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Dube E. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Self-Disinfecting Surfaces for Controlling Microbial Infections. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1573. [PMID: 39203415 PMCID: PMC11356738 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi pose significant global health threats in diverse environments. While conventional disinfection methods are effective, their reliance on frequent chemical applications raises concerns about resistance and environmental impact. Photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces have emerged as a promising alternative. These surfaces incorporate photosensitizers that, when exposed to light, produce reactive oxygen species to target and eliminate microbial pathogens. This review explores the concept and mechanism of photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces, highlighting the variety and characteristics of photosensitizers integrated into surfaces and the range of light sources used across different applications. It also highlights the effectiveness of these surfaces against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, while also discussing their potential for providing continuous antimicrobial protection without frequent reapplication. Additionally, the review addresses both the advantages and limitations associated with photodynamic self-disinfecting surfaces and concludes with future perspectives on advancing this technology to meet ongoing challenges in infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Dube
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, P/B X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa
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2
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Clarizia G, Bernardo P. Polyether Block Amide as Host Matrix for Nanocomposite Membranes Applied to Different Sensitive Fields. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111096. [PMID: 36363651 PMCID: PMC9693152 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cornerstones of sustainable development require the treatment of wastes or contaminated streams allowing the separation and recycling of useful substances by a more rational use of energy sources. Separation technologies play a prominent role, especially when conducted by inherently environmentally friendly systems such as membrane operations. However, high-performance materials are more and more needed to improve the separative performance of polymeric materials nanocomposites are ideally suited to develop advanced membranes by combining organic polymers with suitable fillers having superior properties. In this area, polyether block amide copolymers (Pebax) are increasingly adopted as host matrices due to their distinctive properties in terms of being lightweight and easy to process, having good resistance to most chemicals, flexibility and high strength. In this light, the present review seeks to provide a comprehensive examination of the progress in the development of Pebax-based nanocomposite films for their application in several sensitive fields, that are challenging and at the same time attractive, including olefin/paraffin separation, pervaporation, water treatment, flexible films for electronics, electromagnetic shielding, antimicrobial surfaces, wound dressing and self-venting packaging. It covers a wide range of materials used as fillers and analyzes the properties of the derived nanocomposites and their performance. The general principles from the choice of the material to the approaches for the heterogeneous phase compatibilization as well as for the performance improvement were also surveyed. From a detailed analysis of the current studies, the most effective strategies to overcome some intrinsic limitations of these nanocomposites are highlighted, providing guidelines for the correlated research.
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Antibacterial Activity of Rose Bengal Entrapped in Organically Modified Silica Matrices. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073716. [PMID: 35409076 PMCID: PMC8998763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosensitizers (PSs) are known as powerful antibacterial agents that are activated by direct exposure to visible light. PSs can be noncovalently entrapped into the silica gel network for their controlled release into a contaminated area. The immobilization of PS-containing gel matrices on a polymer support expands their possible applications, such as antibacterial surfaces and coatings, which can be used for the disinfection of liquids. In the current study, we report the use of Rose Bengal (RB) incorporated into organically modified silica matrices (RB@ORMOSIL matrices) by the sol-gel technique. The RB matrices exhibit high activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under illumination by white light. The amount and timing of solidifier addition to the matrix affected the interaction of the latter with the RB, which in turn could affect the antibacterial activity of RB. The most active specimen against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells was the RB6@ORMOSIL matrix immobilized on a linear low-density polyethylene surface, which was prepared by an easy, cost-effective, and simple thermal adhesion method. This specimen, RB6@OR@LLDPE, showed the low release of RB in an aqueous environment, and exhibited high long-term antibacterial activity in at least 14 rounds of recycled use against S. aureus and in 11 rounds against E. coli.
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Masterson K, Meade E, Garvey M, Lynch M, Major I, Rowan NJ. Development of a low-temperature extrusion process for production of GRAS bioactive-polymer loaded compounds for targeting antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149545. [PMID: 34399333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognised globally as one of the greatest threats to human and animal health; thus, discovery of alternative antibacterial agents to address AMR is a priority challenge. This study constitutes the first report of a low-melting temperature, polymer- extrusion process for the smart delivery of thermally-sensitive antimicrobial bioactives, including generally-regarded-as-safe (GRAS) bioactives derived from various sources. Bioactives were assessed before and after extrusion by determining their respective minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). WHO-priority AMR-bacterial isolates causing zoonotic infections were evaluated along with use of standard ATCC strains. Findings revealed that this copolymer method was capable of delivering thermally-sensitive bioactives with varying degrees of growth inhibition against the AMR-bacterial strains. The extrusion process was found to increase the effect of nisin against MRSA (4-fold increase) and L. monocytogenes (6.4-fold increase), silver nitrate (AgNO3) against E. coli (3.6-fold increase) and S. epidermidis (1.25-fold increase), and chitosan against S. aureus (1.25-fold). Findings show the potential applicability of this polymer extrusion process for developing future bioactive-loaded polymer compounds; thus, highlighting the potential of converging bio-based industry with novel materials for enabling 'One-Health' solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Masterson
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland.
| | - Elaine Meade
- Department of Life Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Mark Lynch
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland
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Youf R, Müller M, Balasini A, Thétiot F, Müller M, Hascoët A, Jonas U, Schönherr H, Lemercier G, Montier T, Le Gall T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1995. [PMID: 34959277 PMCID: PMC8705969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern therapeutics, notably due to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers (PSs) and the numerous possibilities to combine aPDT with other antimicrobial treatments to combat localized infections. After revisiting the basic principles of aPDT, this review first highlights the current state of the art of curative or preventive aPDT applications with relevant clinical trials. In addition, the most recent developments in photochemistry and photophysics as well as advanced carrier systems in the context of aPDT are provided, with a focus on the latest generations of efficient and versatile PSs and the progress towards hybrid-multicomponent systems. In particular, deeper insight into combinatory aPDT approaches is afforded, involving non-radiative or other light-based modalities. Selected aPDT perspectives are outlined, pointing out new strategies to target and treat microorganisms. Finally, the review works out the evolution of the conceptually simple PDT methodology towards a much more sophisticated, integrated, and innovative technology as an important element of potent antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Youf
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Max Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ali Balasini
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Franck Thétiot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6521, Université de Brest (UBO), CS 93837, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alizé Hascoët
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Coordination Chemistry Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7312, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
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López-Fernández AM, Muñoz Resta I, de Llanos R, Galindo F. Photodynamic Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by PHEMA Films Loaded with Rose Bengal: Potentiation Effect of Potassium Iodide. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2227. [PMID: 34300985 PMCID: PMC8309320 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Four formulations have been used to produce different poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) thin films, containing singlet oxygen photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB). The polymers have been characterized employing Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and UV-vis Absorption Spectroscopy. When irradiated with white light (400-700 nm) films generated singlet oxygen (1O2), as demonstrated by the reactivity with 1O2 trap 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DMA). Material with the highest RB loading (polymer A4, 835 nmol RB/g polymer) was able to perform up to ten cycles of DMA oxygenation reactions at high conversion rates (ca. 90%). Polymer A4 was also able to produce the complete eradication of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic suspension of 8 log10 CFU/mL, when irradiated with white light (total dose 72 J/cm2). The antimicrobial photodynamic effect was remarkably enhanced by adding potassium iodide (100 mM). In such conditions the complete bacterial reduction occurred with a total light dose of 24 J/cm2. Triiodide anion (I3-) generation was confirmed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. This species was detected inside the PHEMA films after irradiation and at concentrations ca. 1 M. The generation of this species and its retention in the matrix imparts long-lasting bactericidal effects to the RB@PHEMA polymeric hydrogels. The polymers here described could find potential applications in the medical context, when optimized for their use in everyday objects, helping to prevent bacterial contagion by contact with surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. López-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. V. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (A.M.L.-F.); (I.M.R.)
| | - Ignacio Muñoz Resta
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. V. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (A.M.L.-F.); (I.M.R.)
| | - Rosa de Llanos
- Unidad Predepartamental de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Av. V. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. V. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain; (A.M.L.-F.); (I.M.R.)
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Gavara R, de Llanos R, Pérez-Laguna V, Arnau Del Valle C, Miravet JF, Rezusta A, Galindo F. Broad-Spectrum Photo-Antimicrobial Polymers Based on Cationic Polystyrene and Rose Bengal. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:641646. [PMID: 34109191 PMCID: PMC8180575 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.641646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies to fight bacteria and fungi are necessary in view of the problem of iatrogenic and nosocomial infections combined with the growing threat of increased antimicrobial resistance. Recently, our group has prepared and described two new readily available materials based on the combination of Rose Bengal (singlet oxygen photosensitizer) and commercially available cationic polystyrene (macroporous resin Amberlite® IRA 900 or gel-type resin IRA 400). These materials showed high efficacy in the antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we present the photobactericidal effect of these polymers against an extended group of pathogens like Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans using green light. The most interesting finding is that the studied materials are able to reduce the population of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with good activity, although, for C. albicans, in a moderate manner. In view of the results achieved and especially considering the inexpensiveness of these two types of photoactive polymers, we believe that they could be used as the starting point for the development of coatings for self-disinfecting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gavara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Rosa de Llanos
- Unidad Predepartamental de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Vanesa Pérez-Laguna
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Departamento de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carla Arnau Del Valle
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan F Miravet
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Departamento de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.,Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
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Abstract
The healing power of light has attracted interest for thousands of years. Scientific discoveries and technological advancements in the field have eventually led to the emergence of photodynamic therapy, which soon became a promising approach in treating a broad range of diseases. Based on the interaction between light, molecular oxygen, and various photosensitizers, photodynamic therapy represents a non-invasive, non-toxic, repeatable procedure for tumor treatment, wound healing, and pathogens inactivation. However, classic photosensitizing compounds impose limitations on their clinical applications. Aiming to overcome these drawbacks, nanotechnology came as a solution for improving targeting efficiency, release control, and solubility of traditional photosensitizers. This paper proposes a comprehensive path, starting with the photodynamic therapy mechanism, evolution over the years, integration of nanotechnology, and ending with a detailed review of the most important applications of this therapeutic approach.
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