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Hao Y, Cai Z, Ma C, White JC, Cao Y, Chang Z, Xu X, Han L, Jia W, Zhao J, Xing B. Root Exposure of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3N 4) Modulates Metabolite Profile and Endophytic Bacterial Community to Alleviate Cadmium- and Arsenate-Induced Phytotoxicity to Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). ACS NANO 2023; 17:19724-19739. [PMID: 37812587 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms by which g-C3N4 alleviates metal(loid)-induced phytotoxicity, rice seedlings were exposed to 100 and 250 mg/kg graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with or without coexposure to 10 mg/kg Cd and 50 mg/kg As for 30 days. Treatment with 250 mg/kg g-C3N4 significantly increased shoot and root fresh weight by 22.4-29.9%, reduced Cd and As accumulations in rice tissues by 20.6-26.6%, and elevated the content of essential nutrients (e.g., K, S, Mg, Cu, and Zn) compared to untreated controls. High-throughput sequencing showed that g-C3N4 treatment increased the proportion of plant-growth-promoting endophytic bacteria, including Streptomyces, Saccharimonadales, and Thermosporothrix, by 0.5-3.30-fold; these groups are known to be important to plant nutrient assimilation, as well as metal(loid) resistance and bioremediation. In addition, the population of Deinococcus was decreased by 72.3%; this genus is known to induce biotransformation As(V) to As(III). Metabolomics analyses highlighted differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) involved in the metabolism of tyrosine metabolism, pyrimidines, and purines, as well as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis related to Cd/As-induced phytotoxicity. In the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, the increased expression of 4-coumarate (1.13-fold) and sinapyl alcohol (1.26-fold) triggered by g-C3N4 coexposure with Cd or As played a critical role in promoting plant growth and enhancing rice resistance against metal(loid) stresses. Our findings demonstrate the potential of g-C3N4 to enhance plant growth and minimize the Cd/As-induced toxicity in rice and provide a promising nanoenabled strategy for remediating heavy metal(loid)-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hao
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zeyu Cai
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yini Cao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofeng Chang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanfang Han
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Jia
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, and Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Mondal S, Pramanik K, Ghosh SK, Pal P, Ghosh PK, Ghosh A, Maiti TK. Molecular insight into arsenic uptake, transport, phytotoxicity, and defense responses in plants: a critical review. PLANTA 2022; 255:87. [PMID: 35303194 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A critical investigation into arsenic uptake and transportation, its phytotoxic effects, and defense strategies including complex signaling cascades and regulatory networks in plants. The metalloid arsenic (As) is a leading pollutant of soil and water. It easily finds its way into the food chain through plants, more precisely crops, a common diet source for humans resulting in serious health risks. Prolonged As exposure causes detrimental effects in plants and is diaphanously observed through numerous physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes. Different inorganic and organic As species enter into the plant system via a variety of transporters e.g., phosphate transporters, aquaporins, etc. Therefore, plants tend to accumulate elevated levels of As which leads to severe phytotoxic damages including anomalies in biomolecules like protein, lipid, and DNA. To combat this, plants employ quite a few mitigation strategies such as efficient As efflux from the cell, iron plaque formation, regulation of As transporters, and intracellular chelation with an array of thiol-rich molecules such as phytochelatin, glutathione, and metallothionein followed by vacuolar compartmentalization of As through various vacuolar transporters. Moreover, the antioxidant machinery is also implicated to nullify the perilous outcomes of the metalloid. The stress ascribed by the metalloid also marks the commencement of multiple signaling cascades. This whole complicated system is indeed controlled by several transcription factors and microRNAs. This review aims to understand, in general, the plant-soil-arsenic interaction, effects of As in plants, As uptake mechanisms and its dynamics, and multifarious As detoxification mechanisms in plants. A major portion of this article is also devoted to understanding and deciphering the nexus between As stress-responsive mechanisms and its underlying complex interconnected regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Mondal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Krishnendu Pramanik
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Birbhum, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Priyanka Pal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Pallab Kumar Ghosh
- Directorate of Open and Distance Learning, University of Kalyani, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Antara Ghosh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India.
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Patel A, Tiwari S, Prasad SM. Arsenate and arsenite-induced inhibition and recovery in two diazotrophic cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum and Anabaena sp.: study on time-dependent toxicity regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51088-51104. [PMID: 33974205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure time, metal bio-accumulation, and upregulation of ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle are the key factor that provide tolerance against heavy metal stress. Thus, the current study is an endeavor to prove our hypothesis that regulation of arsenate (AsV: 50, 100, and 150 mM) and arsenite (AsIII: 50, 100, and 150 μM) toxicity is time dependent (48-96 h) due to modulation in bio-accumulation pattern, AsA-GSH cycle, and non-enzymatic antioxidants in two paddy field cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum ATCC27893 and Anabaena sp. PCC7120. After 48 h, reduction in growth associated with increased sensitivity index, As bio-accumulation, and oxidative stress was observed which further intensified after 96 h but the degree of damage was lesser than 48 h. It denotes a significant recovery in growth after 96 h which is correlated with decreased As bio-accumulation and oxidative stress due to increased efficiency of AsA-GSH cycle and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Both the species of As caused significant rise in oxidative biomarkers as evident by in -vitro analysis of O2·-, H2O2, and MDA equivalent contents despite appreciable rise in the activity antioxidative enzymes APX, DHAR, and GR. The study concludes that among both forms of arsenic, AsIII induced more toxic effect on growth by over-accumulating the ROS as evident by weak induction of AsA-GSH cycle to overcome the stress as compared to AsV. Further, with increasing the time exposure, apparent recovery was noticed with the lower doses of AsV, i.e., 50 and 100 mM and AsIII, i.e., 50 and 100 μM; however, the toxicity further aggravated with higher dose of both AsV and AsIII. Study proposes the deleterious impact of AsV and AsIII on cyanobacteria N. muscorum and Anabaena sp. but the toxicity was overcome by time-dependent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Patel
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Sanjesh Tiwari
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India.
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Mondal S, Pramanik K, Ghosh SK, Pal P, Mondal T, Soren T, Maiti TK. Unraveling the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the alleviation of arsenic phytotoxicity: A review. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126809. [PMID: 34166969 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxic metalloid arsenic (As), is a major pollutant of soil and water, imposing severe health concerns on human lives. It enters the food chain mainly through As-contaminated crops. The uptake, translocation and accumulation of As in plant tissue are often controlled by certain soil-inhabiting microbial communities. Among them, indigenous, free-living As-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) plays a pivotal role in As-immobilization. Besides, the plant's inability to withstand As after a threshold level is actively managed by these PGPR increasing As-tolerance in host plants by a synergistic plant-microbe interaction. The dual functionality of As-resistant PGPR i.e., phytostimulation and minimization of As-induced phytotoxic damages are one of the main focal points of this review article. It is known that such PGPR having the functional arsenic-resistant genes (in ars operon) including As-transporters, As-transforming genes contributed to the As accumulation and detoxification/transformation respectively. Apart from assisting in nutrient acquisition and modulating phytohormone levels, As-resistant PGPR also influences the antioxidative defense system in plants by maneuvering multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, they are effective in reducing membrane damage and electrolyte leakage in plant cells. As-induced photosynthetic damage is also found to be salvaged by As-resistant PGPR. Briefly, the eco-physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of As-resistant PGPR are thus elaborated here with regard to the As-exposed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Mondal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, PIN-713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Krishnendu Pramanik
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum, PIN-731235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, PIN-713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Priyanka Pal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, PIN-713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tanushree Mondal
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, PIN-713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tithi Soren
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, PIN-713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, P.O.-Rajbati, PIN-713104, West Bengal, India.
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Garg N, Cheema A. Relative roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in establishing a correlation between soil properties, carbohydrate utilization and yield in Cicer arietinum L. under As stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111196. [PMID: 32890948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of As (metalloid) degrades soil by negatively affecting the activities of soil enzymes, which in turn reduce growth and yield of the inhabiting plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can impart metalloid tolerance in plants by secreting glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) which binds with As or inertly adsorb in the extraradical mycelial surface. However, profitable use of AM requires selection of the most efficient combination of host plant and fungal species. The current study, therefore designed to study the efficacy of 3 a.m. fungal species: Rhizoglomus intraradices (Ri), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Claroideoglomus claroideum (Cc) in imparting arsenate As(V) and arsenite As(III) stress tolerance in Cicer arietinum (chickpea) genotypes (G) - relatively metalloid tolerant- HC 3 and sensitive- C 235. Roots were found to be more severly affected as compared to shoots which resulted into a major decline in uptake of nutrients, chlorophyll concentrations and yield with As(III) inducing more toxic effects than As(V). HC 3 established more effective mycorrhizal symbiosis and was able to extract higher nutrients from the soil than C 235. Ri was most beneficial in improving plant biomass, carbohydrate utilization and productivity followed by Fm and Cc which could be due to its capability to initiate highest percent colonization and least metalloid uptake in roots through higher glomalin production in the soil. Moreover, Ri was highly efficient in improving soil enzymes activities-phosphatases (PHAs), β-glucosidase (BGA) and invertase (INV), thereby, imparting metalloid tolerance in chickpea genotypes. The results suggested use of Ri-chickpea symbiosis as a promising strategy for ameliorating As stress in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Garg
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Amandeep Cheema
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Physiologic and Metabolic Changes in Crepidiastrum denticulatum According to Different Energy Levels of UV-B Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197134. [PMID: 32992615 PMCID: PMC7582291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UV-B) light, as a physical elicitor, can promote the secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants. We investigated effects of different energy levels of UV-B radiation on growth and bioactive compounds of Crepidiastrum denticulatum. Three-week-old seedlings were grown in a plant factory for 5 weeks. Plants were subjected to different levels of UV-B (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.25 W m−2), 6 h a day for 6 days. All UV-B treatments had no negative effect on the shoot dry weight; however, relatively high energy treatments (1.0 and 1.25 W m−2) inhibited the shoot fresh weight. UV-B light of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 W m−2 did not affect total chlorophyll and H2O2 contents; however, they increased total carotenoid content. On 4 days, 0.25 W m−2 treatment increased antioxidant capacity, total hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) content, and several sesquiterpenes. Treatments with 1.0 and 1.25 W m−2 increased total carotenoid, total HCAs, and H2O2 contents, and destroyed chlorophyll pigments, reducing maximum quantum yield of photosystem II and causing visible damage to leaves. Partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) showed that secondary metabolites were distinguishably changed according to energy levels of UV-B. The potential of 0.25 W m−2 UV-B for the efficient production of bioactive compounds without growth inhibition in C. denticulatum was identified.
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Agnello AC, Potysz A, Fourdrin C, Huguenot D, Chauhan PS. Impact of pyrometallurgical slags on sunflower growth, metal accumulation and rhizosphere microbial communities. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:626-639. [PMID: 29894964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical exploitation originates metal-rich by-products termed slags, which are often disposed in the environment being a source of heavy metal pollution. Despite the environmental risk that this may pose for living organisms, little is known about the impact of slags on biotic components of the ecosystem like plants and rhizosphere microbial communities. In this study, metal-rich (Cu, Pb, Zn) granulated slags (GS) derived from Cu production process, were used for a leaching test in the presence of the soil pore solution, showing that soil solution enhanced the release of Cu from GS. A pot experiment was conducted using as growing substrate for sunflower (Helianthus annuus) a 50% w/w mix of an agricultural soil and GS. Bioavailability of metals in soil was, in increasing order: Pb < Zn < Cu. Sunflower was able to grow in the presence of GS and accumulated metals preferentially in above-ground tissues. Microbial diversity was assessed in rhizosphere and bulk soil using community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and 16S rRNA gene based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses, which demonstrated a shift in the diversity of microbial communities induced by GS. Overall, these results suggest that metallurgical wastes should not be considered inert when dumped in the soil. Implications from this study are expected to contribute to the development of sustainable practices for the management of pyrometallurgical slags, possibly involving a phytomanagement approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Agnello
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 5 Bd Descartes 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | - A Potysz
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - C Fourdrin
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 5 Bd Descartes 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | - D Huguenot
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 5 Bd Descartes 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
| | - P S Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, U.P. 226001, India.
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Patel A, Tiwari S, Prasad SM. Toxicity assessment of arsenate and arsenite on growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant machinery in Nostoc muscorum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:369-379. [PMID: 29631092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with impact of varied doses of arsenite (AsIII; 50, 100 and 150 µM) and arsenate (AsV; 50, 100 and 150 mM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, photochemistry of photosystem II, oxidative biomarkers, (O2•¯, H2O2 and MDA equivalents contents) and activity of antioxidant enzymes in diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum after 48 and 96 h of the treatments. The reduction in growth, pigment contents (Chl a, Phy and Car) and PS II photochemistry was found to increase with enhanced accumulation of test metal in cells, and the damaging effect on photosynthetic pigments showed the order (Phy > chl a> Car). The negative effect on PS II photochemistry was due to significant decrease in the value of JIP kinetics ϕP0, FV/F0, ϕE0,Ψ0 and PIABS except F0/FV and significant rise in values of energy flux parameters such as ABS/RC, TR0/RC, ET0/RC and DI0/RC. Both the species of arsenic caused significant rise in oxidative biomarkers as evident by in vitro and in vivo analysis of (O2•¯, H2O2 and MDA equivalents contents) despite of appreciable rise in the activity antioxidative enzymes such as SOD, POD, CAT and GST. The study concludes that in among both forms of arsenic, arsenite effect was more dominant on growth, photosynthetic pigments; oxidative stress biomarkers as evident by weak induction of anti-oxidative defense system to overcome the stress as compared to arsenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Patel
- Ranjan Plant physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Sanjesh Tiwari
- Ranjan Plant physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India.
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Diverse molecular resistance mechanisms of Bacillus megaterium during metal removal present in a spent catalyst. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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