacteriochrome-based adenylyl cyclase that holds great potential for the design of bistable photoswitchable adenylyl cyclases to fine-tune cAMP-regulated processes in cells, tissues, and whole organisms with light across the visible spectrum and into the near IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Blain-Hartung
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Nathan C Rockwell
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Marcus V Moreno
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Shelley S Martin
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Fei Gan
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and
| | - Donald A Bryant
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and.,the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616,
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